Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Precision agriculture is an art and science of utilizing innovative, site-specific techniques for management of spatial and temporal variability using affordable technologies… for enhancing output, efficiency, and profitability of agricultural production in an environmentally responsible manner
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)
1. Course Teacher :
Dr. V. N. Mishra
(Principle Scientist)
Deptt. of Soil Science &
Agril. Chemistry
Speaker:
Anjali Patel
Ph.D. Scholar
Previous (1st sem)
2. Content
• Site specific nutrient management
• Aims
• Features
• Plant analysis based SSNM
• Soil-cum-Plant Analysis Based SSNM
• Precision agriculture
• Problems In Adoption of SSNM
• Probable strategies
• Conclusion
4. Site specific nutrient management
‘Feeding of crop with nutrients as and when
needed’
“Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is
the dynamic, field-specific management of
nutrients in a particular cropping season to
optimize the supply and demand of
nutrients according to their differences in
cycling through soil-plant systems.”
(Dobermann and White, 1999)
5. Site Specific Nutrient Management
• SSNM is a relatively new approach of nutrient
recommendations, is mainly based on the indigenous
nutrient supply from the soil and nutrient demand of
the crop for achieving targeted yield.
• The SSNM helps in improving NUE as it provides an
approach for feeding crops like rice, maize, wheat etc.
with nutrients as and when needed.
• For efficient and effective SSNM, use of soil and plant
nutrient status sensing devices, remote sensing, GIS,
decision support systems, simulation models and
machines for variable application of nutrients play an
important role.
6. SSNM AIMS
• Provide a locally-adapted
nutrient best management
practice tailored to the field- and
season-specific needs for a crop
• Increase in yield
• High efficiency of fertilizer use
• Improve profitability
• Improve marketable crop quality
• Improve environmental
stewardship
SOIL
HEALTH
INDICATORS
CHEMICAL
ENVIRONMENT
ORGANIC
MATTER
BIOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
7.
8. Important Features of SSNM
• Optimal use of existing indigenous nutrient sources such as crop
residues.
• Application of N,P and K fertilizers is adjusted to the location and
season-specific needs of the crop.
• Use of the leaf colour chart ensures that nitrogen is applied at the
right time and in the amount needed by the crop which prevents
wastage of fertilizer.
• Use of nitrogen omission plots to determine the P & K fertilizers
required to meet the crop needs. This ensures that P and K are
applied in the ratio required by the rice crop.
• Local randomization for application of Zn, S and micronutrients are
followed.
• Selection of economic combination of available fertilizer sources.
• Integration with other integrated crop management (ICM) practices
such as the use of quality seeds, optimum plant density, integrated
pest management and good water management.
9. Plant Analysis Based SSNM
• It is considered that the nutrient status of the
crop is the best indicator of soil nutrient
supplies as well as nutrient demand of the
crops.
• Thus the approach is built around plant
analysis.
• Five key steps for developing field-specific
fertilizer NPK recommendations have been
developed.
10. Contd….
1. Selection of the Yield Goal:-
• A yield goal exceeding 70-80 % of the variety-
specific potential yield (Ymax) has to be chosen.
• Ymax is defined as the maximum possible grain
yield limited only by climatic conditions of the
site, where there are no other factors limiting
crop growth.
• The logic behind selection of the yield goal to the
extent of 70-80% of the Ymax is that internal
NUEs decrease at very high yield levels near
Ymax.
11. Contd….
2. Assessment of Crop Nutrient Requirement:-
• The nutrient uptake requirements of a crop
depend both on yield goal and Ymax.
• In SSNM, nutrient requirements are estimated
with the help of quantitative evaluation of
fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model.
• Nutrient requirements for a particular yield
goal of a crop variety may be smaller in a high
yielding season than in low yielding one.
12. Contd….
3. Estimation of Indigenous
Nutrient Supplies:-
• Indigenous nutrient supply
(INS) is defined as the total
amount of a particular
nutrient that is available to
the crop from the soil
during the cropping cycle,
when other nutrients are
no-limiting.
• The INS is derived from
soil, incorporated crop
residues, irrigation water
and BNF.
