This document provides an overview of soil fertility and plant nutrition through history. It discusses that the ancient Egyptians did not practice fertilization, despite having advanced agricultural practices. It then covers various historical figures and their contributions to understanding soil fertility and plant nutrition, including Van Helmont's pot experiment, Liebig's law of the minimum, and the establishment of long-term agricultural experiments like Broadbalk and Morrow Plots. The document shows how understanding of soil fertility and plant nutrition evolved over centuries through the work of figures like Woodward, Tull, Lawes, Gilbert, Hopkins, and others.
1) The history of soil fertility and plant nutrition developed over thousands of years through early cultivation, experimentation, and the work of scientists and agronomists.
2) Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China began improving soil fertility through practices like manuring, crop rotations, and green manures.
3) During the 17th-19th centuries, scientists like Van Helmont, Boyle, Tull, Liebig, and Lawes conducted experiments that improved understanding of plant nutrition and led to the development of commercial fertilizers.
4) Liebig established the concept of plant nutrients and minimum requirements, influencing modern fertilizer practice. Broadbalk field trials
This document discusses the history of soil fertility and agriculture. It begins in Mesopotamia where early civilizations built irrigation systems to fertilize crops through annual flooding. The Greeks later improved soil fertility through practices like manuring, green manuring, and liming. Justus von Liebig in the 1800s laid the foundation for modern fertilizer by discovering the importance of mineral nutrients and establishing Liebig's law of the minimum. The document then covers the development of soil fertility and agriculture in the United States, highlighting figures like Thomas Jefferson. It concludes by discussing the importance of soil fertility and conservation for human survival, health, and potential.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, space, sunlight and can release allelopathic compounds that inhibit crop growth. Weeds remove significant amounts of nutrients from the soil each season. They also transpire at higher rates than crops and can form dense canopies that shade out crops. The critical period of weed-crop competition varies by crop but is typically early in the growth cycle. Factors like weed density and species, soil fertility, moisture levels, pH, and climate can influence the intensity of competition between weeds and crops. Timely weed management is important for optimal crop yields.
3rd b 2 historical development in soil fertility and plant nutritionFarhana Firoz
The document traces the historical development of understanding soil fertility and plant nutrition from ancient times to the 19th century. Some key points include:
- Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia practiced irrigation and observed high crop yields, indicating an understanding of fertile soils. The Greeks and Romans classified manures and used practices like green manuring, crop rotation, and mineral amendments.
- During the 17th-18th centuries, scientists debated the "principle of vegetation" and conducted experiments on plant nutrition. Ideas progressed from water or salts being the sole nutrient to recognizing multiple nutrients.
- In the 19th century, de Saussure's experiments demonstrated that plants absorb CO2 from air and release O
This document discusses soil structure, including the definition of soil structure as the arrangement of primary soil particles into aggregates called peds. Different types of soil structures are described such as granular, blocky, prismatic, and massive. Soil structure influences properties like density, porosity, permeability and strength. Good soil structure facilitates water and air movement while poor structure restricts it. Soil structure can be altered by tillage or compaction, which can break down natural aggregates. Bulk density, porosity and their relationship to particle density are also covered.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
Pedology is the study of soil formation, genesis, classification, and properties from a natural perspective. Edaphology focuses on how soil relates to plant growth, nutrition, and crop yields. Both fields examine the composition of soil, but pedology views soil as a natural body while edaphology emphasizes soil's relationship to agricultural production.
1) The history of soil fertility and plant nutrition developed over thousands of years through early cultivation, experimentation, and the work of scientists and agronomists.
2) Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China began improving soil fertility through practices like manuring, crop rotations, and green manures.
3) During the 17th-19th centuries, scientists like Van Helmont, Boyle, Tull, Liebig, and Lawes conducted experiments that improved understanding of plant nutrition and led to the development of commercial fertilizers.
4) Liebig established the concept of plant nutrients and minimum requirements, influencing modern fertilizer practice. Broadbalk field trials
This document discusses the history of soil fertility and agriculture. It begins in Mesopotamia where early civilizations built irrigation systems to fertilize crops through annual flooding. The Greeks later improved soil fertility through practices like manuring, green manuring, and liming. Justus von Liebig in the 1800s laid the foundation for modern fertilizer by discovering the importance of mineral nutrients and establishing Liebig's law of the minimum. The document then covers the development of soil fertility and agriculture in the United States, highlighting figures like Thomas Jefferson. It concludes by discussing the importance of soil fertility and conservation for human survival, health, and potential.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, space, sunlight and can release allelopathic compounds that inhibit crop growth. Weeds remove significant amounts of nutrients from the soil each season. They also transpire at higher rates than crops and can form dense canopies that shade out crops. The critical period of weed-crop competition varies by crop but is typically early in the growth cycle. Factors like weed density and species, soil fertility, moisture levels, pH, and climate can influence the intensity of competition between weeds and crops. Timely weed management is important for optimal crop yields.
3rd b 2 historical development in soil fertility and plant nutritionFarhana Firoz
The document traces the historical development of understanding soil fertility and plant nutrition from ancient times to the 19th century. Some key points include:
- Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia practiced irrigation and observed high crop yields, indicating an understanding of fertile soils. The Greeks and Romans classified manures and used practices like green manuring, crop rotation, and mineral amendments.
- During the 17th-18th centuries, scientists debated the "principle of vegetation" and conducted experiments on plant nutrition. Ideas progressed from water or salts being the sole nutrient to recognizing multiple nutrients.
- In the 19th century, de Saussure's experiments demonstrated that plants absorb CO2 from air and release O
This document discusses soil structure, including the definition of soil structure as the arrangement of primary soil particles into aggregates called peds. Different types of soil structures are described such as granular, blocky, prismatic, and massive. Soil structure influences properties like density, porosity, permeability and strength. Good soil structure facilitates water and air movement while poor structure restricts it. Soil structure can be altered by tillage or compaction, which can break down natural aggregates. Bulk density, porosity and their relationship to particle density are also covered.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
Pedology is the study of soil formation, genesis, classification, and properties from a natural perspective. Edaphology focuses on how soil relates to plant growth, nutrition, and crop yields. Both fields examine the composition of soil, but pedology views soil as a natural body while edaphology emphasizes soil's relationship to agricultural production.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
Basic Concepts of Seed Production and Seed RegenerationSeeds
This document provides an overview of seed production and regeneration, covering topics such as plant reproduction processes, isolation techniques, seed harvesting, cleaning, drying, storage, and germination testing. It discusses the differences between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating plants and outlines best practices for maintaining genetic integrity. These include properly identifying and labeling plants, isolating varieties to prevent crossing, rogueing off-types, and maintaining a minimum population size of varieties. The document also covers annual and biennial crop lifecycles and factors that influence flowering, such as photoperiod response and vernalization.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
Physiological parameters like water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, assimilate partitioning, harvest index, and respiratory efficiency can impact crop yield. Water use efficiency measures how efficiently a crop converts water into biomass or grain. Nutrient use efficiency measures how efficiently a plant transforms nutrients acquired into economic yield. Assimilate partitioning and harvest index influence how photosynthates are distributed among plant parts or converted into economic yields. Respiratory efficiency impacts crop yields by reducing biomass losses from respiration. Improving these physiological parameters can enhance crop water productivity and yield potential.
