This document is a grammar book in Spanish that provides information on various topics of Spanish grammar over 20 sections. It covers topics such as nationalities, stem changing verbs, object pronouns, reflexive verbs, commands, adverbs, past participles, preterite, and present progressive tenses. The document serves as a reference guide for students to learn about different aspects of Spanish grammar.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Helvia Veith 2nd period

2. Table of contents
• Nationalities……………1
• O-UE stem changing verbs…………..2
• Para…………3
• Adjectives …………4
• Object Pronoun placement …………5
• Direct Object Pronouns ………….6
• Indirect Object Pronouns…………..7
• Ser vs. Estar……….8
• Isimo………..9
• Verbs like gustar……….10
• Affirmative and Negative Words……….11
• Pero vs. Sino ………..12
• DOP/IOP/SE…………….13
• Reflexive Verbs……………..14
• TU commands: Aff. Neg. and Irregulars………..15
• Los adverbos………….16
• Deber+ other modal verbs………………17
• Past Participles as adjectives…………18
• Preterite…………………….. 19
• present progressive………………20

3. Nationalities
• Mexicano/a
• Guatemalteco/a
• Hondureño /a
• Salvadoreño/a
• Nicaragüense
• Costarricense
• Panameño/a
• Cubano/a
• Dominicano/a
• Puertorriqueño/a
• Venezolano/a
• Colombiano/a
• Ecuatoriano/a
• Peruano/a
• Paraguayo/a
• Boliviano/a
• Chileno/a
• Argentino/a
• Uruguayo/a
• Español /a
• Guineano/a
• Canadiense
• Estadounidense
• Norteamericano/a
• Italiano/a
• Frances
• Ingles

4. Stem Changing Verbs
costar To cost
cuesto costamos
cuestas costais
cuesta cuestan
Querer To want
quiero queremos
quieres queréis
quiere quien
Repetir To repeat
repito repetimos
repitas repetís
repite repiten
Bailer To dance
bailo Bailemos
bailes bailéis
baile bailen

5. Para
• Para- For
• Can be used with Indirect Object pronouns.
• EX: Ella compra las joyas para su hermaña.
She buys the jewelry for her sister.
• EX: Es regalo es para Juan.
The gift is for Juan.
• Does NOT conjugate, because it is NOT a verb, but a
preposition.

6. Adjectives
• An adjective can describe nouns, pronouns, and adverbs
• In spanish you have to change the end of the adjective to match the
noun.
• EX: El ella alto es muy fabuloso
• Alto and fabuloso need to match the gender of Ella
EX: El ella alta es muy fabulosa
SOME COMMON ADJECTIVIES THAT DESCRIBE PEOPLE:
Bonita/o, guapo/a, alta/0,
SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES THAT DESCRIBE THINGS:
Oro/a, plata/o, dulce, caliente, delicioso/a, rico/a, picante
Ella es muy bonita.

7. Object Pronoun Placement
• The Direct Object comes before the verb
• EX: mi abuela las compra
• The Direct Object also receives the action of the verb.
• Answer the question what or whom?
• When the pronoun replaces the noun the following pronouns
should be used
Me Nos
Te Os
La/Lo Las/Los
• The pronoun can also be attached to the end of the verb
• Kitri quiere comprarlo

8. Direct Object Pronouns
verbo DO
ME NOS
TE OS
LA/LO LAS/LOS
Ella compra la bolsa.
Ella compra la bolsa.
La
DOP’s always
go BEFORE the
verb
Ella la compra (she buys it)

9. Indirect object Pronouns
ME NOS
TE OS
LE LES
Verbo DOP IOP
Yo compro la bolsa por mi mama
Yo compro la por le
Yo la le compro
Yo se le compro
Mi mama
changes to le
DOP’s ALWAYS go in
front of the IOP
If your IOP and you
DOP both start with
L, you change the
DOP to se

10. Ser vs. Estar
• Means “To be”
Singular Plural
Soy Somos
Eres sois
Es son
Both are
irregular
Singular Plural
Estoy Estamos
Estas Estais
Esta Estan
• Use Ser when
you’re talking
about what
something is
• Use estar
when you’re
talking about
how someone
is.
EX: What is she like?
She is quiet
Ella es callada.
EX: How is she acting
She is being quiet
Ella está callada.

