Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils can increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and plants. A study found increasing rates of untreated sewage sludge application from 10 to 80 tonnes/hectare led to a corresponding increase in extractable zinc, copper, lead and cadmium levels in soil. Similarly, Chinese cabbage grown in soils amended with increasing rates of sewage sludge from 5% to 25% showed higher accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc in leaves compared to the unamended control. Several soil properties and plant factors influence the availability and uptake of heavy metals from sludge-amended soils into food crops.
Over the past few decades, the increase in population and advances made in farming technology has increased the demand for crops and livestock from the agricultural industry. This growth in agricultural production has resulted in an increase in contaminants polluting soil and waterways.
Over the past few decades, the increase in population and advances made in farming technology has increased the demand for crops and livestock from the agricultural industry. This growth in agricultural production has resulted in an increase in contaminants polluting soil and waterways.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land and water for...P.K. Mani
An attempt was made to enhance livelihood security of farming community on Coastal Sundarban Areas particularly Sandeshkhali Block. The project was sponsored by World Bank, GEF.
Effect of minimum tillage and Mulching on nutrient Transformation in rice bas...P.K. Mani
Paper presented at PAU, LUdhiana, 2012 describing nutrient transformation in rice based cropping system following zero tillage vs conventional tillage.
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Design and development of an anaerobic bio-digester for application in sewage...Dr. Eng. Mercy Manyuchi
Anaerobic digestion for biogas production is vital in sewage sludge management. This paper focuses on the design and development of an anaerobic bio-digester that can be utilized for biogas production utilizing Acti-zyme as the digestion bio-catalyst from sewage sludge. A stainless steel lab scale bio-digester with a capacity of 390 L/day and an operating efficiency of 75% was considered. The bio-digester allowed for addition of both the Acti-zyme and sewage sludge, the removal of the biogas and bio-solids generated during the digestion process. Process and equipment safety was ensured by maintaining the temperature at 35°C, pressure at 1 atmosphere as well as ensuring the flow of the substrate was maintained at 75% to minimize as operational hazards. Agitation was maintained at 60 rpm for uniform mixing whilst pH was maintained at 7 for enhancing Acti-zyme activity. The anaerobic bio-digester can either be up scaled or downscaled for application in sewage sludge management using Acti-zyme.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Application of geochemical modeling, including reactive transport simulation, to understand mobilization of metals in groundwater in response to acidification.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
Contamination of heavy metals results in soil acidification and subsequently affects other soil properties.
Contamination of heavy metals causes a decline in the specific adsorption of other cations through an increase in saturation or oversaturation of the cation exchange sites by heavy metal cations, thus displacing the protons into the soil solution, which results in a significant drop in soil pH.
Three different pathways in which enzyme activities are inhibited by heavy metals:
masking of catalytically active groups;
denaturation of protein conformation; and
competition with heavy metals for enzyme–substrate complexes.
Soluble forms of heavy metals (Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn) are considered to be more toxic to enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase) due to their high bioavailability.
Similar to Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge (20)
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Geomorphology at a glance: Major landformsP.K. Mani
Geomorphology, Major landforms, Genetic landform classifications, Volcanic landforms, River Systems and Fluvial Landforms, Aeolian Landforms, Glacial Landforms
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
For Post graduate study of Physical Chemistry of Soil. Hand written notes describing Ion Exchange, Donnan Membrane Equilibrium, Diffuse double layer, Surface properties, Cation exchange, Anion and ligand exchange, Q/I studies etc.taught at BCKV at PG level (2nd Semester)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Sewage: Sewage is water-carried waste, in
solution or suspension, that is intended to be
removed from a community.*
Sludge: A mixture of solids and water
produced during the treatment of waste water
or sewage.*
*
Central Pollution Control Board(1993)
6. Essential heavy metal Non essential heavy metal
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, Se
7. Member
State
Year Sludge
production
(t DS)
Agriculture
t (DS) % of total
Germany 2007 2056486 592552 70
Spain 2006 1064972 687037 65
Sweden 2006 210000 30000 14
UK 2006 1544919 1050526 68
Austria 2006 252800 38400 16
Italy 2006 1070080 189554 18
In India production of sewage sludge is estimated to be around
1200 tonnes/day
There exists a potential to produce 4000 tonnes of sludge per
day
Juwarkar et al., 1991
8. Metal contents (mg/kg-1
) in sewage sludge from
different cities in India
Location Zn Cu Cd Pb Ni Cr
Ahmedabad 2147 535 3.5 76.8 32.3 60.4
Delhi 1610 440 5.5 34.5 815 53.5
Nagpur 832 272 1.5 24.3 14.8 49.2
Chennai 935 210 8.3 16.6 60.5 38.5
Jaipur 1720 265 7.3 66.9 37.5 176
Kolkata 1513 188 3.25 157 266 1467
Source : Maity et al (1992).
