Nutrient management

1. INM and Soil Health
Soil health is an appropriate
balance of the physical, chemical
and biological aspects of soil.
A healthy soil would ensure
proper retention and release of
water and nutrients, promote and
sustain root growth, maintain soil
biotic habitat, respond to
management and resist
degradation

2. Rhizobiu
m
Azotobact
er
Azospirill
um
PSB
Mycorrhi
za

3. Component of IPNS
Component Desirable effect Other effect
Fertilisers Concentrated sources Causes nutritional
imbalances
Organic
manures
Low nutrients but
improves soil physical
properties
Immediate crop
need cannot be met.
Green
manure
Source of N from
atmoshere
Loose one crop
Crop
residues
Source of K, mulching &
improves soil physical
properties
Immobilisation of
nutrients, more
fertiliser N
Crop
rotation
N fixed by legumes Small amount of N
Biofertiliser
– N
Symbiotic and
asymbiotic N fixation
Small amount of N
Biofertiliser
– P2O5
VAM, PSB Small amount of
P2O5

4. Organic manures
Chemical, biological fertility and physical properties
Nutrients
Exchange capacity of soil
Water holding capacity of soil
Aeration of soil
Increase fertilizer use efficiency –phosphorus
Beneficial organisms
Fresh manures: Injurious- Excess soluble N
C:N ratio High
Use do not affect our environment
Therefore, Use of organic and organic fertilizers has become
extremely essential for keeping, protecting the environment
and sustainable farming.

5. Organic
manures
Major nutrients (%) Secondary nutrients
(%)
Nitroge
n
Phospho
rus
Potassiu
m
Calciu
m
Magnesi
um
Sulphu
r
FYM 0.6 0.30 0.70 0.2 - -
Green manure 2.3 0.40
Press mud 2.8 0.56 0.34 2.6 2.0 3.8
Pressmud
compost
2.4 1.6 1.50 5.8 1.8 3.0
Sewage sludge 1.2 0.32 0.40 - - -
Biogas salary 1.4 0.5-0.86 0.64-1.0 - - -
Poultry manure 2.9 1.8 1.8 - - -
Farm compost 0.5-1 0.40 0.43 - - -
Table 1. Nutrient contents in different organic manure

6. Zinc Iron Copper Manganese
FYM 20 180 - 45
Green manure 17 140 3 80
Press mud 140 800 43 105
Pressmud compost 234 5227 223 334
Micro-nutrients(mg/kg) contents in different organic manure

7. FYM
FYM is prepared by decomposing cattle dung, excrement,
etc. For this, open placed FYM is covered with polythene.
It takes 8-12 months to prepare this compost.
This fertilizer contains nitrogen 0.6, phosphorus 0.30,
potassium 0.7, iron 180 ppm, manganese 45 ppm. And zinc
20 ppm Are almost extant.
Use FYM only when fully decompose otherwise the risk of
termites in the field increases.

10. Sugar cane pressmud
Sugar cane pressmud (sulfitation) can be used as an
organic manure. It contains all the essential elements
nitrogen 2.95 95, phosphorus 0.8, potash 0.4,, and sulfur
3.8,, iron 900 ppm. Zinc 150 ppm. And manganese 110
and copper 40 ppm. Sugarcane pressmud is also being
used for reclamation of alkaline soils.
The crop will be burnt if we use pressmud immediately
brought from the mill sugarcane.
Therefore, it would be good that the pressmud is
decomposed for 8-10 weeks before putting it in the field.
Sugarcane pressmud is also a good source of sulfur, so
in areas where there is a deficiency of sulfur, the use of
sugarcane pressmud is beneficial.

12. Green manure
To prepare green manure, legumes like dhancha, guar,
sanai, mung, etc. are decomposed in the field. At the
time of decomposing in the field of green manure,
organic acids are produced due to which pH of soil is
decreases and nutrients are readily available. This
increases the productivity of the land.
The roots of these crops exploit the nutrients contained
on the lower surfaces of the soil. Which come in the
upper part of the soil and these nutrients become
readily available to the next crop.
It is noteworthy that the nutrient content in the upper
surfaces low due to intensive farming.
Apart from this, green manure increases the ability to
water holding in the land.

