This document is the table of contents for a grammar book in Spanish by Alejandra Green for her 2nd Honors Spanish class. It outlines 20 pages that cover various topics of Spanish grammar, including nationalities, stem changing verbs, object pronouns, commands, preterite tense, imperfect tense, and more. Each page provides definitions and examples to explain the grammar concepts and rules. There are also 3 bibliographic references cited at the end.

1. Grammar Book
By: Alejandra Green
2nd Honors Spanish

2. Table of Contents
 Page 1- Nationalities
 Page 2- Stem Changing Verbs
 Page 3- Para
 Page 4- Adjectives
 Page 5- Object Pronoun Placement
 Page 6- DOP (direct object pronoun)
 Page 7- IOP (indirect object pronoun)
 Page 8- ser vs. estar
 Page 9- isimo(a) and g/c/z
 Page 10- Verbs like gustar
 Page 11- Affirmative and Negative Words
 Page 12- pero vs. sino
 Page 13- DOP/IOP/SE
 Page 14- Reflexive Verbs
 Page 15- Tu commands affirmative/negative/irregulars
 Page 16- los adverbios-mente
 Page 17- deber+ other modal verbs
 Page 18- past participles as adjectives
 Page 19- Preterite
 Page 20- Present Progressive

3. Page 1: Nationalities
 Argentina — argentino
 Bolivia — boliviano
 Chile — chileno
 Colombia — colombiano
 Costa Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),
 Cuba — cubano
 Ecuador — ecuatoriano
 El Salvador — salvadoreño
 España (Spain) — español
 Estados Unidos (United States) — estadounidense
 Filipinas (Philippines) — filipino
 Guatemala — guatemalteco
 Honduras — hondureño
 México, Méjico — mexicano, mejicano
 Nicaragua — nicaragüense
 Panamá — panameño
 Paraguay — paraguayo
 Perú — peruano
 Puerto Rico — puertorriqueño
 la República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicano
 Uruguay — uruguayo
 Venezuela — venezolano

4. Page 2: Stem Changing verbs
 Pensar
 Encontrar
 Almorzar
 Contar
The stem doesn’t change for the nosotros or vosotros form
May change from e to ie
Or from o to ue
cuento contamos example
cuentas Contáis Las ollas
cuenta Cuentan Cuestan 70
pesos

5. Page 3: Para
 Para means for; if it a common preposition
 Necesito encontrar la olla para mi tÍa sus cumpleaños.
(I need to find a pot for my aunt for her birthday)
Here, then, are
the most
common uses
of para
To indicate
purpose,
intent,
usefulness or
need
To indicate a
destination
Viajamos para
aprender
español.
Estudia para
dentista
Salimos para
Londres.
To mean "no
later than" or
"by"
To mean
"considering" or
"in view of"
To indicate a
personal
reaction
para can mean
"around" or
"about" a
certain time.
Para niño, es
inteligente
Para ella, es
difícil.

6. Page 4: Adjectives
Nouns that end in a
vowel +“s”
-el Lago = los Lagos
Nouns ending in a
consonant + “es”
- el árbol = los árboles
Nouns ending in “z”+
“ces”
el lápiz = los lápices
Los Adjectives
- If an adjective ends in
“e” + ”s” grande-s
- If an adjective ends in
a consonant + es azul-
es
- If adj is referred to a
nationality it must
match
~ las muchachas ingleses
~ los muchachos ingleses
Singular Plural
Male –o
female -a
Male- os/ -es
Female- as

7. Page 5: Object Pronoun
Placement
Attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense affirmative
command before conjugated verb
Add accent mark when adding syllable to a word
----------------------------------------------------------------
Me me nos nos
Te te os os
Lo la les las

8. Page 6:Direct Object
Pronouns
 Cecelia esta tomando fotos
(subject) (verbs) (DOP)
masculine feminine
Me Me
Te Te
Lo La
masculine Feminine
Nos Nos
Os Os
Les Las
Singular Plural

9. Page 7: Indirect Object
Pronouns
 To whom/what
 for whom/what Me- me
Te- you (familiar)
Le- you (formal), him/her
Nos- us
Os- you (familiar)
Les- you, them
IOPS use the same
Words as DOPS
Except for le and les
Indirect object pronouns replace
Or accompany indirect objects
Rosa le compra una olla a su madre
Rosa le compra una olla
Pronoun Placement: attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense
Affirmative command before conjugated verb. Add accent mark
When adding syllable to a word.

