The document discusses lime requirement of acid soils and liming materials. It states that lime requirement is the amount of lime needed to raise the pH of an acidic soil to a desired level, as determined by the Shoemaker buffer method. Liming materials include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of calcium and magnesium. Examples given are limestone, dolomite, slags, and wood ash. The efficiency of liming materials depends on their purity, fineness, and neutralizing value. Liming raises the soil pH and reduces aluminum and manganese toxicity, while improving the availability of phosphorus, micronutrients, and nitrogen fixation.
LIME REQUIREMENT AND LIMING MATERIALS FOR ACIDIC SOILIIM Ahmedabad
Reclamation of acidic soil needs lime application. Hence determination of adequate amount of lime and the appropriate materials as liming materials are discussed.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
LIME REQUIREMENT AND LIMING MATERIALS FOR ACIDIC SOILIIM Ahmedabad
Reclamation of acidic soil needs lime application. Hence determination of adequate amount of lime and the appropriate materials as liming materials are discussed.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
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Lime requirement of acid soil, liming materials, reclamation and management of acid soil
1. Lime requirement of acid soil,
liming materials, reclamation
and management of acid soil
K. Maheshwaran,Asst. Prof. (SS&AC)
Sethu Bhaskara Agricultural College &
Research Foundation
SAC 202 Problematic soil and their management (2+0)
2. Lime requirement
The amount of lime required to be added to
acidic soil to raise the pH of that soil to a
desired value
Shoemaker, 1961 buffer method is used for the
determination of lime requirement of an acid
soil
Liming of acid soils
3. Liming factor may be defined as the factor by
which the actual amount of lime can be
calculated from the estimated theoretical
amount of lime
This factor varies from 1-3, depending on rate
of limestone solution, plant uptake and leaching
during the reaction period
Liming of acid soils
4. Methods of applying lime
The application of small amounts of lime of soil
every year or twice a year is effective
Lime should be applied by broadcasting and
should be mixed with the whole plough layer
soil
When both the surface and subsurface soils are
strongly acidic
Liming of acid soils
5. Deficiency of iron, copper and zinc occur
Phosphorus and potassium availability will be reduced
Due to high OH- ion concentration, root
development will be inhibited in association with tip
swelling brought about by hydrations
Due to dehydrating properties of boron, it acts as a
protective agent for excess OH- ion concentration
Boron deficiency occurs
Incidence of diseases like scab in root crops
Effects of over liming
6. Lime reactions in soils depends upon the nature
and the fineness of the liming materials
Limestones can be classified as Calcitic
(CaCO3), dolomite (Ca Mg (CO3)2) or a
mixture of the two
Both are sparingly soluble in pure water but
become soluble in water containing
carbondi oxide
Principles of liming reactions
7. CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca (HCO3)2
Ca (HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3
-
H+ + HCO3
- H2CO3 H2O +CO2
In this way hydrogen ions H+ in the soil solution
react to form weakly dissociated water and calcium
(Ca2+) ion from limestone is left to undergo cation
exchange reactions
Acidity of the soil is thus neutralized and the
percent base saturation of the colloidal material is
increased
Reaction
8. Moisture Greater the moisture content,
more rapid is the rate of reaction
Temperature Lime and liming materials react
more rapidly at high than at low
temperatures
Amount of
exchange acidity
The amount of exchange acidity
present in the soil affects reaction
rate
Acidity becomes neutralized, the
rate of reaction decreases and
finally as neutrality is approached
becomes almost negligible
Factors affecting liming reactions
9. Liming materials
Materials that are necessary for the
neutralization of H+ ions in soil solution
The materials commonly used are the oxides,
hydroxides, carbonates and silicates of
calcium or calcium and magnesium
These are called Agricultural liming materials
10. CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO4
2-
SO4
2- + H2O H2SO4
The accompanying anion is sulphate and it
reacts with soil moisture produces mineral acid
(H2SO4) which also increases soil acidity instead
of reducing soil acidity
Gypsum is not as a Liming Material
11. 1. Oxides of lime
2. Hydroxides of lime
3. Carbonates of lime
4. Slags
5. Other liming materials
Kinds of liming materials
12. Oxides of lime
It is normally called burned lime or quick lime
Oxides of lime is more caustic than limestones
Burned lime is produced by heating limestone
and dolomite
CaCO3 + Heat CaO + CO2
CaMg(CO3)2 + Heat CaO + MgO + 2CO2
Kinds of liming materials
13. Hydroxides of lime
It can be produced by adding water to burned
lime and is called slaked lime
It is more caustic than burned lime
CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2 + CO2
Kinds of liming materials
14. Carbonates of lime
These are by products of certain industries and
so the content of calcium and magnesium varies.
