Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
This powerpoint presentation helps you to fully understand nutrient deficiency symptoms in wheat. It also provides a brief information about functions of different nutrients in wheat crop.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS/NUTRIENTS - FUNCTIONS AND DEFICIENCIESVanangamudiK1
Classification of essential nutrients
Essential nutrients and their principal forms for uptake
Functions of essential nutrients in plants
Deficiency symptoms of nutrients
Nutrient deficiency in horticultural cropsVanangamudiK1
Nutrient deficiencies
Common nutritional disorders in horticultural crops
Nutritional disorders and their corrective measures
Physiological disorders and their remedies
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. A
• Soil Fertility and Soil Productivity
• Soil as a Source of Plant Nutrient
• Criteria of Essentiality (Arnon 1954)
B
• Forms of Nutrient in Soil
• Essential and Beneficial Nutrients and their
Role / function
Dr.A. B. Jadhav,
Assistant Professor,
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
College of Agriculture, Pune
2.
3. Nutrient Sources-Fertilizers and Manures
Air: Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
Water: Hydrogen,
oxygen
Fertilizers: All macro
and micronutrients
Manures: Bulky and
concentrated
Soil: All nutrients
6. Component Per cent
1 Mineral matter 45
2 Soil water 25
3 Soil air 25
4 Organic matter 5
Soil Composition (Volume basis)
7. In the 19th century, the German scientist Justus von
Liebig formulated the “Law of the Minimum,” which states
that if one of the essential plant nutrients is
deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other
essential nutrients are abundant.
8. Criteria of Essentiality
Proposed by Arnon and Stout (1939)
Modified by Arnon (1957)
The plant must be unable to grow normally or
complete its life cycle in the absence of the element.
The element is specific and cannot be replaced
by another
The element plays a direct role in metabolism.
1)
2)
3)
9. Essential
Nutrient
• A nutrient required for normal growth plant and
without which plant can not complete its life
cycle
Beneficial
Nutrient
• Mineral element which either stimulate growth
but are not essential or which are essential for
certain plant species or under given conditions
• It is that part of Nutrient which is
actual available to plant and
whose variation in soil affects the
response of crop in terms of yield
Available
Nutrient
10. • When concentration of an essential nutrient is low
enough to severely limit yield and distinct
deficiency symptoms are visible
Deficient
• The nutrient concentration range in which added
nutrient will not increase yield but can increase
nutrient concentration
Critical range
Steenberg
effect
• Yield is severely affected when a nutrient is deficient
and when the nutrient deficiency is corrected, growth
increases more rapidly than nutrient concentration or
• Under severe deficiency, rapid increase in yield with
added nutrient can cause a small decrease in nutrient
concentration this effect is called
15. Essential Nutrients for Plants
Chemical AtomicIonic forms Approximate dry
Element symbol weightAbsorbed by plants ____ concentration_____
Mccronutrients
Nitrogen N 14.01 NO3
-, NH4
+ 4.0 %
Phosphorus P 30.98 PO4
3-, HPO4
2-, H2PO4
- 0.5 %
Potassium K 39.10 K+ 4.0 %
Magnesium Mg 24.32 Mg2+ 0.5 %
Sulfur S 32.07 SO4
2- 0.5 %
Calcium Ca 40.08 Ca2+ 1.0 %
Micronutrients
Iron Fe 55.85 Fe2+, Fe3+ 200 ppm
Manganese Mn 54.94 Mn2+ 200 ppm
Zinc Zn 65.38 Zn2+ 30 ppm
Copper Cu 63.54 Cu2
+ 10 ppm
Boron B 10.82 BO3
2-, B4O7
2- 60 ppm
Molybdenum Mo 95.95 MoO4
2- 2 ppm
Chlorine Cl 35.46 Cl- 3000 ppm
Essential But Not Applied
Carbon C 12.01 CO2 40 %
Hydrogen H 1.01 H2O 6 %
Oxygen O 16.00 O2, H2O 40 %
________________________________________________________________
Plant tissues also contain other elements (Na, Se, Co, Si, Rb, Sr, F, I) which are not needed for the normal growth
and development.
16. Plant Soil
Mobile Immobile Mobile Immobile
N B H3BO3, H2BO3 NH4
P Ca NO3 Ca2+ and Mg2+
K Cu SO4 Cu2+
Mg Fe Cl Fe2+ and Fe3+
Cl Mn MoO4
Mo Zn H2PO4, HPO4
S K+
Mobility of Nutrients in Plant and Soil
Cations Anions Metals Non-metals
K, Ca and Mg NO3, H2PO4
and SO4
K, Ca and Mg
Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu
N, P, S B,
MO and Cl
Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu
17. Plant Nutrient Deficiency Terminology
Burning
Severe localized yellowing; scorched
appearance.