11. Isimo
• To express extreme interest with adjectives add isimo.
• 3 steps:
1. La sopa es muy deliciosa (pick your adjective, and drop the final
vowel)
2. La sopa es muy deliciosisimo (add isimo to the end)
3. La sopa es muy delicadísima (make sure it it matches the gender
and number with the noun it modifies)
IRREGULARS:
• When the last consonant is a C G or Z the spelling changes:
C changes to QU- Rico Riquísimo
G changes to GU- largo Larguísimo
Z changes to C- Feliz Felicísimo

12. Verbs like gustar
EXAMPLES:
I like tea
Me gusta el te
We like tea
Nos gusta el te
• A indirect object pronoun has to be used with gustar
• Gustar only conjugates to the singular and plural 3rd person form.
• EX: Me gusta comida
• EX: Nos gustan la comidas
VERBS USED LIKE GUSTAR:
Aburrir- to bore fascinar-to be fascinating to
Bastar-to be sufficient importar-to be important to
caer bien-to not suit interesar-to be interesting to
dar asco-to be loathsome molestar-to be a bother
Disgustar-to hate something parecer-to appear to be
doler (o-ue)-to be painful picar-to itch
Encantar-to love something quedar-to be left over
Faltar-to be lacking something
vovler (o-ue)-to be crazy about

13. Affirmative and Negative Words
• Used to show positive words
• EX: always “siempre”
•Used to show negative words
•EX: Without “sin”
Algo Something
Alguien someone
Alguno/a someone,
some
Algun Some,any
Siempre Always
Tambien Also,too
todavía still
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one,
nobody
Ninguno/a None, not
any
Nunca Never
Sin Without
Nada Nothing

14. pero vs. Sino
•Both
mean
“but”
•Used when joining 2
contrasting ideas
•EX: Hace frio, pero
tambien sol.
•Used in negative
sentences when the
2nd phrase corrects the
first.
•EX: No voy estudiar
ingles, sino historia.
•If sino sepereates 2
conjugated verbs use
“sino que”
•No voy a la tienda,
sino que nadan con mis
amigos

15. DOP/IOP/SE
• When you have both DOP and IOP in the same sentence, the IOP
comes first.
• EX: Ellos me los compra.
• If both pronouns begin with “L” the first pronoun changes to “Se”
• EX: Le Lo Se Lo
• EX: Nunca compra regalos para Carlos
• Nunca le los compra
• Nunca se los compra.
Le
los

16. Reflexive verbs
• Reflect the action back onto one self
• EX: bathe – banarse
• You are bathing yourself, if someone else was bathing you, it would
not be reflexive.
• If you want to say “I take a bath”
Bañarse
Baña
Baño
Me baño
Take off the “arse”
Conjugate it to the
form you are saying
it in
Add the corresponding pronoun
If you are telling someone to take a bath,
you follow the same rules for regular tu
commands, but you attach the pronoun
to the back of the verb and put an accent
on 3rd vowel from the back.
If you are telling someone don’t
take a bath, you follow the same
rules for negative tu commands
and add the pronoun to the front.

17. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars
AFFIRMATIVE
If you want to tell
some one to
DANCE!
• Bailar- to dance
• Bailas- conjugate to
tu form
• Baila!- drop the “s”
NEGATIVE
If you want to tell
someone NOT to
dance!
• Bailar
• Bailo- conjugate to
“yo” form
• Baile- swith to the
opposite vowel(ar-er
and ir and er- ar)
• No bailes!- add the
“s”
IRREGULARS
AFF.
Di
Haz
Ve
Pon
Sal
Se
Ten
ven
NEG.
T
V
D
I
S
H
E
S

18. Los Adverbios
• To make an adjective an adverb, add “Mente”
• If an adjective ends in an “o” change to the feminine form and add
mente
• EX: lento lenta lentamente
• If you have 2 adverbs the 2nd on takes the mente
• Irregulars:
• Muy- good
• Mal- bad
• Bastante- enough
• Va- already
• Tan-so

19. Deber + Other Modal Verbs
• Act like a helping verb
• The verbs are “combined”
• The 2nd verb is not conjugated
Examples of modal verbs:
• Deber- should
• Desear- to need
• Poder- to be able to
• Querer- to want
Ir + infintive = going to do something
EX: ir bailar= going to dance
Deber+ infinitive= to have to do something
EX: Deber nadar= to have to swim

20. Past Participles as adjectives
• To make participles into past tense adjectivies, use these rules:
FOR AR-
• Drop the AR ending
• Add ado
• EX: hablar habl hablando
FOR ER OR IR-
• Drop the er or ir ending
• Add ido
• EX: decir dec decido

21. Preterite
• Has a definite time in the past
• Has a beginning and/or end
• COJUGATIONS:
é Amos
Aste Asteís
O Aron
í imos
iste isteís
ió Ieron
AR
ER
IR
í imo
Iste isteís
ió Ieron

22. present progressive
To form the present progressive tense you:
• Combine a form of estar with the present participle
• EX: estoy hablando
(I am talking)
• EX: Kitri esta escribiendo una carta.
(Kitri is writing a letter)
• Only applys to things in the present tense (happening now).
• If you say I am going to the movies later, it is NOT a present
progressive.