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
This document discusses organic manures and integrated nutrient management. It defines manures and fertilizers, and describes the importance of manures in improving soil fertility in a cost-effective manner. It also discusses different types of organic manures like bulky manures (FYM, compost), concentrated manures (oil cakes, bone meal), and green manures. Finally, it summarizes integrated nutrient management as maintaining soil fertility through optimizing organic, inorganic and biological components.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 3 Soil Fertility EvaluationRai University
This document discusses soil fertility evaluation in India. It provides key landmarks in soil testing research from 1953-1980s. It describes various approaches used for soil testing and fertility evaluation including soil testing, plant analysis, biological tests, and soil test crop response correlation. The goal of soil fertility evaluation is to precisely predict fertilizer requirements for crops through calibration of soil test methods and establishing critical limits.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 1 Soil And Plant NutrientRai University
The three main mechanisms by which nutrients move from soil to plant roots are root interception, mass flow, and diffusion. Root interception occurs when nutrients physically contact root surfaces. Mass flow transports nutrients to roots through water movement in soil via transpiration or percolation. Diffusion moves nutrients along concentration gradients from high to low concentrations. Factors like soil water content, temperature, root system size, and concentration gradients influence these mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to roots.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
The document defines different types of problem soils - acidic soils, saline soils, alkali soils, and saline-alkali soils. It provides characteristics of each soil type. Acidic soils have a low pH and high aluminum/hydrogen. Saline soils contain soluble salts but have an ESP below 15. Alkali soils have an ESP above 15. Saline-alkali soils have both high salts and an ESP above 15. The document also discusses the formation of saline and alkali soils through processes like weathering, hydrolysis, underground water, climate, and fertilizer use.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Mulching is the process of covering soil around plants with organic or synthetic materials. It protects the soil from drying, prevents erosion, and suppresses weeds. There are two main types of mulch - organic materials like straw or grass clippings, and synthetic materials like plastic sheets. Organic mulches improve soil health over time as they decompose, while synthetic mulches help control weeds and soil temperature. Proper mulching benefits plants by retaining moisture and nutrients in the soil.
This document defines and discusses minimum tillage, which aims to minimize soil manipulation for crop production while reducing costs, labor needs, and soil damage. It involves keeping cultivation to only what is necessary for crop establishment and growth. The objectives of minimum tillage include conserving soil moisture and structure. Advantages include lower costs and energy usage as well as reduced erosion, increased organic carbon, and moisture conservation. Disadvantages can include reduced soil aeration, increased weeds and pests if not managed carefully. Different methods are described, such as ploughing and planting simultaneously or using special till planters. Implements used include subsoilers, chisel ploughs, harrows and special till planters.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It involves identifying suitable cultivation seasons, applying fertilizers and herbicides, managing water, implementing new technologies, and maintaining ecological balance. Agronomy is related to other agricultural sciences like soil science, crop physiology, and plant ecology. Crops are classified in various ways for better understanding, including by their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), economic use (cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds), and botanical traits. The major crops grown in India are classified based on season (kharif, rabi, summer) and climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, polar).
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
Soil fertility refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant growth through the supply of essential nutrients. There are 17 essential plant nutrients that come from the soil in various forms. Soil stores nutrients in minerals, organic matter, ions adsorbed to clay and humus particles, and dissolved ions in the soil solution. Plant roots absorb nutrients primarily as ionic forms through cation and anion exchange processes with the soil. A soil's cation exchange capacity determines its ability to store and supply nutrients to plants.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
Basic Concepts of Seed Production and Seed RegenerationSeeds
This document provides an overview of seed production and regeneration, covering topics such as plant reproduction processes, isolation techniques, seed harvesting, cleaning, drying, storage, and germination testing. It discusses the differences between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating plants and outlines best practices for maintaining genetic integrity. These include properly identifying and labeling plants, isolating varieties to prevent crossing, rogueing off-types, and maintaining a minimum population size of varieties. The document also covers annual and biennial crop lifecycles and factors that influence flowering, such as photoperiod response and vernalization.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
Physiological parameters like water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, assimilate partitioning, harvest index, and respiratory efficiency can impact crop yield. Water use efficiency measures how efficiently a crop converts water into biomass or grain. Nutrient use efficiency measures how efficiently a plant transforms nutrients acquired into economic yield. Assimilate partitioning and harvest index influence how photosynthates are distributed among plant parts or converted into economic yields. Respiratory efficiency impacts crop yields by reducing biomass losses from respiration. Improving these physiological parameters can enhance crop water productivity and yield potential.
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
This document discusses organic manures and integrated nutrient management. It defines manures and fertilizers, and describes the importance of manures in improving soil fertility in a cost-effective manner. It also discusses different types of organic manures like bulky manures (FYM, compost), concentrated manures (oil cakes, bone meal), and green manures. Finally, it summarizes integrated nutrient management as maintaining soil fertility through optimizing organic, inorganic and biological components.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 3 Soil Fertility EvaluationRai University
This document discusses soil fertility evaluation in India. It provides key landmarks in soil testing research from 1953-1980s. It describes various approaches used for soil testing and fertility evaluation including soil testing, plant analysis, biological tests, and soil test crop response correlation. The goal of soil fertility evaluation is to precisely predict fertilizer requirements for crops through calibration of soil test methods and establishing critical limits.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 1 Soil And Plant NutrientRai University
The three main mechanisms by which nutrients move from soil to plant roots are root interception, mass flow, and diffusion. Root interception occurs when nutrients physically contact root surfaces. Mass flow transports nutrients to roots through water movement in soil via transpiration or percolation. Diffusion moves nutrients along concentration gradients from high to low concentrations. Factors like soil water content, temperature, root system size, and concentration gradients influence these mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to roots.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
The document defines different types of problem soils - acidic soils, saline soils, alkali soils, and saline-alkali soils. It provides characteristics of each soil type. Acidic soils have a low pH and high aluminum/hydrogen. Saline soils contain soluble salts but have an ESP below 15. Alkali soils have an ESP above 15. Saline-alkali soils have both high salts and an ESP above 15. The document also discusses the formation of saline and alkali soils through processes like weathering, hydrolysis, underground water, climate, and fertilizer use.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Mulching is the process of covering soil around plants with organic or synthetic materials. It protects the soil from drying, prevents erosion, and suppresses weeds. There are two main types of mulch - organic materials like straw or grass clippings, and synthetic materials like plastic sheets. Organic mulches improve soil health over time as they decompose, while synthetic mulches help control weeds and soil temperature. Proper mulching benefits plants by retaining moisture and nutrients in the soil.