Generalized
Symptoms not limited to one area of a
plant, but rather spread over the entire
plant.
Chlorosis
General yellowing of the plant tissue;
lack of chlorophyll.
Necrosis
Death of plant tissue; tissue browns
and dies.
Mobile
Able to be moved from one plant part
to another.
Immobile
Not able to be moved from one part of
the plant to another.
Interveinal Chlorosis
Yellowing in between leaf veins, yet
veins remain green.
Mottling
Spotted, irregular, inconsistent
pattern.
Localized
Symptoms limited to one leaf or one
section of the leaf or plant.
Stunting
Decreased growth; shorter height of
the affected plants
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. NITROGEN
Role or
Function
Component of chlorophyll, enzyme, amino acids and protein
Encourages vegetative growth & deep green colour
Enhances plumpness in cereal crops and succulence in crops
Role in utilization of carbohydrates
Deficiency
symptoms
General chlorosis of lower leaves (light green to yellow), stunted and
slow growth, and necrosis of older leaves in severe cases
In cereals, yellow discoloration from the leaf tip backward in the form
of a “V” is common
Stunted growth/Less vegetative
Roots are unable to absorb sufficient N, proteins in the older part get
converted & translocated towards top part
Toxicity
symptoms
Higher photosynthetic rate & vigorous vegetative growth
Succulence & dark green colour causes disease/ pest succeptibiltiy
Delays crop maturity, weakening of fiber, lodging of crops
Excess N enhances loss of soil moisture
25. PHOSPHORUS
Role or
Function
Energy storage & transfer (1 ATP/ADP= 1200 cal/mole)
Cell division, cell development, root lengthening, seed and fruit
development, early maturity and early ripening
Component of nucleic acid, co-enzyme, nucleotides, phospholipids,
phosphoproteins & sugar phosphates
Phytic acid/ phytin- storage form of P in seeds
Deficiency
symptoms
Older leaves are affected first and acquire a purplish discoloration due
to the accumulation of sugars in P deficient plants which favor
anthocyanin synthesis;
Deficiency first appears on older leaves, retard plant growth, shoot
growth is depressed, potato tuber develops rusty lessions
Decrease in number of flowers & delays flower initiation & poor earhead
formation
Dark green leaves (Chlorophyll is high but photosynthetic rate less)
Toxicity Higher P plant have Zn deficiency and Chlorosis
26. Stunted with dark green leaves.
Corn lower leaves become reddish-purple
Corn
leaves
are
purplish
and
tips
are
brown
and
necrotic.
Maize
27. POTASSIUM
Role or
Function
More than 80 plant enzymes requires K for activation
Synthesis of ATP, translocation of carbohydrates
Synthesis of amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll
Enhance resistance against moisture stress by regulating opening &
closing of stomata and disease resistance
Affects the rate of transpiration & water uptakes, produces strong stiff
straw which inhibit lodging in crops.
Deficiency
symptoms
Older leaves pale green & later chlorosis between veins followed by
scorching or firing with necrotic tissues along margines.
Accumulation of diamine pitrucine in leaves
Stunted growth & bushy appearance
Yield of root & tuber crops affected severely
Lodging, seeds under developed & shriveled, fruit and sugarcane juice
quality affected, prone to disease/ pest/ cold suceptibility
Toxicity
symptoms
Excess K induces Mg deficiency
28. Corn older leaves are chlorotic and leaf edges are burned, but the midrib remains green.
Banana: Older leaves become chlorotic, then necrotic, and the tip of the midrib bends
downward.
29. CALCIUM (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile in plant, Constituent of cell wall, require for cell elongation &
division
Activation of enzymes, role in structure & permeability of cell
memberane
Enhance uptake of NO3-N,
Lower uptake by monocots than dicots
Deficiency
symptoms
Deficiency starts from top (seedling stage), retard growth of tops &
roots,
Failure of terminal buds of shoots & apical tips of roots
Chromosome abnormality, Die-back of fruit trees, blossom end rot in
tomato, bitter pit in apples
Toxicity
symptoms
Iron chlorosis,
P- availability reduces.
30. Celery young leaves are
necrotic and the growing point
dies
Tomato young leaves -twisted and cupped
Calcium deficient bean leaves have
chlorotic and necrotic spots
Guava
31.