9. Sample Standards Cd Cu Pb Zn Mn Ni Cr
Soil
(µg g-1
)
Indian Standard
(Awashthi, 2000)
3-6
135-
270
250-500
300-
600
-
75-
150
-
European Union
Standards (EU
2002)
3 140 300 300 - 75 150
Plant
(µg g-1
)
Indian Standard
(Awashthi, 2000)
1.5 30 2.5 50 - 1.5 20
WHO/FAO (2007) 0.2 40 5 60 - - -
Commission
Regulation (EU,
2006)
0.2 - 0.3 - - - -
Guidelines for safe limits of some heavy metals in soils &
plants
Guidelines for safe limits of some heavy metals in soils &
plants
11. • ‘Available’ heavy metals - fraction of the total
concentration of heavy metals in the soil,
which is present in the soil solution or easily
exchangeable from the soil matric surfaces.
Total heavy
metal (M)
M in soil solution
Exchangeable
M bound to carbonates
M bound to Fe & Al oxides
M bound to organic matter
Residual fraction
Readily available
=
+
+
+
+
+
Naoum et al. (2001)
12. Factors affecting heavy metal availability toFactors affecting heavy metal availability to
plantsplants
A)Soil properties
B)Plant factors
C)Soil-plant transfer coefficient
13. A) Effect of soil propertiesA) Effect of soil properties
a) pH
• Availability of cationic heavy metals decreases with
increase in pH (Alloway and Jackson, 1991).
pH
• Whereas, availability of Mo and elements with anionic
species increases with increasing soil pH (Smith, 1996).
pH
14. b) Organic matter-
Organo-metallic interactions can be
divided into two groups:
1) Ionic interactions (cation exchange)-
includes alkali metals (K, Na, Li) and Group II
elements (Be, Mg, Ca).
2) Non ionic bonds- includes elements like
heavy metals; they tend to interact especially
with groups containing trivalent elements, like
N and P.
Livens (1991)
15. Environmental Protection Capacity (EPC) factor = DxH2
K
Dx - thickness of the soil layer in cm,
H - soil humus content
K - constant depending on the humus quality.
Sludge
Soil humus
EPC Heavy metal
availability
Hargitai (1989)
Contd.
16. c) Clays and hydrous oxides-
2) Specific adsorption to surface hydroxyl groups (Miller et al., 1987)
3) Co-precipitation (Martinez and McBride, 1998)
4) Precipitation as the discrete metal oxide or hydroxide
(Martinez and McBride, 1998).
Increase in clay and hydrous oxide contents in soils
provides more sites for adsorption of metals and reduces the
directly bio-available metal (Qiao and Ho, 1996).
1) Non-specific adsorption (exchange) (Basta and Tabatabai, 1992)
18. Reducing conditions may cause the
dissolution of Mn and Fe oxides (Alloway,
1995).
Thus, soil with a fluctuating water table will
often have a lower adsorptive capacity for
metals such as Cd and As which are strongly
sorbed by hydrous oxides of Fe and Mn
(Ghorbani, 2008).
Cont.Cont.
19. e)Effects of other elements-
i) Antagonistic effect-
With high P contents, at neutral to alkaline pH, a
precipitation of Cd3(PO4)2 takes place (Jing and
Logan, 1992).
ii) Synergistic effect-
High concentrations of Cl -
may increase the
availability of Cd to plants ( Sommers and
McLaughlin, 1996).
20. f) CaCO3 content-
At high pH and high pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2)
values, calcite (CaCO3) sorbs Cd, as CdCO3, and
diminishes its availability (Evans, 1989).
Other metals likely to precipitate as carbonates at
high pCO2 and pH values include: Fe2+
, Zn2+
and Pb2+
(Evans, 1989).
