This document provides a summary of 20 pages from a grammar book in Spanish. It includes summaries of topics like nationalities, stem changing verbs, object pronouns, commands, adverbs, and verb tenses. Each page summary is 1-3 sentences describing the content and examples covered on that page of the grammar book.

1. Grammar Book
By: Alejandra Green
2nd Honors Spanish

2. Table of Contents
 Page 1- Nationalities
 Page 2- Stem Changing Verbs
 Page 3- Para
 Page 4- Adjectives
 Page 5- Object Pronoun Placement
 Page 6- DOP (direct object pronoun)
 Page 7- IOP (indirect object pronoun)
 Page 8- ser vs. estar
 Page 9- isimo(a) and g/c/z
 Page 10- Verbs like gustar
 Page 11- Affirmative and Negative Words
 Page 12- pero vs. sino
 Page 13- DOP/IOP/SE
 Page 14- Reflexive Verbs
 Page 15- Tu commands affirmative/negative/irregulars
 Page 16- los adverbios-mente
 Page 17- deber+ other modal verbs
 Page 18- past participles as adjectives
 Page 19- Preterite
 Page 20- Present Progressive

3. Page 1: Nationalities
 Argentina — argentino
 Bolivia — boliviano
 Chile — chileno
 Colombia — colombiano
 Costa Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),
 Cuba — cubano
 Ecuador — ecuatoriano
 El Salvador — salvadoreño
 España (Spain) — español
 Estados Unidos (United States) — estadounidense
 Filipinas (Philippines) — filipino
 Guatemala — guatemalteco
 Honduras — hondureño
 México, Méjico — mexicano, mejicano
 Nicaragua — nicaragüense
 Panamá — panameño
 Paraguay — paraguayo
 Perú — peruano
 Puerto Rico — puertorriqueño
 la República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicano
 Uruguay — uruguayo
 Venezuela — venezolano

4. Page 2: Stem Changing verbs
The stem doesn’t change for the nosotros or vosotros form
 Pensar
 Encontrar
 Almorzar
 Contar
cuento contamos example
cuentas Contáis Las ollas
cuenta Cuentan Cuestan 70
May change from e to ie
Or from o to ue
pesos

5. Page 3: Para
 Para means for; if it a common preposition
 Necesito encontrar la olla para mi tÍa sus cumpleaños.
(I need to find a pot for my aunt for her birthday)
Here, then, are
the most
common uses
of para
To indicate
purpose,
intent,
usefulness or
need
To indicate a
destination
Viajamos para
aprender
español.
Estudia para
dentista
Salimos para
Londres.
To mean "no
later than" or
"by"
To mean
"considering" or
"in view of"
To indicate a
personal
reaction
para can mean
"around" or
"about" a
certain time.
Para niño, es
inteligente
Para ella, es
difícil.

6. Page 4: Adjectives
Nouns that end in a
vowel +“s”
-el Lago = los Lagos
Nouns ending in a
consonant + “es”
- el árbol = los árboles
Nouns ending in “z”+
“ces”
el lápiz = los lápices
Los Adjectives
- If an adjective ends in
“e” + ”s” grande-s
- If an adjective ends in
a consonant + es azul-es
- If adj is referred to a
nationality it must
match
~ las muchachas ingleses
~ los muchachos ingleses
Singular Plural
Male –o
female -a
Male- os/ -es
Female- as

7. Page 5: Object Pronoun
Placement
Attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense affirmative
command before conjugated verb
Add accent mark when adding syllable to a word
----------------------------------------------------------------
Me me nos nos
Te te os os
Lo la les las

8. Page 6:Direct Object
Pronouns
 Cecelia esta tomando fotos
(subject) (verbs) (DOP)
Singular Plural
masculine feminine
Me Me
Te Te
Lo La
masculine Feminine
Nos Nos
Os Os
Les Las

9. Page 7: Indirect Object
Pronouns
 To whom/what
IOPS use the same
Words as DOPS
Except for le and les
 for whom/what Me- me
Te- you (familiar)
Le- you (formal), him/her
Nos- us
Os- you (familiar)
Les- you, them
Indirect object pronouns replace
Or accompany indirect objects
Rosa le compra una olla a su madre
Rosa le compra una olla
Pronoun Placement: attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense
Affirmative command before conjugated verb. Add accent mark
When adding syllable to a word.

10. Page 8: Ser vs. estar
Uses of ser Uses of estar
- Nationality
- Place of origin
- Profession or occupation
- Characters people/things
- Possession
- What something is made
of
- Time and date
- Where an when an event
takes place
- Location or spatial
relationship
- Health
- Physical states and
conditions
- Emotional states
- Certain weather
expressions
- Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
With adjective
Ser+ adjective
Estar+ adjective
Malo- La professora es malo
Mala- La professora está mala

11. Page 9: Ísimo(a) and g/c/z
 To express extremes with adjectives drop the vowel and
add the ending Ísimo(a)
 (the adjective must agree in gender and number with
what it modifies)
- When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required
C – gu rico(a)= riquÍsimo(a)
G- gu largo(a)= larguÍsimo(a)
Z- c feliz= felicÍsimo(a)