This document defines and discusses minimum tillage, which aims to minimize soil manipulation for crop production while reducing costs, labor needs, and soil damage. It involves keeping cultivation to only what is necessary for crop establishment and growth. The objectives of minimum tillage include conserving soil moisture and structure. Advantages include lower costs and energy usage as well as reduced erosion, increased organic carbon, and moisture conservation. Disadvantages can include reduced soil aeration, increased weeds and pests if not managed carefully. Different methods are described, such as ploughing and planting simultaneously or using special till planters. Implements used include subsoilers, chisel ploughs, harrows and special till planters.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It involves identifying suitable cultivation seasons, applying fertilizers and herbicides, managing water, implementing new technologies, and maintaining ecological balance. Agronomy is related to other agricultural sciences like soil science, crop physiology, and plant ecology. Crops are classified in various ways for better understanding, including by their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), economic use (cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds), and botanical traits. The major crops grown in India are classified based on season (kharif, rabi, summer) and climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, polar).
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
Soil fertility refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant growth through the supply of essential nutrients. There are 17 essential plant nutrients that come from the soil in various forms. Soil stores nutrients in minerals, organic matter, ions adsorbed to clay and humus particles, and dissolved ions in the soil solution. Plant roots absorb nutrients primarily as ionic forms through cation and anion exchange processes with the soil. A soil's cation exchange capacity determines its ability to store and supply nutrients to plants.
Plant growth relies on obtaining sufficient nutrients within their sufficiency range. Deficiencies or toxicities outside this range cause declines. The 16 essential nutrients are divided into macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl) based on plant needs. Common Montana soil deficiencies include N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe resulting in characteristic symptoms like chlorosis or necrosis. Maintaining adequate organic matter and choosing fertilizer products containing a balanced mix can help prevent deficiencies.
Integrated soil fertility management: definition and impact on productivity a...SIANI
This document discusses integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in sub-Saharan Africa. It defines ISFM as the application of soil fertility practices adapted to local conditions, including the use of fertilizer, organic inputs, and improved crops, to maximize nutrient use efficiency and productivity. The paper explores: (1) expected fertilizer responses under different soil types; (2) combining organic resources with fertilizer; and (3) adapting practices to local conditions like soil acidity or drought. Examples are provided for sorghum, millet, legume-maize, and cassava systems. Both crop yields and soil carbon impacts of ISFM are examined.
Soil Organic Carbon – devising a single proxy measure for the sustainability ...CIAT
This document discusses soil organic carbon (SOC) and ways to increase it in soils. It describes how increasing SOC can improve soil health, plant productivity, and resilience to climate change. Methods discussed to increase SOC include increasing plant inputs through practices like reduced tillage, cover crops, and switching from annual to perennial crops. Maintaining or increasing SOC provides benefits like improved soil structure and nutrient cycling through increased microbial activity. Biogeochemical techniques described can help reveal pathways of carbon transformation and transport in soils. Understanding how climatic factors affect soil processes will be important for achieving sustainable agriculture as the population grows.
Phosphorus Dynamics in Calcareous soils with respect to crop growthDileepKumar9535017438
This document discusses phosphorus chemistry in calcareous soils. It begins by providing background on phosphorus and its importance as a plant nutrient. It then describes the characteristics of calcareous soils and how the presence of calcium carbonate affects soil properties and phosphorus availability. The document reviews literature on the effects of incubation time, fertilizer sources and application rates on phosphorus solubilization and plant uptake in calcareous soils. It also summarizes findings on the role of organic amendments like farmyard manure in enhancing phosphorus availability in these soils.
The document discusses soil fertility management and soil analysis. It explains that soil fertility refers to the amount of plant nutrients in the soil while soil productivity is the soil's ability to produce crops. Various macronutrients, micronutrients, and other beneficial elements are listed. Soil fertility management practices like fertilization and liming are described. Methods of soil analysis including qualitative diagnostic techniques like soil testing and nutrient deficiency symptoms, and quantitative diagnostic techniques like laboratory soil testing are also summarized.
Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial InsectsFaiga64c
This document discusses methods for attracting and preserving beneficial insects. It outlines the concepts of biological control, including classical and applied biological control. It recommends selecting insecticides that are selective rather than broad-spectrum to avoid harming beneficial insects. The document discusses plants that attract beneficial insects by providing food and shelter. These include members of the carrot, sunflower, and mustard families. It also provides information on identifying common beneficial insect species and the pests they prey on.
This presentation was delivered at the Georgia Organics Annual Conference in Atlanta on February 23, 2013. Provides basic information on IPM approaches in sustainable vegetable production systems.
This document discusses microbial interactions, including both positive and negative interactions. It provides examples of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants, such as lichens and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots. Microbial interactions with animals are also discussed, including relationships between rumen microbes and ruminant digestion. The document concludes by examining the interaction between the human microbiome and the host.
Exposes the elementary science student to the idea there are three major kinds of soil found on earth as well as the very important remains of dead plants and animals called humus. Discusses soil and humus along with as some of the properties of each.
This document discusses the key components and formation of soil. It describes the six major components of soil as eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil forms through the weathering of bedrock and is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The document also outlines the horizons and properties of soil, such as texture and permeability, and explains their importance for supporting plant life. Various human impacts on and management of soil are also covered, such as erosion, conservation practices, and relevant legislation.
Soil fertility and nutrient management formattedRitesh Reddy
The document provides a history of understanding of soil fertility and plant nutrition from ancient times to the present. It discusses how ancient civilizations like those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, Greece and Rome began to recognize concepts like soil variation, manuring, green manuring, liming, and mixing soils to improve fertility. During medieval times in Europe, Asia and India, classifications of soil fertility emerged and intensive farming developed to feed growing populations. Understanding of soil fertility continued advancing into recent history through 17th century onward with more systematic study and research.