13. Contd….
4. Computation of Fertilizer Nutrient Rates:-
• Field-specific fertilizer N, P & K
recommendations are calculated on the basis
of above steps (1-3) and the expected fertilizer
recovery efficiency (RE- kg of fertilizer nutrient
taken up by the crop per kg of the applied
nutrient).
• Studies indicated RE values of 40-60 % for N,
20-30 % for P, 40-50 % for K in rice under
normal growing conditions.
14. Contd…
5. Dynamic Adjustment of N Rates:-
• Whereas, fertilizer P and K are applied basally (at the time
of sowing), the N rates and application schedules can be
further adjusted as per the crop demand by using
chlorophyll meter (SPAD), Green seeker and Leaf Colour
Chart (LCC).
• Recent on farm studies in India have revealed a significant
SPAD/LCC based N management schedules in rice and
wheat in terms of yield gain, N use efficiency and economic
returns over the conventionally recommended N
application involving 2-3 splits during crop growth.
• SPAD based N application resulted in a saving of 55 kg N/ha
as compared to Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based N
application.
15. Soil-cum-Plant Analysis Based SSNM
• In this case, nutrient availability in the soil, plant
nutrient demands for a higher target yield (not less
than 80% of Ymax), and RE of applied nutrients are
considered for developing fertilizer use schedule to
achieve maximum economic yield of a crop variety.
• In order to ascertain desired crop growth, not limited
by apparent or hidden hunger of nutrients, soil is
analyzed for all macro and micronutrients well before
sowing/planting.
• Total nutrient requirement for the targeted yield and
RE are estimated with the help of documented
information available for similar crop growing
environments.
16. SSNM is a component of site-
specific crop management or
precision farming.
17. PRECISION AGRICULTURE
“Precision agriculture can be defined as the
application of principles and technologies to
manage spatial and temporal variability
associated with all aspects of agricultural
production for the purpose of improving crop
performance and environmental quality.”
(Pierce and Nowak, 1999)
18. Precision Agriculture- Concept
• Concept is simple…
1) Right Product
2) At right time
3) In right Place
4) At right Rate
• Assessing variability
• Managing variability
20. Why is Precision Nutrient Management
Important?
• Nutrient variability within a field can be very high
(graphs to follow), affecting optimum fertilizer
rates.
• Yield potential and grain protein can also vary
greatly even within one field, affecting fertilizer
requirements.
• Increasing fertilizer use efficiency will become
more important with increasing fertilizer costs
and environmental concerns.
22. Site-Specific Equipment and Technology
• Equipment
• Special equipment is not required for site-specific
management.
• Identifying areas requiring specific management can be
done with conventional soil testing and scouting techniques.
• Different fertilizer rates can be applied to different areas by
staking or flagging them, and then spreading the different
areas separately.
• Estimates of within-field distances to identify these areas
can be documented by measuring, counting rows, pacing or
other relative means.
23. Contd….
Technology Tools
GPS, GIS-based records and data analysis,
sensors and variable-rate controllers are
revolutionizing nutrient management to best meet
crop needs and efficiently utilize available
resources. Site-specific sampling, variable-rate
fertilizer application and yield monitors are
among the most common tools guiding today’s
modern nutrient management systems.
24. Technology tools
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Remote Sensing (RS)
Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
Farmer
Laser Land Leveler
Leaf Color Chart (LCC)
Green seeker
Chlorophyll Meter or soil plant analysis
development meter
25. Global Positioning
System (GPS)
• GPS is a satellite based signal
broadcast system that allow GPS
recievers to determine their position.
• GPS provides the accurate positional
information, which is useful in
locating the spatial variability with
accuracy.
• This is the satellite-based
information, received by a mobile
field instrument sensitive to the
transmitting frequency.
• GPS help in identifying any location in
the field to assess the spatial
variability and site specific
application of inputs.
26. Geographical Information System (GIS)
• GIS is a computer based system or
a type of computerized map,
provides information on field
topography, soil types, surface
drainage, subsurface drainage,
soil testing, irrigation, chemical
application rates and crop yield.