24. E)E) Soil-Plant Transfer CoefficientSoil-Plant Transfer Coefficient
Transfer Coefficient (TC)= ----------------
[M]plant
[M]soil
[M]plant- concentration of an element in the
test plant tissues
[M]soil- total concentration of the same element
in the soil where this plant is grown
25. Transfer coefficients of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn inTransfer coefficients of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in
clay loam soilclay loam soil
Cd Ni Pb Zn
0.40 0.04 0.004 0.13
0.65 0.04 0.005 0.24
1.00 0.20 0.010 0.42
Warm Cool
Control
ss@10 t ha-1
ss@50 t ha-1
Cd Ni Pb Zn
0.45 0.04 0.005 0.15
1.16 0.08 0.010 0.45
1.72 0.21 0.010 0.68
Antoniadis (1998)
27. Effect of untreated sewage sludge on heavyEffect of untreated sewage sludge on heavy
metal accumulation in soilmetal accumulation in soil
Treatments AB-DTPA extractable 0.1 N HCl extractable
Zn (mg kg-1
) Cu (mg kg-1
) Pb (mg kg-1
) Cd (mg kg-1
)
T0 (NPK: 120:60;60 kg ha-1
) 1.76e
1.66d 0.25 0.042
T1 (ss @ 10 t ha-1
) 2.95d 1.70d 0.31 0.048
T2 (ss @ 20 t ha-1
) 4.76c 2.13c 0.36 0.049
T3 (ss @ 40 t ha-1
) 5.87b 2.76b 0.40 0.056
T4 (ss @ 80 t ha-1
) 6.75a 3.01a 0.42 0.060
LSD 0.057 0.057 NS NS
Khan et al. (2007)
28. Effect of Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and mixtureEffect of Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and mixture
ofof
MSS & Yard waste (YS) on heavy metal accumulationMSS & Yard waste (YS) on heavy metal accumulation
MSS MSS+ YS Native soil
Heavy metals in soil and soil mix
Antonious et al. (2010)
Squashyield(lbs/acremgkg-1
drysoil
29. Heavy metal concentration of squash fruitsHeavy metal concentration of squash fruits
grown on MSS amended soilgrown on MSS amended soil
Concentrationin
(mgkg-1
)dryfruit
Heavy metals in squash fruits
Concentrationin
(mgkg-1
)dryfruit
Squash harvest
Heavy metal Maximum permissible
limit in vegetables &
fruits (mg kg-1
dw)*
Cd 0.2
Cu 20
Ni 10
Pb 9
Zn 100
Cr 0.5
* State Environmental Protection Administration, China Antonious et al. (2010)
30. Heavy metal accumulation in ChineseHeavy metal accumulation in Chinese
cabbagecabbage
grown in sewage sludge amended soilgrown in sewage sludge amended soil
Heavy metals Sewage
sludge
Limits for
sewage
sludge usage a
Soil SEPA limits
for soils b
As (mg kg-1
) 322.76±31.77 75 30.12±2.33 30
Cd (mg kg-1
) 5.06±0.65 20 0.57±0.22 0.6
Cr (mg kg-1
) 48.85±5.22 1200 29.07±2.23 250
Pb (mg kg-1
) 41.19±4.78 1000 12.85±1.11 350
Ni (mg kg-1
) 25.32±1.28 200 21.88±1.72 60
Cu (mg kg-1
) 105.08±4.57 1500 18.96±1.22 100
Zn (mg kg-1
) 1872.23±22.7
1
3000 113.44±5.43 300
Total heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge & soil
a
Permissible limits of sewage sludge usage in agriculture in China
b
State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) in China
Wang et al. (2008)
31. Heavy
metal
Control 5% a
10% a
15% a
20% a
25% a
Limits b
As 2.1±0.21 5.8±0.88 5.9±0.97 7.4±1.08 10±0.59 7.9±0.97 0.05
Cd 0.14±0.07
0.15±0.0
7
0.25±0.02
0.25±0.0
7
0.41±0.0
1
0.24±0.09 0.2
Cr 0.7±0.15 2.4±0.47 3.1±0.25 3.2±0.34 5.5±0.53 5.8±0.79 0.5
Pb 0.08±0.01 0.17±0.4 0.24±0.6 0.27±0.2
0.19±0.0
2
0.22±0.5 9
Ni 1.2±0.2 0.6±0.2 1.6±0.4 1.6±0.6 2.1±0.3 3.1±0.1 10
Cu 2.6±0.5 4.7±0.7 5.6±1.1 4.2±0.8 3.6±0.9 4.2±1.1 20
Zn
43.4±5.8 63.3±9.3 65.9±6.6
78.9±11.
6
72.5±11.