Conservation agriculture, aggregate stability and the organic carbon distribu...Joanna Hicks
This study evaluated the effects of conservation agriculture and conventional tillage practices on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon distribution in different aggregate fractions. Specifically, it compared zero tillage with and without crop residue retention to conventional tillage with and without residue retention over multiple cropping cycles of maize and wheat. The study found that zero tillage systems with residue retention led to greater total soil organic carbon levels, especially in small and large macroaggregates, compared to conventional tillage systems. Maintaining crop residues on the soil surface under no-till was the most effective practice for maximizing carbon retention in the soil.
High soil fertilty = high food production
Establish soil fertlity with soil tests
With only one soil test > 20 soil characteristics can be measured.
Based on a single soil test fertilzation recommendations are given, but also additional information like a soil organic matter balance, and a water retention curve is given to farmers and their extension services.
This document outlines a presentation about calculating nutrient removal from maintenance activities to receive TMDL credits. It discusses calculating nutrient removal from street sweeping, catch basin cleanouts, and BMP cleanouts based on weight of collected materials and nutrient concentrations. The results found these activities removed over 1000 lbs each of TP and TN annually from one watershed. Potential improvements discussed separating stockpiles by activity and watershed and establishing activity percentages by watershed.
This document summarizes a presentation on promoting conservation agriculture in West Africa to address challenges of climate change and food insecurity. It outlines major constraints like poverty and declining resources. Conservation agriculture is presented as a climate-smart option that can boost productivity, resilience and mitigate emissions through practices like minimum soil disturbance, cover crops and crop rotations. Case studies from the Sahel show conservation agriculture increasing yields and tree cover at large scale. Further research is needed to understand how to incentivize adoption and scale up conservation agriculture across diverse regions of West Africa.
This document provides the rules and questions for a quiz being conducted by Dr. Pabitra Kr. Mani. The quiz has two rounds that proceed in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. The first round consists of sections on literature, science, and audio rounds. The second round consists of sections on sports, miscellaneous topics, and an audiovisual round. Questions are worth 10 points each with a 5 point bonus and no negative marking. Participants have 30 seconds to answer each question and the quiz master's decision is final.
- The concept of soil fertility and its management to improve crop yields has existed for thousands of years, with early practices including manuring with farm yard manure, green manure, and night soil.
- Knowledge developed over time, with ancient Romans, Greeks, Chinese, and Egyptians practicing manuring and other techniques.
- Scientific research improved understanding of plant nutrition starting in the 16th-19th centuries, including Liebig's identification of key mineral nutrients and establishment of long-term experiments.
- The 20th century saw major advances including commercial nitrogen fixation, development of the fertilizer industry, and understanding of soil properties and classification.
TECHNIQUES AND PRATICES OF AGROECOLOGY OLD ERAvirgo_az
This document summarizes various agricultural techniques and practices used in old eras, including:
1) Agroforestry practices like fruit orchards were common, as evidenced by pollen found in archaeological sites.
2) Irrigation and terracing were widespread techniques used in places like the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Andes mountains.
3) Drainage systems like raised fields and canals were used in parts of Asia and Latin America to manage water.
4) Sustainable practices included intercropping, crop rotations, and using organic materials and biological controls to manage soils and pests. However, some early cultivation systems like in parts of China were not sustainable and led to issues like erosion,
This is a short study on lupins, a humble bean to which has never been accorded same status of other pulse crops except during Roman Ancient Empire. Perhaps nowadays it is going to be re-evaluated.
The document provides an overview of the history and philosophy of garden design in ancient Egypt and the Baroque/Rococo periods. Some key points:
- Ancient Egyptian gardens were an important part of religious sites like temples, often featuring symbolic elements like pools of water. Royal gardens depicted in tomb paintings included plantings, pools, and structures.
- Baroque gardens were grand, symmetrical designs used to impress visitors with elaborate fountains, parterres, and controlled water features. They reflected the power and status of their owners.
- Rococo culture developed out of social and economic changes, with gardens serving political purposes of the absolutist state to influence society. Religious elements were also incorporated symbolically into garden
Agriculture involves cultivating plants and animals to produce food, fiber and other products. It began independently in different parts of the world over 10,000 years ago with the domestication of wild grains, pigs, cattle and other species. Modern industrial agriculture uses mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides to sharply increase yields, but has also caused environmental damage. Over one third of the world's workers are still employed in agriculture, mainly in developing countries, though the percentage has declined in developed nations due to mechanization.
This document discusses the importance of soil and the historical patterns of soil degradation contributing to the decline of past civilizations. It notes that global soil degradation is an underappreciated crisis, and that the introduction of plow-based agriculture dramatically increased soil erosion. Recent studies show soil erosion played a role in the demise of ancient civilizations worldwide. The document argues that restoring soils through practices like no-till agriculture and increasing organic matter can help address challenges of feeding a growing population, climate change, and public health in the 21st century.
Ecology Presentation - Biology for CSEC.pdfTari564440
The document discusses ecology and ecosystems, providing details about a freshwater pond ecosystem. It describes the various habitats within a pond ecosystem, including the shore, surface film, open water, and bottom water. It explains the trophic levels and food chains, noting producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Interactions between species, such as mutualism, competition, and parasitism are also covered.
1. Sir Albert Howard is considered the father of organic agriculture, drawing on his research experience in India to promote concepts of composting, soil fertility, and the relationships between farming practices and health.
2. In his 1943 book An Agricultural Testament, Howard described nature's agriculture as a model, emphasizing mixed farming, soil protection, and the recycling of organic wastes via composting.
3. Howard was critical of the increasing specialization in conventional agriculture and promotion of inorganic fertilizers. He saw the importance of soil biology and organic matter for soil and overall health.
Early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic Era. They traveled in groups of 20-30 people and constantly moved to find new sources of food. The discovery of fire allowed early humans to cook food for the first time and migrate to colder areas. Nomadic groups built temporary dwellings near water sources and migrated when food supplies ran low in an area.
Development of Agriculture in Early Mesoamerican SocietiesAmanda Tetz
This document discusses the development of early agriculture in Mesoamerican societies. It focuses on evidence of plant domestication and agricultural strategies from an Early Archaic site in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico representing over 10,000 years of human occupation. The document examines how changes in climate around 10,000-8,000 BC affected subsistence patterns and led humans to begin cultivating plants like maize and domesticating crops. It also analyzes how early cultivation and cooperation among groups in places like Guila Naquitz cave led to more permanent settlements and complex societies centered around agriculture by the Late Archaic period in Mesoamerica.