32. MAGNESIUM (MOBILE)
Role or
Function
Component of chlorophyll (15-20% Mg present in Chlorophyll)
Structural component of ribosome- protein synthesis
Imparts dark green colour/ Photosynthesis/ glycolysis
Role in oil seed crops, Helps in transport of P
Synthesis of carbohydrates, fats & vitamins
Deficiency
symptoms
Deficiency first appears on older leaves, citrus develops bronzing
disease.
Interveinal chlorosis (veins remain green), Under severe deficiency
causes lower leaves becomes purplish- then turnes red later turns
brown & develop necrotic spots (cotton)
Brittle leaves & tendency to curve upward
Leaves of Mg deficient sugarbeets and potatoes are stiff and brittle and
veins are often twisted.
Low Mg- forage crops causes hypo-magnesemia (Low Mg in blood)
Toxicity
symptoms
Toxicity occures in alkali soils
35. Magnesium deficient tomato; interveinal
chlorosis of older leaves.
Magnesium deficient sweetpotato leaves
become reddish-purple.
36. SULPHUR (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Component of protein (S- containing amino acids cystine, cysteine &
methionine),
Requires for chlorophyll synthesis, Important role in oil synthesis
Requires for the synthesis of co-enzymes A
Involved in synthesis of fatty acids & component of ferridoxin
Deficiency
symptoms
Inhibition of protein and chlorophyll synthesis. S deficiency symptoms
resembles with the symptoms of N and Mo deficiencies. In contrast to N
or Mo deficiency S deficiency symptoms initially occur in younger
leaves, causing them to turn light green to yellow (chlorosis)
Retards growth, Chlorotic/stunted/thin-stemed & spindly appearance
Curling of margines/ organge redish tints on older leaves
Leaf petioles become brittle stem, spinally appearance
Toxicity
symptoms
37. Banana; young leaves are
uniformly chlorotic
Sulfur deficient sorghum; young leaves
are uniformly chlorotic.
Sulfur deficient tomato; young leaves are
uniformly chlorotic.
38. IRON (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Soil critical limit= 4.5 mg kg-1 (ppm)Absorbed by plants as Fe2+ & Fe3+,
activation of enzymes
Component of pophyrin, cytochromes, hames, hematin, ferridoxin,
ferrichrome and haemoglobim (imp. In photosynthesis & respiration)
75% of Fe is associated with chloroplast, required for synthesis of
chlorophyll
Important component of nitrogenase enzyme essential for N2 fixation
Deficiency
symptoms
Widespread deficiency in Maharashtra
Deficiency occurs in young or top part of plant
Fe deficiency reduces chlorophyll production and is characterized by
interveinal chlorosis with a sharp distinction between veins and
chlorotic areas in young leaves
Under severe deficiency leaf becomes complete white and plant growth
stunted
Toxicity
symptoms
Reduction in growth
41. ZINC (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Soil critical limit is 0.6 mg kg-1 (ppm)
Involved in many enzymatic activities
Zn required for synthesis of tryptophan-amino acid necessary for the
synthesis of growth hormone
Component of synthetic & natural organic complexes
Deficiency
symptoms
Widespread deficiency in Maharashtra in sugarcane belt . Deficiency
appers on top leaves, fruits & branches
Reduction of growth hormone causes shortening of internodes/ leaves
are smaller than normal- small narrow thickened leaves
Light-green-yellow or white areas found between the veins of leaves
Bushy or rosette appearance of plant or clustering of leaves, Tissue
death, chlorotic leaf areas, Early loss of foliage
, White bud in sorghum and corn, little leaf of cotton, mottle leaf in citrus
Toxicity
symptoms
Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves
Reddish brown coloration, dry & papery sound
Rolling of leaves, roots brown & necrotic
42. Zinc. Midrib and leaf margin remain green and yellowing of leaf blade. Red
lesions on leaves. Reduced tillering and shorter internodes
43. MANGANESE (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile Soil critical limit is 0.2 mg kg-1 (ppm) and in Plant is 5 ppm
Anonymous role like Fe Involvement in photosynthesis for evolution
of O2
Oxidation-reduction reactions and Enzyme activation (citric acid cycle)
Mn can substitute for Mg in phsophorylating & group transfer
(Electron transport in photosystem)
Manganese helps in chlorophyll formation, Important in nitrogen
metabolism
Deficiency
symptoms
Symptoms usually appears on younger leaves, chlorosis between veins
Chlorotic patches between veins of middle leaves
Chlorotic area becomes necrotic & turns red-brown-reddish brown
Gray specks of oat, marsh spots of peas, Speckled yellows of sugar
beets, pahala blight of sugarcane
, Low Mn favours root-rot disease in wheat.