12. Page 10: Verbs like gustar
Things you like…
Me gusta .. nos gusta…
Te gusta … os gusta…
Le gusta … les gusta…
When you talk about things that other people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things
 Singular and plural
Me gusta la
idea
Te gusta la
idea
Le gusta la
idea
Nos gusta la
idea
Os gusta la
idea
Les gusta la
idea
Me gustan las
personas
Te gustan las
personas
Le gustan las
personas
Nos gustan las
personas
Os gustan las
personas
The form of gustar
Matches the noun
Not the speaker
Les gustan las
personas
Me gustan las
Enchiladas
Me gusta mucho tu idea
Para el concurso

13. Page 11: Affirmative and
Negative Words
 When you talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word
Affirmative words
Algo- something
AlguÍen- someone
Algún/alguno(a)- some
Siempre- always
También- also
Negative words
Nada- nothing
Nadie- no one
Ningún/ninguno(a)- none
Nunca- never
Tampoco- neither, either
Example:
Las chicas quieren
Algún postre, pero
Carlos no quiere ningún
postre
Alguno(a) and Ninguno(a) must match
the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. Alguno and ninguno have
different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns
If a negative word such a nunca or nadie
Comes before the verb, a second negative
Is not needed.
Ex: Las chicas nunca comen en casa
If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative
Double negative is REQUIRED when no precedes the verb
No quiero nada

14. Page 12: Pero vs. Sino
 both pero and sino are coordinating
conjunctions. As such, both pero and sino
can be used to contrast two words,
sentences or phrases.
Pero Sino
- Used to indicate a contrast
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
- Used when two things are
true, when the sentence
before the conjunction is
negative, and when the part
after the conjugation directly
contradicts what is negated
in the first part
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.

15. Page 13: DOP, IOP, SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le
him, her, it,
you (formal)
nos nos us
os os
you-all
(familiar)
los, las les
them, you-all
(formal)
When both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to
"se."
Example: Ella te
la vende.
She sells it to you.
IO pronoun: te
DO pronoun: la
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las

16. Page 14: Reflexive Verbs
 Reflexives describe people doing things for themselves
 Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to
indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the
action of the verb
Example: lavarse (to wash oneself)
Me lavo Te laves Se lava
Nos lavamos Os laváis Se lavan
Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns when there is
No reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the
Action
Ex: Pepa se lava----- Pepa lava el carro

17. Page 15: Tú commands:
affirmative, negative, regular
Affirmative Tú
Commands
Irregular Tú
Commands
Negative Tú
Commands
- Used when you give
someone instructions
or commands.
- It’s a tu command but
ends like a 3rd house
form.
- Caminar – Ícamina!
- Comer – Ícome!
- Abrir- Íabrir!
- Primero haz lo quehaceres
- When you use a pronoun
with an affirmative
command, the pronoun
attaches to the
command
- İPon te otra camisa!
- When using an object
pronoun attach the
pronoun to the end of
the command
- Used when you tell
someone what not to do.
- Formed by taking you
form of the present
tense, dropping the o,
and adding the
appropriate ending
- Ex: hablar- hablo- İno
hables!
- Object pronounds
precede the verbs in
negatibe commands
Infinitive (irregular)
Decir-di, hacer-haz, ir-ve, poner-pon, salir-sal, ser- sé, tener-ten, venir-ven
Irregular Negatives- dar(doy), estar (estoy), ir(voy), ser(soy)
Des estés vayas seas

18. Page 16: los adverbios-mente
 For adjectives with o or a endings add mente to the
feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
- Cuidadoso(a)- careful
- Rápido(a)- fast, quick
- Lento(a)- slow
- Tranquilo(a)- calm
- cuidadosamente-carefully
- Rápidamente- quickly
- Lentamente- slowly
- Tranquilamente-calmly
You must keep an accent
When an adjective is changed
To an adverb
Rápido- rapidamente
Fácil- facilmente
When you use two adverbs, drop
The mente from the first one
Example: Pero, Carmen, debes
Pasarla cuidadosamente

19. Page 17: deber& other modal
verbs Deber- Should; ought to
- To say what people do, use a conjugated form of deber
with the infinitive of another verb
- Debo, debes, debe, debemos, debéis, deben
- Debo barrer el suelo
- Debes limpiar la cocina
Modal Verbs- are used in modal verb combinations
- The second verb isn’t conjugated but left in
infinitve form
- You’d never say “no puedo nado”
- Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
- Poder + Infinitive (able to do something)
- Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
- Deber + infinitive (should do something)
- Tener que + infinitve (to have to do something)
- Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)

20. Page 18: past participles as
adjectives
- Drop ar ending and add ado
- Drop er or ir ending and add ido
- Examples: la puerta está cerrada (restaurant is closed)
- El restaurante está abierto (restaurant is open)

21. Page 19: Preterite
- A definite time in the past
- Has a beginning and/or ending
- Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
- Ayer, anoche, el año pasado, la semana pasado, ante,
ayer
Ar verbs Er verbs Ir verbs
é amos Í imos Í imos
aste astéis Íste istéis Iste istéis
ó aron ió ieron ió ieron

22. Page 20: Present Progressive
 Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar
or attach them to the end of a present participle–
you need to add an accent when you attach a
pronoun
Estoy esperando Estamos esperando
Estás esperando Estáis esperando
Está esperando Están esperando

23. Bibliography
"7 Reasons for Using the Spanish
Preposition "Para"" About. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"2 Ways To Say "But" in Spanish." About.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together." Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used Together. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.