2) As mentioned in the text book Bentley and Ziegler 108; The Pa.docxeugeniadean34240
2) As mentioned in the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108"; The Paleolithic period by far the longest portion of the human experience on earth as is the period historians and archaeologists call the Paleolithic era, which means the “Old Stone Age”. The Paleolithic period extended from the first tool-using hominids until about twelve thousand years ago. By reading the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108"; I came to understanding their economic and their social lifestyle. There are not prove of written records of their lifestyle; but they survive by hunting and gathering items, according to the evidence that Archaeologists have excavated. Theses individual did not own private property. Men moved place to place during hunting season for search of prey that provides a substantial amount of meat so they could feed their family, friends, and others whom they cared about. In the Paleolithic lifestyle, plant foods were essential to survive, but meat was highly item in their diet. Paleolithic hunting was a complicated venture, but they clearly demonstrated the capacity of human intelligence, they showed the ability to make complicated plans and sophisticated language/communications skills- so they can exploit the environment. The Paleolithic period ended when some of the more powerful hunters founded settlements in rich areas, and abandoned the nomadic lifestyle, they established permanent settlements. To my understanding the Paleolithic period stated to Africa in general, the one who moved to rich areas and refused to go back are the ones that created the culture of Neandertal people in Middle Eastern, Europe, and South West Asia as the intelligent progress (technology) of the Neolithic era advanced. To compare the Paleolithic era and Neolithic era, both eras are similar to me economically; they survived by hunting and gathering. As pointed in book of "B and Z 108"; Neolithic eras mean a new stone age as opposed to the old stone age of Paleolithic times. Neolithic era can be defined as the time of arising agriculture; agriculture became the way of life, people stopped nomad hunting and gardening. I can point the significant steps humans made but to stay on the main topic; the development of tools and new technology are extensive. The historians estimated that before agriculture, about 10,000 B.C.E, the earth’s human population was roughly four million. By 5000 B.C.E, agriculture appeared in a few of the world’s regions "B and Z 108" source from page 10 to 17. In 2012, the population was estimated to be around seven billion.
EXSAMPLEWhen you state that the two eras are similiar economically is it just base on hunting and gathering? My interpretation from the reading is that the Neothithic actually settled down and built more of an agriculture society where gathering was lessen because they started to grow their own crops. Based on the region and resource that was settled, the limitation of what can be grown built up to the trade developement to acqu.
Soils are essential to supporting life and human civilization. As populations grow, pressures on soils increase and maintaining soil health is important. Throughout history, human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and poor irrigation have led to soil degradation problems like erosion, desertification, and salinization. This has negatively impacted societies by reducing agricultural productivity and sometimes causing civilizations to fail. However, more recent initiatives show people rediscovering the importance of soils and taking steps to promote sustainable land use and soil conservation.
This document discusses Earth's natural resources. It defines resources as anything organisms use from the environment, categorizing them as renewable or non-renewable. Earth's main natural resources are discussed as atmospheric (air, wind, temperature), lithospheric (soil, minerals, rocks), hydrospheric (water in oceans, rivers, lakes), and biospheric (plants, animals). Atmospheric resources like air and solar energy are essential to life. Lithospheric resources include soil, minerals extracted for usage, and building materials. Hydrospheric resources encompass water in oceans, rivers, lakes used for life, agriculture and industry. Biospheric resources are plants and animals providing food, medicines and more.
Origen & Modern Technologies Of Agriculture.Abdul Rouf
This document provides an overview of the origin and history of agriculture from early humans through modern times. It discusses how early humans in Africa began hunting large animals around 150,000-200,000 years ago. By 7,000 BC, farming had reached Mesopotamia and Egypt around 8,000 BC. Important crops were domesticated throughout the world, and the development of irrigation in Mesopotamia and Egypt allowed for large-scale agriculture. Agricultural tools and practices advanced significantly between the 16th century and 19th century in Britain, fueling population growth and the Industrial Revolution. The document concludes with descriptions of modern agricultural technologies and practices such as seed drills, tractors, and broadcast seeding.
This document discusses various topics related to conservation of plants and animals. It begins by defining and describing the causes and impacts of deforestation, including increasing temperatures, carbon dioxide levels, and drought. It then discusses how forests and wildlife can be conserved through protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation and traditional human use, while national parks reserve natural habitats for wildlife and sanctuaries protect animals from disturbance. The document also defines flora as plants in an area and fauna as the animals, and provides examples. It concludes by discussing conservation status classifications like critically endangered species.
This document discusses various topics related to conservation of plants and animals. It begins by defining and describing the causes and impacts of deforestation, including increasing temperatures, carbon dioxide levels, and drought. It then discusses how forests and wildlife can be conserved through protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation and traditional human use, while national parks reserve natural habitats for wildlife and sanctuaries protect animals from disturbance. The document also defines flora as plants in an area and fauna as the animals, and provides examples. It concludes by discussing conservation status classifications like critically endangered species.
This document discusses common mistakes and misperceptions in organic soil management. Some of the mistakes discussed include thinking that organic farming means neglect or omission of inputs, that organic means simply substituting synthetic inputs with natural ones, and that plants do not differentiate between management practices. The document also discusses misperceptions such as the need for pre-plant tillage in organic systems and the incompatibility of precision agriculture and artificial drainage with organic farming.
1. Archaeologists found artifacts in the Fertile Crescent that helped them understand prehistoric cultures and provided evidence of early hominids.
2. The Fertile Crescent saw many important developments, including the origins of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the establishment of some of the world's first civilizations like Sumeria.
3. Geography played a key role in the development of civilizations in the Fertile Crescent. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers provided water for irrigation and transportation, while the river valleys produced fertile soil that supported early agriculture.
The document discusses various topics related to wildlife conservation including:
1. Biosphere reserves are large protected areas that conserve biodiversity and support traditional tribal communities, with 18 established in India.
2. Endemic species are those only found in a particular area and nowhere else, such as sal and wild mango trees and flying squirrels in Pachmarhi.
3. Project Tiger was launched in India in 1973 to ensure viable Bengal tiger populations in natural habitats by establishing tiger reserves across different ecosystems.
This document summarizes research from a decade of cover crop studies at Western Illinois University:
1) Key lessons learned include the impact of cover crops on soil health, nutrient cycling, and suppressing crop diseases. Cereal rye was shown to improve soil structure and increase yields when diseases were present.