13. MH421 SML668

15. Green Manuring

17. Green Manure Age Dry matter N accumulation
days (t/ha) Kg/ha
____________________________________________
Dhaincha 45-60 2.5 to 5.0 53 to 133
Cowpea 50-60 4.4 to 6.9 74-113
Sunhemp 60 4.6 to 5.4 78-110
Clusterbean 49 3.2 91
Moongbean 48 1.8 34

18. Nitrogen Fixation
Symbiotic
Leguminous plant + Rhizobium
Blue-green algae and water fern (Azolla) in
rice fields

19. Compost manure
Compost is the least expensive of all organic fertilizers. Various
substances can be used to make compost manure. Such as
straw, straw, remaining part of the crop, the remaining organic
waste of factories; such as sugar cane etc. The quality of the
compost depends on What substance has been used for this. To
make a good compost, such a source should be used in which
the amount of nitrogen is high.
How to make compost
Combine crop residue, biogas slurry, poultry manure and prepare
a 4‘ wide and 4' high bed. Sprinkle 10% urine containing essential
essence in the mixture. Cover the mixture with a polythene sheet
and leave it for 30 days. After 30 days, add rock phosphate and
gypsum to the mixture and mix well. Make the required water by
spraying it and then cover it with polythene and leave it for 30
days. Now cultures of microorganisms like Azotobacter, PSB Mix
the trichoderma in water, sprinkle it over the mixture and mix well.
Cover the mixture with polythene and keep it for 30 days. In this
way, in 90 to 100 days, organic manure will be ready for your use.
Add one ton of manure per acre to the moist field before sowing.

20. Vermi compost
The method of making compost with the help of earthworm is called
vermi compost. Earthworms maintain soil fertility. By eating the remains
of crops, weeds, garbage, dung, remaining vegetables, fruits, flowers,
etc., they convert into vermi compost and keep increasing their numbers.
And makes one gram of compost in 24 hours.
Various ingredients are used to make compost:
1. Place 12-15 cm thick a layer of mustard or other straw at the bottom .
2. Place 10-12 cm thick layer of dung above the Ist layer.
3. Place 30–45 cm thick layer of crops residue or garbage above the
cow dung layer
4. Then a layer of 3-4 cm thick soil is applied above it. This soil can be
used by taking soil from a field or the place where vermi-compost is
already being made.
5. On top of this a layer of 5-6 cm thick dung is applied.
6. Then Earthworms are placed. The number of earthworms is at the
rate of 400-500 per cubic meter or 150-200 per quintal material.
7. After planting earthworms, the contents of the rams or pits are well
covered with a layer of old sack or bitter.
This protects earthworms from sunlight. Earthworms always work in the
dark, so it is necessary to cover the contents of the compost well.

21. Earthworms require good moisture to function properly. Moisture
content must be approximately 75 percent water-holding power in
the material. To maintain this moisture, water should be sprayed
2-3 times per day in summer, once in winter and during the rainy
season. The amount of water should be such that the lower layer
of the material also gets wet well.
Early days require a high amount of water, which should be
reduced gradually. It should be noted that the material is wet from
top to bottom. It should also be noted that the amount of water
should not be so high that the material is obstructed by air
circulation.
9. In the summer, dhaincha is planted around the place of making
compost.
10. To keep the temperature appropriate in winter, 2-3 cm of fresh
cow dung layer should be applied to composting material once in
8-10 days.
11. Proper drainage should be in place to make compost.
12. Proper temperature for making vermi-compost is 28-35
degree C.

22. Vermi compost

26. Bio fertilizer for Nitrogen Fixation
Symbiotic
Leguminous Rhizobium
Blue-green algae and water fern lant +
(Azolla) in rice fields
Non-Symbiotic
Blue-green algae: Nostoc, Anabaena, etc.
Bacteria: Aerobic – Azotobacter,
Azospirillum, Bacillus, Polymyxa, etc.
Anaerobic – Clostridium, Rhodosprillum,
Clorobium, etc.

27. Phosphorus dissolving bacteria and vesicular mycorrhiza
In addition, some bacteria increase the availability of
phosphorus by making it soluble. These bacteria extract
organic acids from their bodies such as lactic, fumaric, acetic
and succinic acids which make soluble tri-calcium phosphate
and calcium phosphate.

