The document provides an overview of various grammar topics in Spanish, including: - Stem-changing verbs and their patterns - Adjectives and how they change based on the noun they modify - Object pronouns and their placement - The differences between ser and estar - Forming superlatives and spelling changes with -ísimo - Verbs like gustar that take an indirect object - Affirmative and negative words - The differences between pero and sino - Reflexive verbs and their forms - Command forms for tú - Formation of adverbs with -mente - Uses of debér and other modal verbs - Past participles and the progressive tense -

2. Nationalities
Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)
Para
Adjectives
Object Pronoun Placement
DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)
IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)
ser vs. estar (all in one page)
-ísimo(a), and g/c/z
Verbs like gustar
Affirmative and Negative Words
pero vs. sino
DOP/IOP/SE
Reflexive verbs
Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars
los adverbios-mente
deber + other modal verbs
past participles as adjectives
preterite

4. O  ue ex: dormir, poder, costar, almorzar
E  ie ex: empezar, endender, preferir
E  i ex: despedir, servir, vestirse
I  ie ex: adquirir, inquirir
U  ue ex: jugar

5. Means “for”
To indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or need

6. Change form depending on if they are describing a masculine or
feminine word or if it is a singular or plural word.
EX: el chico alto los chicos altos
la chica alta las chicas altas
Adjectives that end in –e do not change form depending on gender,
but they do change form depending on singular or plural. To make
an adjective that ends in –e plural, add an “s” at the end.
La chica inteligente
El chico inteligente
Las chicas inteligentes
Los chicos inteligentes

7. An indirect object answers for or to whom is the action being done
for.
Usually places before the conjugated verb.
Te and Les have multiple meanings.
Dar and Decir are often used with indirect object pronouns.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

8. 1. Attach the pronoun to infinitive
 Voy a comerlo.
2. Attach the pronoun to progressive tense
 Estoy comiéndolo.
3. Attach pronoun to an affirmative command.
 Cómelo
4.Place pronoun before conjugated verb.
 Lo voy a comer.

9. Ser Estar
• Identifies people and things • Used with conditions and emotions
• Expresses posession • Used to say where people and
things are
• Expresses occupation • Estar + Adjective = how people feel
Soy Somo
s
Eres Sois
Es Son
Estoy Estamo
s
Estas Estáis
Esta Están

10. To express extremes with most adjectives, drop the final
vowel and add the ending –isimo.
The adjective must agree in gender and number with
the noun it modifies.
When the last consonant is c. g, or z, spelling changes
are required.
c  qu Rico  Riquísimo
g  gu Largo  Larguísimo
z c Feliz  Felicísimo

11. Need an indirect object
Me Gusta
Te Gusta
Le Gusta
Nos Gustan
Os Gustan
Les Gustan
Aburrir To bore
Encantar To love
Faltar To lack/ to need
Fascinar To fascinate
Importar To be important
Interesar To interest
Molestar To bother
Quedar To fit

12. Affirmative Words Negative Words
Algo
Nada
something
nothing
Alguien
someone
Nadie
nobody
Alguno
One, any, some
Ninguno
none
Siempre
always
Nunca
never
Tambien
also
Tampoco
neither
o….o
Either….or
Ni….ni
Neither….nor

13. Both mean “but”
Use pero to join two contrasting ideas when the second phrase
does not correct the first.
Sino is generally used in negative sentences where the second
phrase corrects the first.

14. DOP IOP SE
Me Me Me
Te Te Te
Lo;la Le Se
Nos Nos Nos
Os Os Os
Los;las Les Se

15. Used to indicate that the subject does something to or for
something or someone.
When a reflexive verb is added to a present participle, an accent
mark is needed.
*never use possessive adjectives or pronouns when using reflexive
verbs*
Singular Plural
Yo Me Lavo
Tú Te Lavas
Ud. Se Lava
El/Ella Se Lava
Nosotros Nos Acostamos
Vosotros Os Acostáis
Ud. Se Acuestan
Ellos/Ellas Se Acuestan

16. Affirmative Tú Commands –
Use informally
1. Tu form
2. Drop the S
Example: Hablar  Hablas  Habla
• Di - decir
• Haz - hacer
• Ve – ir/ver
• Pon - poner
• Sal - salir
• Se - ser
• Ten - tener
• Ven - venir
Negative Tú Commands
1. Put in “yo” form
2. Change opposite vowel
(ar  e) (er/ir  a)
3. Add “s”
Example: No como  No comas  No lo comas
T – tengas
V- vengas
D – des/digas
I – vayas
S – seas
N – nagas
E – estés
S - sepas

17. Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding –mente to the feminine
singular form. It is like the same as –ly in English.
When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the –
mente ending. No adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the
adjective.
Irregulars:
Mucho, Muy, Bastante, Bien, Va, Tan, Demasiado, Nunca, Peor, Poco,
Siempre
Adjective Adverb
Claro Claramente
Constante Constantemente
Difícil Difícilmente
Perfecto Perfectamente
Alegre Alegremente

18. When verbs are used in modal verb combinations:
- 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form.
- you would never say “no puedo nado”
Ir + a + infinitive Going to do something
Poder + infinitive Able to do something
Querer + infinitive Want to do something
Deber + infinitive Should do something
Tener que + infinitive Have to do something
Soler + infinitive To be accostumed to

19. The progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the
process of taking place. It is not used for future actions.
Estar +
-ar -ando
-ir -iendo
-ir/-er -yendo
Verb Irregular Present
Participle
Leer Leyendo
Oír Oyendo
Traer Trayendo
Pedir Pidiendo
Servir Sirviendo
Decir Diciendo
Dormir Durmiendo
Venir Viniendo

20. Drop –ar ending and add –ado
Drop –er or –ir ending and –ido
Examples:
› La puerta esta cerrad. (The door is closed)
› El restaurante esta abierto. (The restaurant is
open)

21. A definite time in the past
Has a beginning and/or ending
Las expressiones para el uso
› Ayer, anoche, el ano pasado, la semana, pasada, ante ayer
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
-e -amos
-aste -asteis
-o -aron
-I -imos
-iste --isteis
-io -ieron
-I -imos
-iste -isteis
-io -ieron