2) Research trials evaluated different cover crop species and varieties, planting times, and their effects on subsequent cash crops. Radishes and other brassicas improved soil penetration and water retention. Frost seeded red clover produced more biomass than other legumes.
3) Experiments tested no-till systems with cover crops, effects of added nitrogen, and strip-tilling techniques. Cereal rye facilitated successful
Calcium and magnesium are important plant nutrients that are taken up from the soil. Calcium plays key roles in plant cell structure and is important for fruit and vegetable quality. While calcium deficiencies can occur, soils often contain adequate levels. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is also involved in enzyme activation. Both nutrients can be supplemented through soil or foliar applications when tissue tests indicate a need. However, over-application should be avoided as it can negatively impact nutrient availability and balance.
This document summarizes a presentation on choosing and implementing cover crops for a strip-till system. It discusses several farmers who have successfully used strip-tilling and cover crops, including the crops and seeding methods they use. It also provides resources on cover crop selection tools and seed suppliers. The presentation emphasizes learning from other innovative farmers and adapting practices to each farm's specific context and goals.
The document discusses soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in agricultural systems. It provides examples showing that only a small portion (around 10-17%) of crop residues and roots are retained as SOM in the long term. Factors like soil texture, historical vegetation, climate, landscape position, and management practices influence SOM levels by affecting the balance between organic matter inputs and losses through decomposition. Fine-textured soils in low-lying areas generally have higher SOM compared to coarse-textured or well-drained soils. Protecting organic materials from decomposition by physical protection within soil aggregates or association with mineral particles increases long-term retention as SOM.
This document discusses the increasing popularity and benefits of using cover crops in agriculture. It notes that farmer interest and communication, as well as support from seed vendors, have driven a cover crop revolution. While cover crops provide benefits like erosion control and nitrogen fixation, they also require additional management and can interfere with equipment or crop growth if not implemented properly. The document provides answers to common questions about selecting and establishing cover crops and evaluates the costs and returns of different cover cropping programs.
Precision Cover Cropping for Organic Farmsjbgruver
This document discusses precision cover cropping techniques for organic farms. It provides examples of using GPS guidance and targeted placement of cover crop mixtures and rows to achieve specific objectives like compaction alleviation, erosion reduction, and weed control. Examples are given of undercutting grain stubble and interseeding cover crops into standing corn. The importance of species selection, establishment, and termination timing is discussed.
Cover Cropping Practices that Enhance Soil Fertilityjbgruver
This document discusses cover cropping practices and their impact on soil nutrient dynamics and fertility. It provides information on how cover crops can minimize nutrient losses from the soil and enhance nutrient cycling processes. Cover crops can uptake nutrients that would otherwise be lost, translocate nutrients from below the crop root zone, and fix nitrogen in the case of legumes. They also increase soil biological activity and populations of beneficial microbes like mycorrhizae. Choosing the right cover crop species is important for achieving specific objectives like grazing, nutrient scavenging, bio-drilling, or weed suppression. The document also notes both positive and negative potential effects of cover crops and strategies for optimizing their growth and nutrient contributions.
Maximizing crop root growth in no-till systemsjbgruver
Maximizing Crop Root Growth in No-Till Systems
The presentation discusses opportunities to maximize crop root growth in no-till (NT) farming systems. While technologies like seed treatments and rippers can help, the focus is on underappreciated aspects of root science and management. Variability in soil properties and their interaction with genetics, weather, and practices affects root performance. The presentation explores breeding goals for deeper, cheaper roots and explores root traits related to stress tolerance. It highlights the need to better understand soil biology and root-microbe interactions to enhance sustainability in NT systems.
This document contains reading questions related to two short articles about a proposed potash mine in Thailand. It discusses the "Iron Ladies" group that is protesting the mine and their concerns about potential environmental impacts. Students are asked to read the two articles and answer 9 questions about the issues, including discussing stakeholder perspectives, estimated economic value of the potash reserves, and possible outcomes of the conflict.
The document provides directions and information about the WIU Organic Research Program's annual Allison Farm Field Day event. It includes directions to the Dakin Farm Shop location from both the north and south. The morning session at the farm shop will include presentations on optimizing crop health through nutrient management and a pelletized chicken litter product. A free lunch will be provided followed by remarks about recent research at the Allison Farm. In the afternoon, a tour of the farm's research plots will be given along with an equipment demonstration, with the theme being nutrient management. Registration is required by August 6th for those wanting to attend the lunch.
The document summarizes the opening and operation of two community gardens in Macomb, Illinois between 2010-2012. The first garden opened in June 2010 at a new recreational complex and container gardens were also established at two housing sites. Many crops grew well in wading pools and compost piles. The second garden site opened in spring 2011 on East Wheeler Street near a housing project. By 2012, about 40 families had individual plots and there were also community plantings of potatoes, corn, onions, melons, carrots and pumpkins. Events included an end of season picnic in fall 2012.
Precision Organics discusses opportunities for improving efficiency and effectiveness of field operations through precision agriculture techniques. Some larger organic grain farmers are using precision technologies like RTK guidance. Attention to detail is key to success for organic farmers. Precision techniques like controlled traffic, strip intercropping, and precision planting of cover crops can help organic farmers improve yields and reduce costs.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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The event will cover the following::
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
3. Did the ancient
Egyptians know
anything about soil
fertility?
4. Ancient Egyptian murals
show lots of agricultural
practices - tillage, planting,
irrigation and harvesting but
no fertilization
5. 4-5 million
people during
the New
Kingdom Why did
Greek
historian
Herodotus
write
Egypt is
truly a gift
of the Nile?
http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/Nile%20Delta.jpg http://lexicorient.com/e.o/atlas/maps/nile.gif
7. High Aswan Dam
constructed
beginning in 1960
6 TRILLION CFT
1.2
TRILLION
CFT
High Aswan
Dam
Hoover
Dam
8. Each year ~ 120 million tons of sediment accumulates
behind the dam containing ~ 10,000 tons of biologically
available P and N !
9. Mediterranean fisheries collapsed after the
construction of the High Aswan Dam
Shrimp harvest along Egyptian Coast
So…why are
the fisheries
recovering?
Nixon, 2003. Replacing the Nile: Are Anthropogenic Nutrients Providing the Fertility Once Brought to the
Mediterranean by a Great River? Ambio. Volume 32, Issue 1 (February 2003)
10. So…why are the fisheries recovering?
Shrimp harvest along Egyptian Coast
SEWAGE
from Cairo
Aquatic ecosystems
in the Mediterranean
are nutrient limited
unlike the Gulf of
Mexico
Nixon, 2003. Replacing the Nile: Are Anthropogenic Nutrients Providing the Fertility Once Brought to the
Mediterranean by a Great River? Ambio. Volume 32, Issue 1 (February 2003)
11. Stercutius
Roman art also reveals a
lot about their agriculture.