29. Bio manure (dung gas slurry)
Bio manure is a fully-composted manure, biogas plant provides
maximum amount of manure from cow dung and excess gas
can be used in any form at home. It takes about a month to
compost in a bio gas plant, which is much less compared to
making compost by other methods.
Apart from bio gas, in this method 20 to 20 percent more carbon
is available than other methods, using this does not cause
termite outbreak.
It has more nutrients than native manure.

30. Bio gas slurry

31. Promotion of City Compost
Department of Fertilizers notified the policy on
promotion of city compost in February, 2016.
Market Development Assistance of Rs.1500/MT
of city compost was provided for encouraging
production and consumption of city compost.
Initially, the marketing and promotion of city
compost would be done through the existing
fertiliser companies. In due course, compost
manufacturers and other marketing entities
recognized by the concerned State
Government would be included.

33. Residue burning and removal

34. Crop residues are important source of plant nutrients
C constitutes about 40% of the total dry biomass.
Organic Carbon
Nutrients
Exchange capacity of soil
Water holding capacity of soil
Aeration of soil
Increase fertilizer use efficiency –phosphorus
Beneficial organisms
Fresh manures: Injurious- Excess soluble N
C:N ratio High

35. Typical amounts of nutrients (kg/ton) at harvest
rice straw
N 5-8
P 0.7-1.2
K 12-17
S 0.5-1
Ca 3-4
Mg 1-3
Si 40-70
on a dry weight basis (Dobermann and Witt,
2000).
wheat residue
N 4-5 kg N,
P 0.7-0.9 kg P,
K 9-11kgK
(Y Singh and H S Sidhu, 2014)

36. Nutrients (Kg) in one ton
Rice*
Sugarcane
** wheat ***
N 5.5 5.4 4.5
P 2.3 1.3 0.8
K 25 3.1 10
S 1.2 1 0.4
% Nurient of
Nutrients burnt (Kg) in one ton of
residue
lossed due buring#
Rice Sugarcane wheat
N 90 4.95 4.86 4.05
P 25 0.58 0.33 0.20
K 20 5.00 0.62 2.00
S 60 0.72 0.60 0.24
* http://www.icfa.org.in/assets/doc/reports/Crop_Residue_Burning.pdf
**Integrated Sugarcane Trash Management: A Novel Technology for Sustaining Soil Health and
Sugarcane Yield
*** https://polysulphate.com/uploads/Documents/polysulphate-and-wheat.pdf
*** Y Singh and H S Sidhu, 2014
# Dobermann and Fairhurst (2002)
Nutrients

37. Nutrient lossed (Million kg) *
Rice Sugarcane wheat Million Kgs
N 172.3 93.0 70.5 335.8
P 20.0 6.2 3.5 29.7
K 174.0 11.9 34.8 220.7
S 25.1 11.5 4.2 40.7
626.8
Residue Burnt in MT** 34.8 19.14 17.4 71.34
* Calculated on the basis of the total residue burnt in India/years (87MT) 40%, 22% and 20 of total
residue burnt are of Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane
Loss in Million Ruppes**
Rice Sugarcane wheat Total
2396 1294 980 4670
1040 323 181 1544
5337 364 1067 6768
577 265 96 938
13920
**Calculated on the basis of price of N (Rs13.91/kg), P2O5 (Rs51.95/kg), K2O
(Rs30.67/kg), and S (Rs30.67/kg), to be paid by farmers Subsides P2O5 (Rs15.21/kg),
K2O (Rs11.12/kg), and S (Rs3.56/kg)- FAI Fertilizers Statistics 2018-19
Rice Sugarcane wheat Total
2396 1294 980 4670
1344 418 234 1996
7271 496 1454 9222
666 305 111 1083
16971

38. Conclusion
Balanced and integrated nutrient management
involving all the essential nutrients, organic
manures, biofertilizers and amendments.
Soil & water testing for the status of the
nutrients in the soil, fertilizer recommendation
and soil an water management.
Knowledge of multi-nutrient deficiency and
their management in different crops.
Creating awareness amongst farmers on
benefits of balanced fertilization.
Availability of the fertilizer to meet out the
nutrient requirements of the crop.
Proper soil management and agro agronomic
practices for enhancing the fertilizer use
efficiency.