The document provides explanations and examples of several English grammar concepts: (1) Indirect or reported speech and the tenses that change when converting direct to indirect speech. (2) Present and past participles and examples of their uses in progressive and perfect tenses, passive voice, and adjectives. (3) The modal verb "should" and examples of its uses to express obligation or probability. (4) Reflexive pronouns and examples showing how they are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same. (5) Personal and indefinite pronouns along with examples of their uses depending on number, person, gender, and case

1. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURA
IN NORTH EASTERN

2. REPORDER SPEECH
• Indirect speech, unlike the direct style, do not use the quotes and need not
be verbatim. In general, when indirect speech is used, the tense changes.
Here you have an explanation of the changes they undergo tenses.
Sometimes "that" is used in the affirmative and negative to introduce what the
other person has said phrases. On the other hand, interrogative sentences
can be used "if" or "whether".
Note: Also consider that expressions change over time speech. Notice the
change of time in the examples below, and then find a table with more
explanations of the changes of time in speech.
• Examples:
• She said he was American.
• He asked me if I was busy that night.
• Mary said that she was happy to see me.

3. PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLE
• Present participle: The present participle is often used when
we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing
to the infinitive of the verb.
• Past participle: The present participle is often used when we
want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed to
the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the
table of the irregular verbs.

4. EXAMPLES PRESENT PARTICIPLE:
• Progressive Tenses
• He is reading a book.
• He was reading a book.
• Gerund
• Reading books is fun.
• He likes reading books.
• Adjective
• Look at the reading boy.
• Together with other words
• He came reading around the corner.
• He sat reading in the corner.
• I saw him reading.

5. EXAMPLES PAST PARTICIPLE:• Perfect Tenses
• He has forgotten the pencil.
• He had forgotten the pencil.
• Passiv voice
• A house is built.
• A house was built.
• Adjective
• Look at the washed car.
• Together with other words
• The car washed yesterday is blue.
• He had his car washed.

6. SHOULD
• Usamos 'should' para expresar grado de posibilidad o
probabilidad, así como también para obligación débil. Significa:
debería, tendría que. I should study.
• I should - debería / tendría que

7. EXAMPLES SHOULD AFFIRMATIVE
•You should tell Miss Baker the truth.
Deberías decirle la verdad a la señorita Baker.
•We should go to sleep.
Deberíamos ir a dormir.
•I should call my mother.
Debería llamar a mi madre.
•They should leave as soon as possible.
Ellos deberían salir lo antes posible.
•She should be doing her homework.
Ella debería estar haciendo su tarea.
•Ben should exercise more.
Ben debería ejercitarse más.
•It should be here.
(Esto) Debería estar aquí.

8. EXAMPLES SHOULD NEGATIVE
•Negative
•You should not say that.
No deberías decir eso.
•Nick shouldn't be working.
Nick no debería estar trabajando.
•It shouldn't take long.
(Esto) No debería tardar mucho.

9. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
• Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the verb are the
same. Reflexive verbs in English and Spanish both are used. Instead of
reflexive verbs, use one of the following reflexive pronouns.
• myself (maisélf) - me, yo mismo
yourself (iorsélf) - te, se, tú mismo
himself (jimsélf) - se, él mismo
herself (jersélf) - se, ella misma
itself (itsélf) - se, a sí mismo
ourselves (aorsélvs) - nos, nosotros mismos
themselves (demsélvs) - se, ellos mismos

10. EXAMPLES OF REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
• Myself (maiself) me, yo mismo
• I cut myself with a knife.
Me corté con un cuchillo.
• Yourself (lorself) te, se, tu mismo
• You will hurt yourself with that knife.
Te lastimarás con ese cuchillo.
• Himselft (jimself) se el mismo
• He himself prepared everything.
Él mismo preparó todo.
• Herself (jerself) se, ella misma
• She herself fixed the car.
Ella misma arregló el auto.
• Itself (itself) se, a si mismo
• The bird threw itself into the water.
El pájaro se arrojó al agua

11. PERSONAL PRONOUN
• Personal Pronouns
• Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use
them depending on:
• number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
• person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg:
he)
• gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
• case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)
• We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that
we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking
about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am
talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name.
When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with
"John" but then use "he" or "him". And so on.

12. EXAMPLES OF PERSONAL
PRONOUN
• I like coffee. / John helped me.
• Do you like coffee? / John loves you.
• He runs fast. / Did Ram beat him?
• She is clever. / Does Mary know her?
• It doesn't work. / Can the man fix it?
• We went home. / Anthony drove us.
• Do you need a table for three? / Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
• They played doubles. / John and Mary beat them.

13. INFINITE PRONOUNS
• Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any person, thing, place or specific amount. So called
"undefined". We have already seen some of the indefinite amount related to the lesson of
quantifiers. Then you have a complete list of examples of indefinite pronouns and grammar rules to
use.
• everyone (évri uán) = everybody (évri bódi) - todos/as, todo el mundo
no one (nóuan) = nobody (nóubódi) - nadie
someone (sámoan) = somebody (sám-bódi) - alguien
anyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - alguien -al preguntar-
anyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - cualquiera -al afirmar-
anyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - nadie -al negar-
everything (évri zing) - todo
nothing (názing) - nada
something (sám zing) - algo
anything (éni zing) - algo -al preguntar-
anything (éni zing) - cualquier cosa -al afirmar-
anything (éni zing) - nada -al negar-

14. EXAMPLES OF INFINITE PRONOUNS
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.
We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:
Everybody loves Sally.
Everything was ready for the party.
When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun we normally use a plural pronoun:
Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.
I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.
We can add -'s to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive.
They were staying in somebody’s house.
Is this anybody’s coat?
We use indefinite pronouns with no- as the subject in negative clauses (not pronouns with any.)
Anybody didn’t come >> Nobody came.
We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:
Nobody came.
Nothing happened.

15. E-GAFIA
• http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/pronouns/pronouns-
indefinite.php
• http://www.dailywritingtips.com/when-a-pronoun-is-the-subject-of-an-
infinitive/
• http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pronombres-
personales.php
• http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pronombres-reflexivos.php
• http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/main-verbs/should.php
• http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/participles_form.htm
• http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html