10. Page 8: Ser vs. estar
Uses of ser Uses of estar
- Nationality
- Place of origin
- Profession or occupation
- Characters people/things
- Possession
- What something is made
of
- Time and date
- Where an when an event
takes place
- Location or spatial
relationship
- Health
- Physical states and
conditions
- Emotional states
- Certain weather
expressions
- Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
With adjective
Ser+ adjective
Estar+ adjective
Malo- La professora es malo
Mala- La professora está mala

11. Page 9: Ísimo(a) and g/c/z
 To express extremes with adjectives drop the vowel and
add the ending Ísimo(a)
 (the adjective must agree in gender and number with
what it modifies)
- When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required
C – gu rico(a)= riquÍsimo(a)
G- gu largo(a)= larguÍsimo(a)
Z- c feliz= felicÍsimo(a)

12. Page 10: Verbs like gustar
When you talk about things that other people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things
 Singular and plural
Things you like…
Me gusta .. nos gusta…
Te gusta … os gusta…
Le gusta … les gusta…
Me gusta la
idea
Te gusta la
idea
Le gusta la
idea
Nos gusta la
idea
Os gusta la
idea
Les gusta la
idea
Me gustan las
personas
Te gustan las
personas
Le gustan las
personas
Nos gustan las
personas
Os gustan las
personas
Les gustan las
personas
The form of gustar
Matches the noun
Not the speaker
Me gustan las
Enchiladas
Me gusta mucho tu idea
Para el concurso

13. Page 11: Affirmative and
Negative Words
 When you talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word
Affirmative words
Algo- something
AlguÍen- someone
Algún/alguno(a)- some
Siempre- always
También- also
Negative words
Nada- nothing
Nadie- no one
Ningún/ninguno(a)- none
Nunca- never
Tampoco- neither, either
Example:
Las chicas quieren
Algún postre, pero
Carlos no quiere ningún
postre
Alguno(a) and Ninguno(a) must match
the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. Alguno and ninguno have
different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns
If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative
Double negative is REQUIRED when no precedes the verb
No quiero nada
If a negative word such a nunca or nadie
Comes before the verb, a second negative
Is not needed.
Ex: Las chicas nunca comen en casa

14. Page 12: Pero vs. Sino
 both pero and sino are coordinating
conjunctions. As such, both pero and sino
can be used to contrast two words,
sentences or phrases.
Pero Sino
- Used to indicate a contrast
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
- Used when two things are
true, when the sentence
before the conjunction is
negative, and when the part
after the conjugation directly
contradicts what is negated
in the first part
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.

15. Page 13: DOP, IOP, SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le
him, her, it,
you (formal)
nos nos us
os os
you-all
(familiar)
los, las les
them, you-all
(formal)
When both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to
"se."
Example: Ella te
la vende.
She sells it to you.
IO pronoun: te
DO pronoun: la
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las

16. Page 14: Reflexive Verbs
 Reflexives describe people doing things for themselves
 Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to
indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the
action of the verb
Example: lavarse (to wash oneself)
Me lavo Te laves Se lava
Nos lavamos Os laváis Se lavan
Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns when there is
No reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the
Action
Ex: Pepa se lava----- Pepa lava el carro

17. Page 15: Tú commands:
affirmative, negative, regular
Affirmative Tú
Commands
Irregular Tú
Commands
Negative Tú
Commands
- Used when you give
someone instructions
or commands.
- It’s a tu command but
ends like a 3rd house
form.
- Caminar – Ícamina!
- Comer – Ícome!
- Abrir- Íabrir!
- Primero haz lo quehaceres
- When you use a pronoun
with an affirmative
command, the pronoun
attaches to the
command
- İPon te otra camisa!
- When using an object
pronoun attach the
pronoun to the end of
the command
- Used when you tell
someone what not to do.
- Formed by taking you
form of the present
tense, dropping the o,
and adding the
appropriate ending
- Ex: hablar- hablo- İno
hables!
- Object pronounds
precede the verbs in
negatibe commands
Infinitive (irregular)
Decir-di, hacer-haz, ir-ve, poner-pon, salir-sal, ser- sé, tener-ten, venir-ven
Irregular Negatives- dar(doy), estar (estoy), ir(voy), ser(soy)
Des estés vayas seas

18. Page 16: los adverbios-mente
 For adjectives with o or a endings add mente to the
feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
- Cuidadoso(a)- careful
- Rápido(a)- fast, quick
- Lento(a)- slow
- Tranquilo(a)- calm
- cuidadosamente-
carefully
- Rápidamente- quickly
- Lentamente- slowly
- Tranquilamente-calmly
You must keep an accent
When an adjective is changed
To an adverb
Rápido- rapidamente
Fácil- facilmente
When you use two adverbs, drop
The mente from the first one
Example: Pero, Carmen, debes
Pasarla cuidadosamente

19. Page 17: deber& other modal
verbs Deber- Should; ought to
- To say what people do, use a conjugated form of deber
with the infinitive of another verb
- Debo, debes, debe, debemos, debéis, deben
- Debo barrer el suelo
- Debes limpiar la cocina
Modal Verbs- are used in modal verb combinations
- The second verb isn’t conjugated but left in
infinitve form
- You’d never say “no puedo nado”
- Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
- Poder + Infinitive (able to do something)
- Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
- Deber + infinitive (should do something)
- Tener que + infinitve (to have to do something)
- Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)

20. Page 18: past participles as
adjectives
- Drop ar ending and add ado
- Drop er or ir ending and add ido
- Examples: la puerta está cerrada (restaurant is closed)
- El restaurante está abierto (restaurant is open)