In addition to Saturn and Ceres (Roman
god and goddess of Agriculture), the
Romans had a god of manure named
Stercutius who was worshiped by old
women and children.
12. A number of Roman authors (e.g., Cato, Columella, Pliny the Elder)
wrote detailed textbooks on agriculture that described the use of
animal manures, green manures and crop rotations to improve soil
productivity. These books were considered important sources of
information about agriculture for over a thousand years.
13. Blue lupines
Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79) classified animal
manures with respect to their advantages
and disadvantages of most animal manures
and recommended the use of green
manures. "It is universally agreed by all
writers that there is nothing more beneficial
than to turn up a crop of lupines, before they
have podded, either with the plough or the
fork, or else to cut them and bury them in
heaps at the roots of trees and vines."
14. The earliest records of soil improvement using green
manures are from the Chou dynasty (~1000 BC) in
China. Later (500 BC), Tsi gave the following advice:
“Green manures are planted in the 5th or 6th month,
and plowed under in the 7th or 8th month... Their
fertilizing value is as good as silkworm excrement and
well-rotted farm manure"
15. China has had more than 50 million people for more than 2000
years and currently has more than 300 million farmers!
16. “ We desired to learn how it is
possible, after twenty and
perhaps thirty or even forty
centuries, for their soils to be
made to produce sufficiently for
the maintenance of such dense
populations.. “
FH King, 1911
20. Building Chinampas
http://kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/veracruzbuildingchinampas.jpg
21. Chinampas in the Momposina lowland region of Columbia
http://kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/camell-colombia.jpg
22. In 1240, Roman agricultural literature was summarized by Crescentius.
http://www.abbeville.com/Products/InteriorImages/0896599191Interiors.htm
23. Bernard Palissy (1510-1589)
Ceramicist and hydraulic
engineer
Far ahead of his time, Palissy
wrote: ”Manure is carried to the
field for the purpose of restoring
to the latter a part of what had
been removed... Proceeding
thus you will restore to the soil
the same substances that have
been removed by previous
crops and which following crops
will regain to their advantage."
24. What is the
“principle of
vegetation”?
JB van Helmont (1577-1644)
Dutch physician and Chemist
25. What isdo
What the
“principle of
plants
vegetation”?
eat?
JB van Helmont (1577-1644)
Dutch physician and Chemist
26. Van Helmont’s 169 lbs
of plant
pot experiment
5 lbs
of
plant
only water
was added
199 lbs,
200 lbs 14oz of soil
of soil
T=0 T= 5 yrs
27. Van Helmont also performed
experiments that involved combusting
charcoal and reported that 62 lbs of
charcoal produced 1 lb of ash.
He wrote that the other 61 lbs consisted
of the "spirit of the wood," which he
called "gas".
28. Philosophical Transactions Volume 21 (1699 !)
John Woodward discovered
that the growth of spearmint
cuttings was positively
related to the amount of
dissolved solids in water
29. How many of you have heard of the band “Jethro Tull”?
30. Jethro Tull invented the grain drill and many
complementary technologies that resulted in
large increases in grain yields during the
18th century.
Jethro Tull, 1731
31. George Washington took
great pains to inform himself
about any subject in which
he was interested.
He corresponded with Arthur
Young, Britain’s leading
agriculturalist in the post-
Revolutionary period and
ordered the latest British
books about new agricultural
practices.
Among Washington’s papers
are detailed notes taken as
he studied Jethro Tull’s
Horse Hoeing Husbandry.
32. Tull’s theory of “All sorts of dung and
compost contain some
plant nutrition matter, which, when mixt with
the soil, ferments therein; and
by such ferment dissolves,
crumbles, and divides the
earth very much; This is the
chief, and almost only use of
dung...
The value of dung is not to
nourish, but to dissolve, i.e.,
divide the terrestrial matter,
which affords nourishment to
the mouths of vegetable
roots.”
Jethro Tull, 1731
33. This article starts with a brief review of
theories about plant nutrition and the
importance of humus prior to the mid- 19th
century. It then shows how the “Humus
Theory” developed by Thaer allowed him to
establish a quantitative system of evaluating
cropping system sustainability.
34. The
humus
theory
Similar to animals, plants must feed upon
organic substances that are similar to
them in composition.
Soil organic matter aka humus, is the
chief nutrient for plants and the primary
source of soil fertility.
Roots absorb humus and transform it
into plant substance, by combining it
with water.
35. In the early 1800s, Swiss chemist and plant physiologist
Nicolas-Théodore De Saussure rejected most of the
principle of vegetation concepts of his predecessors
and arrived at many ground breaking conclusions:
1) soil, not air, supplies plants with N
2) roots are active and selective absorbers of water and salts
3) plants only absorb CO2 and release O2 when exposed to
sunlight
4) All plant tissues including seeds and roots consume O2 and
give off CO2
but did not fully reject the humus theory
36. Answers to the reading questions
should be submitted using WO
before the start of Friday’s class
37. Reading questions
1) The article includes an interesting quote from Jethro Tull:
“The chief art of the husbandman is to feed the plants to best advantage; but,
how shall he do that, unless he knows what is their food?”
Identify the contrasting views about plant nutrition contained in the article. Be
sure to mention the proponents of each view.
2) Discuss de Saussure’s relationship with his father. Has anyone in your life
helped to spark or encourage your interest in the Agricultural Sciences?
Explain.
3) De Saussure made many impressive discoveries about plant respiration and
nutrition. Briefly discuss 3 discoveries that you think were particularly
interesting.
4a) Calculate how much a typical corn seed weighs in grams (1 lb = 454 g).
Hint: look up the weight of a bushel of corn and # of seeds in a bushel of corn.
4b) Estimate the total weight of a mature corn plant in grams.
SHOW YOUR WORK!!!!
Assume the following: corn population = 30,000 plants/ac, yield = 200 bu/ac,
weight of grain = weight of stover = weight of roots
4c) Calculate how much the corn seed’s weight multiplied during a full season of
growth.
38. How is this possible??
grain
+
cob
+
1/100 of an oz
stalk
+
leaves
+
roots
_____
> 1 lb
39. Rejection of the humus theory
“ The conclusion should have
been reached long ago that
humus is not such an important
substance as we have been led to
believe, and that the current
doctrine of humus is exceedingly
full of contradictions.”