Toxicity
symptoms
Leaf sheath & lower part of stem of cereals develops minute brown spot
Crinkle leaf of cotton in acidic soils
45. COPPER (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile Soil critical limit is 2 mg kg-1 (ppm) and in Plant is ppm
Important role in enzyme activity accleration
Protein & carbohydrate metabolism
Helps in utilization of Fe during chlorophyll synthesis
Role in synthesis of complex polymers like lignine & melanine. Indirect
effect on nodule formation
Deficiency
symptoms
Young leaves become yellow & stunted if under severe deficiency
leaves becomes pale & older leaves dieback
In advanced deficiency dead tissues appears along tips & edges of the
leaves (similar to that of K def.)
Ergot infection in wheat & barley is associated with Cu-def.
Cauliflower & cabbage shows fine interveinal cholrotic mottling
, Legumes & tomato shows rolling & distortion
Toxicity
symptoms
Reduce shoot vigour, poor development of flowers & discoloured root
system & leaf chlorosis
Mostly occurs due to sewage sludge, muncipal compost, pig & poultry
manure application or repeated Cu-pesticide spraying.
46. BORON (IMMOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg-1 (ppm) and in Plant is ppm
Primary role in Ca metabolism (Boron increases the solubility and
mobility of Ca in plant)
Cell development in meristematic tissue, Proper pllination, fruit & seed
set
Translocation of sugars, starches, N and P
Synthesis of amino acids and proteins, nodule formation, regulation
of carbohydrate
Pollen germination & pollen tube growth
Deficiency
symptoms
Def. symptoms appears on young, newer or emerging leaves
Cessation of terminal bud growth followed by death of young leaves.
Thickened, cracked or curled leaves.
Twisted leaf appearance, flower & fruit development restricted
Sterility & severely impaired seed set.
Discolouration, cracking or rotting of fruit, tubers or roots
Hollow stem of cabbage, Internal cork of apples, uneven thickness of
citrus peel, lumpy fruits, gummy deposits on the fruit
47. MOLYBDENUM (MOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg-1 (ppm) and in Plant is ppm
Essential component of nitrate reductase enzyme which catlyses the
conversion of NO3 to NO2
Structural component of nitrogenase enzyme involved in N2 fixation by
Azatobactor
Role in absorption and translocation of Fe
Involvement in protein synthesis
Deficiency
symptoms
Pollen formation disturbs, tasseling delayed flowers & fail to open.
Capasity of the anthers for pollen production is also decreased
Whiptail of cauliflower (Brassica) in which middle leaves starts showing
small interveinal chlorotic patches that becomes translucent at later
stages. Immature grain sprouting in maize
Inward curling of leaves in tomato. Beans develop interveinal chlorosis
called Scald of beans
In wheat middle leaves turns yellow & turns golden yellow.
Yellow spot disease citrus- in which summer flush of leaves become
yellow leaving green zone along the margin.
Toxicity
symptoms
Excess Mo toxic to grazing cattles. (High Mo > 5 ppm causes
molybdenose (teart)) disorder – bone deformation & stunted growth.
48. Chlorin (MOBILE)
Role or
Function
Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg-1 (ppm) and in Plant is ppm
Osmotic regulation & cation neutralization
Maintaining leaf turgor
Cl act as co-factor in Mn containing O2 evolution for photosynthesis
Cell elongation and stomata opening
In absent of Cl photosynthesis rate reduced
Deficiency
symptoms
Wilting of leaves, curling of leaflets & chlorosis
Necrosis in some plant parts, leaf bronzing & reduction in root growth
Toxicity
symptoms
Thickened leaves & tend to roll with excessive amount of Cl
Storage quality of tubers affected
Increases the osmotic pressure of soil water & therby lower the
availability of water to plants
49. Nickel (IMMOBILE)
.Role or
Function
Component of urease enzyme which catalyses hydrolysis of urea
Nodule weight & seed yield of soybean stimulated by Ni
Deficiency
symptoms
Leaflet tip necrosis in soybean & cowpea due to the role of Ni in N
metabolism
Toxicity
symptoms
Excess Ni causes Fe & Zn deficiency & competes with Ca and Mg
Silicon
.Role or
Function
Cell wall structure. Tissue strengthens, draught resistance
Si-reduces activity of invertase in sugarcane which enhance sucrose
production, increases erectness in rice
Deficiency
symptoms
Toxicity
symptoms