• GIS is the key to extracting value
from information on variability.
• It is the brain of precision farming
system and it has the spatial
analysis capabilities of GIS that
enable precision farming.
27. Remote sensing
• Remote sensing is a tool which
gather information in the form of
map with the help of satellites.
• RS is used for collection, processing
and analysing data to extract
information from earth surface
without coming in to physical contact
with it.
• The specific application of remote
sensing techniques can be used for-
Detection
Identification
Measurement
Monitoring of agriculture phenomena.
28.
29. Variable Rate Applicator
• It is the implementation of gathered
information for site specific agriculture.
• It consists of farm field equipment with
the ability to precisely control the rate of
application of crop inputs and tillage
operations.
• Uses of VRT
Nutrients/ fertilizers
Micronutrients
Pesticides
Seeding
Irrigation
• Computer controlled nozzels vary the
types and amounts of inputs according to
the variable rate application plan.
30. Yield Monitoring (YM)
• Yield monitors are attached
to conveyors or combines to
measure grain yield and
moisture content.
• Coupled with a GPS logging
location, data can be
mapped.
• Identifies in-field variations in
yield.
• Allows fine tuning of next
year’s seeding and fertilizer
applications.
31. Farmer
Farming cannot be imagined without farmer
For assessing and managing the variability,
decision-making is the key factor, and it is
to be done in consultation with the farmer.
35. Leaf Color Chart (LCC)
• The leaf color chart
(LCC) is an easy-to-
use and inexpensive
diagnostic tool for
monitoring the
relative greenness
of a rice leaf as an
indicator of the
plant N status.
37. Green seeker sensor
• A green seeker handheld
crop sensor can detect
wavelengths of reflected
light from the crop canopy
and produce a normalized
difference vegetation index
value called NDVI that is
correlated with leaf
chlorophyll.
• Based on this information,
side dress nitrogen rates that
are aligned with site specific
crop needs can be
prescribed.
38.
39. Chlorophyll meter
• The soil plant analysis
development (SPAD)
chlorophyll meter is one of
the most commonly used
diagnostic tools to measure
crop nitrogen status.
• Released in 1984 (Minolta
Co. ltd., Japan).
• When SPAD value fell to
between 29 and 32,
indicating that additional
fertilizer is necessary.
40. Software for SSNM
• Computer or mobile phone-based tools are
increasingly used to facilitate improved
nutrient management practices in farmers’
fields, especially in geographies where blanket
fertilizer recommendations prevail.
• Nutrient Expert® and Crop Manager are
examples of decision-support systems
developed for SSNM in cereal production
systems.
41. Nutrient Expert®
• Nutrient Expert® is an
interactive, computer-
based decision-
support tool that
enables smallholder
farmers to rapidly
implement SSNM in
their individual fields
with or without soil
test data.
42. Crop Manager
• Crop Manager is a
computer and mobile
phone based application
that provides small-scale
rice, rice-wheat, and
maize farmers with site-
and season-specific
recommendations for
fertilizer application.
• The software is freely
downloadable at
http://cropmanager.irri.o
rg/home.
•
45. PROBLEMS IN ADOPTION OF
SSNM
• Fragmented land holding
• Lack of continuously monitoring the health and
availability of the natural resources.
• Climatic aberrations.
• Operational constraints.
• Uncertainty in getting the various inputs.
• Absence of a long standing and uniform agricultural
policy.
• Lack of success stories.
• Lack of local technical expertise.
• Land ownership, Infrastructure and Institutional
constraints.
46. Probable Strategies
• Farmer’s co-operatives.
• Pilot projects.
• Agricultural input suppliers, Extension advisors
and consultant play important role in the spread
of the technology.
• Combined effort of Researchers and Government.
• Public agencies should consider supplying free
data such as remotely sensed imagery to the
universities and research institutes involved in
Precision farming research.
47. Conclusion
• Site-specific nutrient management is gaining
popularity with the passage of time obviously
due to its in-built advantages over other
contemporary approaches.
• With an increase in understanding of SSNM,
decision support tools on fertilizer, best
management practices will be developed for
different crops and farming situation.