The two important minerals found are calcite
(CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
Kinds of liming materials
15. Slags
Blast furnace slag – It is a by- product of the
manufacture of Pig iron
As a liming material, this behaves as calcium
silicate
The neutralizing value of blast furnace slags
ranges from about 75-90%
Kinds of liming materials
16. Basic slag
It is a by-product of making steel from pig iron,
which in turn is produced from high
phosophorus iron ores.
Impurities in the iron, including silica and
phosphorus are fluxed with lime and the basic
slags are produced
Its neutralizing value ranges from 60-70%.
Kinds of liming materials
17. Electric furnace slag
This is produced from the electric furnace
reduction of phosphate rock during preparation
of elemental phosphorus
This product is largely calcium silicate and is
used as a liming material
Kinds of liming materials
18. Other liming materials
Coral shell, chalk, wood ash, press mud, by-
product material of paper mills, sugar factories,
fly ash and sludge etc., are considered as liming
materials and also used for the amelioration of
soil acidity
Kinds of liming materials
19. Neutralizing value (N.V) or Calcium Carbonate
Equivalent (CCE)
Molecular weight of CaCO3
CCE of a liming material = x 100
Molecular weight of a liming material
whose CCE is to be determined
Efficiency of liming materials
21. Purity of liming materials
More pure the liming material, higher will it
effectiveness for the amelioration of soil acidity
Degree of fineness of liming materials
Finer materials increases the surface contact
with the soil and the rate of reaction is high
Efficiency of liming materials
22. Percent Effective Calcium Carbonate
(ECC) or (Neutralizing Index)
The fineness factor is the sum of the product of
the percentage of material in each of the three
size fractions (60 mesh sieve, 20 mesh sieve and
8 mesh sieve) multiplied by the appropriate
effectiveness factor
Efficiency of liming materials
Percent ECC or N.I = CCE x Fineness factor
24. 2 molecules of Ca is replace the H+ ions from
the soil colloids
Oxides of lime (CaO)
25. Hydroxides of lime (Ca(OH)2)
2 molecules of Ca is replace the H+ ions from
the soil colloids
26. Carbonates of lime (CaCO3)
A part of CaCO3 undergoes solution and
combines with H2CO3 to form soluble
Ca(HCO3)2
The calcium bicarbonate in solution form reacts
with the soil colloids with the evolution of CO2
CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca (HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 + soil → Ca(Soil) + H2O + 2CO2
27. Acid soil + 2CaSiO3 + 3H2O → Ca (Soil)+ H2SiO3 +Al(OH)3
Other management practices found effective for
the amelioration of an acid soil includes
Use of basic fertilizers like sodium nitrate, basic slag
etc.,
Reducing leaching of basic cations by following
appropriate soil and water management practices
and
Acid tolerant crops like rice, potato, tea, wheat,
sweet potato, maize, brinjal etc.,
Basic Slag
28. Direct Benefits
Reduction in toxicity of aluminium and
manganese
Reduced uptake of calcium (Ca2+) and
magnesium (Mg2+) in the soil solution can also
be alleviated with the application of lime
Removal of (H+) ion toxicity
Liming on plant nutrition