1
69.5±10.7 100
Contd.Contd.
a
Percentages of sewage sludge in soil
b
Maximum permissible limits of metal contaminants (SEPA, China)
Concentration of heavy metals (mg kg-1
) in leaves of Chinese cabbage
grown in soil amended with various content of sewage sludge
Wang et al. (2008)
33. Treatment Cu Mn Zn Cr Cd Ni Pb
Untreated
soil
0.48 1.43 11.58 0.32 0.23 0.43 0.42
6 kg m-2
SSA
0.77 1.92 20.58 0.83 0.80 1.47 1.88
9 kg m-2
SSA
1.65 2.18 20.62 1.18 1.35 2.85 2.62
12 kg m-2
SSA
2.22 2.82 22.07 1.47 1.62 5.67 3.47
Treatment Yield (g m-2
) Harvest index (g g-1
)
Unamended soil 102.88 0.34
6 kg m-2
SSA 143.34 0.40
9 kg m-2
SSA 180.78 0.41
12 kg m-2
SSA 164.50 0.42
Heavy metal uptake by green mung from sewageHeavy metal uptake by green mung from sewage
sludge amended soilsludge amended soil
Singh & Agrawal (2010)
34. Way outsWay outs
A) Prevention of
heavy metal
contamination
B) Management
of contaminated
soil
35. A) Prevention of heavy metal contaminationA) Prevention of heavy metal contamination
i) Reducing heavy metal content of sewage sludge-
Acid hydrolysis
Alkaline hydrolysis
Fenton’s peroxidation treatment
36. Acid and alkaline hydrolysisAcid and alkaline hydrolysis
Conditions Acid
hydrolysis
Alkaline
hydrolysis
pH 3 10
Temperat
ure
120o
C 100o
C
Time 1 hour 1 hour
Heavy
metals
Untreat
ed
Acid
thermal
hydroly
sis
Alkaline
thermal
hydroly
sis
Cd 2.05 0.83 2.17
Cr 25.5 15.4 14.7
Cu 183 189 45
Pb 158 148 57
Ni 12.7 2.1 13.2
Zn 2144 370 1712
Operating conditions of acid
and alkaline hydrolysis
Concentration (mg kg-1
dry solid) of
heavy metals in the sludge cake after
dewatering for untreated sludge and
sludge subjected to hydrolysis
Dewil et al. (2006)
37. Fenton’s peroxidation treatmentFenton’s peroxidation treatment
Adjusting pH to 3
using H2SO4 + Fe2+
Addition of Ca(OH)2
Addition of
polyelectrolyte
Addition of H2O2 (reaction
time ≈ 1 hour)
Treatment
procedure
Heavy
metal
Untreated
sludge
Fenton’s
peroxidation
Cd 1.44 0.6
Cr 90 74
Cu 284 130
Pb 219 191
Ni 46 20
Zn 859 189
Concentration (mg kg-1
dry solid) of heavy metals in
the sludge cake after dewatering for untreated sludge
and sludge subjected to Fenton’s peroxidation
Dewil et al. (2006))
38. ii) Regulating the rate of application-
Pollutant Pollutant
concentration
in EQ sludge
(mg kg-1
)
Ceiling
concentration in
sludge applied to
land (mg kg-1
)
Annual
pollutant
loading rates
(kg ha-1
yr-1
)
Cumulative
pollutant
loading rates
(kg ha-1
)
As 41 75 2 41
Cd 39 85 1.9 39
Cr 1200 3000 150 3000
Cu 1500 4300 75 1500
Pb 300 840 15 300
Hg 17 57 0.85 17
Mo 18 75 0.90 18
Ni 420 420 21 420
Se 36 100 5 100
Zn 2800 7500 140 2800
US EPA (1993)
39. iii) No application-iii) No application-
The land is already high in heavy
metal concentrations
Soil pH < 5.0 or clay content < 10%
Concentration of any of the heavy
metals in the sludge is beyond
‘ceiling limit’
40. B) Management of contaminated soilB) Management of contaminated soil
Increasing the soil pH to 6.5 or higher
Draining wet soils
Applying phosphate
Careful selection of plants
Application of organic matter
Application of Biochar
41. ConclusionConclusion
ss
Heavy metal content of both sewage sludge and soil should
be considered during making decisions regarding sewage
sludge use in agriculture.
Risks of heavy metal contamination of crops grown in
sewage sludge amended soils can be minimized to some
extent by altering various physico-chemical properties of
the soil.
Use of sewage sludge should be avoided in crops that
accumulate heavy metals in levels toxic to humans without
themselves showing any toxicity symptoms.
For safe agricultural use of sewage sludge, regular
monitoring of soil and crop edible parts for heavy metal
accumulation is necessary.
42. Future research should be carried out to have a better
understanding of long-term implications of heavy metal
availability to plants grown in sewage sludge amended soils.
Efforts in developing feasible techniques, to reduce heavy
metal content of sewage sludge for agricultural use, should be
made.
Development of standard limit of metals in sewage sludge
under Indian context is needed.
Research Needs