Carl Sprengel 1838
40. Justus von Liebig
was a pioneering German
chemist who wrote and lectured
extensively about the mineral
nutrition of plants. As the first
professor to use the laboratory
method of teaching chemistry,
he is regarded as one of the
greatest chemistry educators of
all time.
He was held in such high
esteem that few dared to
question his pronouncements
about mineral nutrition.
Justus von Liebig (1803 -1873)
41. Liebig did not actually introduce the
Law of the Minimum but deserves
credit for popularizing the concept
Law of
the
Minimum
Justus von Liebig (1803 -1873)
42. Non-metal oxides
(C, N, H and S)
What is liberated and what is left behind
when plant biomass is burned ?
Liebig believed
that the ash Liebig
generated when recommended
a crop is burned
a “check book”
contained the
optimal blend of approach to
nutrients for fertilization
fertilizing the
crop
Metal oxides
(K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe…)
43. Some of Liebig’s theories were not
supported by experimental evidence but
few were willing to publicly question them.
Liebig wrote: ‘Agricultural crops receive quite sufficient
nitrogen from the atmosphere ...’
Sir John Lawes, a British contemporary of Liebig was bold
enough to declare: ‘There can not be a more
erroneous opinion than this.’
44. Sir John Lawes Sir Henry Gilbert
Rothamsted
Experiment
Station
Lawes and Gilbert founded the first agricultural
experiment station
http://nolimits.nmw.ac.uk/IEN/rotham.jpg
45. Broadbalk
experiment
• Started in 1843
• Continuous wheat
for more than 160 years
• The oldest agricultural field
experiment in the world.
46. From : T Gardeners Chronic le
he
July 1, 1843 page 442
J.B. LA WE'S PA TENT MANURES, composed
of Super Phosphate of Lime, Phosphate of
Ammonia, Silicate of Potass, &c., are now
for JB Lawes opened one of the first
sale at his Factory, Deptford-creek, London,
price 4s. 6d. per bushel.These substances can
fertilizer factories in Europe and
be had seperately; the Super Phosphatethey
needed to convince farmers that of
Lime alone is recommended for fixing the
should use his fertilizers
Ammonia of Dung-heaps, Cesspools, Gas
Liquor, &c. Price 4s. 6d. per bushel
47. Broadbalk demonstrated the value
of N and P fertilizer and that
manure was not necessary to
produce high crop yields
however
the plots receiving both manure and
fertilizer often produced the
highest yields
48. Broadbalk grain yields, selected treatments
Introduction of: liming fungicides
10 fallowing herbicides
9
8
Why have the 1st wheat in rotation:
Wheat grain yield (t/ha)
7 FYM+96 kg N Best NPK
6 yields been
5 leveling off? Continuous wheat:
FYM PK+144 kg N
4
3
2
1
Unmanured, continuous wheat
0
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
49. The Broadbalk archive
currently contains over
200,000 bottles of hay, grain
and soil
Why do they keep
all these old samples ?
50. The Broadbalk archive
currently contains over
200,000 bottles of hay, grain
and soil
Why do they keep
all these old samples ?
Old samples provide answers
to new questions !
51.
52. Morrow Plots
- started in 1876 at the U of Illinois
- oldest agronomic experiment in the US
53. Cyril Hopkins (right), head of the U of Illinois Department of Agronomy, and James H.Pettit (left),
assistant in Soil Analysis at the Ag Experiment Station, collect soil samples from the Morrow Plots
54. “The farmer should be as familiar with
the names of the ten essential elements
of plant food as he is with the names of
his ten nearest neighbors”
" ... it is not the land itself that
constitutes the farmer's wealth, but it is
in the constituents of the soil, which
serve for the nutrition of plants, that
this wealth truly consists."
55. Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture – Cyril G. Hopkins, 1910
Rhizobia bacteria first
“In recent years, Whitney and Cameron have revived the theory of toxic
isolated in mid 1880s
excreta from plant roots, in support of a more radical theory announced by
them, to the effect that soils do not wear out or become depleted by cultivation
or cropping.
While this theory is advanced with no adequate foundation and in direct
opposition to practical experience and to so many facts of mathematics,
chemistry, and geology, that it is in itself quite unworthy of further
consideration, the fact is that it has been promoted by Professor Whitney as
Chief of the United States Bureau of Soils, and by Doctor Cameron as the
chief chemist of the same Bureau; and, consequently, it cannot be ignored”
Legumes can fix their own N *if* they have the appropriate bacteria
57. Impact of nutrients and rotation moreSOM
Long rotations with fertilization retained on OM but
all rotations (with and without fertilization) led to loss of OM
http://www.cropsci.uiuc.edu/research/rdc/urbana/morrow.cfm
MLP = Manure, lime and phosphorus added
58. 19th century farmers had limited
opportunities to purchase
nutrients. Some used guano
imported from South America.
Large yield responses were
reported for a wide range of
crops after applications of
guano.
Guano is a concentrated
source of N (~ 12 %) and P2O5
(~ 12 %), with much higher
analyses than most organic
fertilizers.
59. Guano was mined intensively off the west coast of S. America
during the mid-to late 1800s. During the peak years of guano
mining, Great Britain imported over 150,000 tons annually.
PERU
63. Laboratory apparatus
designed by Fritz
Haber for producing
NH3 from H2 and N2.
The catalytic process
took place in the large
cylinder on the left.
64. Founded in 1865, BASF is the world's largest chemical
company, ahead of Dow and DuPont, ~ 100,000 employees,
>80 billion in sales in 2007.
Karl Bosch worked for BASF and developed the technology
for upscaling Haber’s method of NH3 production.
Nitrates and ammonia made up 59 percent of BASF sales in
1919.
65. Industrial N fixation is very energy intensive
> 700 GDF/ton NH3
Large
improvements
in energy
efficiency
were made
during the 20th
century.
~ 300 GDF/ton NH3
~ 185 GDF/ton NH3
~ 130 gallons of diesel fuel per ton of NH3
GDF = gallon of diesel fuel
Fig. 6.12 in Smil (2001)
67. Fertilizer application in the US since 1850
Total
What
happened
during the
80s??
N
Farmers cut way back
on their fertilizer
purchases during the
“Farm Crisis”
K2O
P2O5
76. Fertilizer prices began spiraling upward in 2007
Why??
http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/topfarmer/newsletter/TFCW8_2008.pdf
77. World fertilizer prices collapsed in the fall of 2008
So
Why?? where
are
prices
today?
http://www.growthstockwire.com/images/charts/2009/feb/20090225_chart_a.gif