21. Page 19: Preterite
- A definite time in the past
- Has a beginning and/or ending
- Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
- Ayer, anoche, el año pasado, la semana pasado, ante,
ayer
Ar verbs Er verbs Ir verbs
é amos Í imos Í imos
aste astéis Íste istéis Iste istéis
ó aron ió ieron ió ieron

22. Page 19 continued
 Preterite of verbs ending in car, gar, zar.
 Spelling change in the yo form to keep sound of the verb
Car yo qué
Gar yo gué
zar yo cé
Sacar – c (qu)- yo saqué la basura
Pagar – g (gu)- yo pagué los dólares
Empezar- z (c)- yo empecé un trabajo nuevo

23. Page 20: Present Progressive
 Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar
or attach them to the end of a present participle–
you need to add an accent when you attach a
pronoun
Estoy esperando Estamos esperando
Estás esperando Estáis esperando
Está esperando Están esperando

24. Bibliography
"7 Reasons for Using the Spanish
Preposition "Para"" About. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"2 Ways To Say "But" in Spanish." About.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together." Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used Together. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.

25. Table of Contents 2nd Term
 Preterite & trigger words
 Car/gar/zar
 Cucharacha
 Snake/snakey
 Superlatives
 Numbers
 Hace & time expressions
 Future
 Conditional
 Demonstrative adjectives
 Demonstrative pronouns
 Ordinal numbers
 Directional
terms/prepositions
 Imperfect tense
 Possessive adjectives &
pronouns
 Reflexive pronouns &
verbs

26. Preterite and Trigger Words
Regular Preterite
-ar -er/ir
yo é í
tu aste iste
él, élla, ud. ó ió
Nosotros/as amos imos
Vosotros/as asteis Isteis
Ellas, ellos, uds. aron ieron
Trigger Words-
Anoche- last night
Ayer- yesterday
Anteayer- day before
yesterday
La semana pasada- last week
El mes pasado- last month
El año pasado- last year

27. CAR/GAR/ZAR
CAR qué
GAR gué
ZAR cé
CAR- GAR- ZAR
-Only happens in the YO form
- Ex: empezar ------- empecé

28. Spock
Ir (go) Ser (be)
fui fuimos
fuiste
fue fueron
Dar (give) Ver (see)
di , vi dimos, vimos
diste, viste
dio, vio dieron, vieron
Hacer (do/make)
hice hicimos
hiciste
hizo hicieron

29. Cucaracha Verbs
 Andar- anduv, estar- estuv, poder- pud,
poner- pus, quere- quis, saber- sup, tener-
tuv, venir- vin, conducir- conduj, producir-
produj, traducir- traduj, decir- dij, traer-
traj
 E, iste, o , imos ,isteis, ieron
 J verbs drop i- eron

30. Snake/Snakey Verbs
All of these forms require an accent EXCEPT for the ustedes/ellos/
ellas forms.
- To write the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems
that end in a vowel, change the I to y
Oir (to
hear)
Leer (to
read)
creer (to believe)
oí oímos leí leímos creí creímos
oíste leíste creíste
oyó oyeron leyó leyeron creyó creyeron

31. Superlatives
 When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality, use a superlative
 El mas, los mas, la mas, las mas
 El menos los menos la menos las menos
 Luis es el mas alto
 To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
article
 Luis es el chico mas alto. Mercedes es la chica menos
cansada
 Be sure the adjective matches the noun in both gender
and number
 When you refer to an idea or concept, use the neuter
article lo
 Luis says: lo mas increible es que son las dos

32. Numbers
1- Uno
2- dos
3- tres
4- cuatro
5- cinco
6- seis
7- siete
8-ocho
9- nueve
10- diez
11- once
12- doce
13- trece
14- catorce
15- quince
16- dieciséis
17- diecisiete
18- diecinueve
20- viente
21- veintiuno
22- veintidos
23- veintitrés
24- veinticuatro
25- veinticinco
26- veintisés
27- veinisiete
28- veintiocho
29- veintinueve
30- treinta
30- treinta
40- cuarenta
50- cincuenta
60- sesenta
70- setenta
80- ochenta
90- noventa
100- ciento

33. Hace & time expressions
 Used to indicate the length of time an
action has been taking place
 Two ways to use it
#1) Hace + time + que
Hace cinco días que come
#2) desde hace
Ellos estudian desde hace tres días

34. Future
Used to express verbs that will happen.
Note: The endings (shown below), are added to the infinitive form of
the verb
É emos
ás
Á án
comer To eat
comeré comeremos
comerás
comerá comerán

35. Conditional
Used to express probability, wonder, possibility
- Usually translated as would, could, must have, or probably
- Regular er, ir, and ar verbs have the same conjugations
ía íamos
ís
ía Ían
Irregulars- root change
Caber- yo cabria
Poner- yo pondria
Decir- yo diria
Hablar- yo habria
Salir- yo saldria
Hacer- yo haria
Poder- yo podria
Tener- yo tendria
Querer- yo querria
Saber- yo sabria
Venir- yo vendria

36. Demonstrative Adjectives
 This, that, these, those
 Used when pointing out a specific thing
 Describes location of a noun in relation to the person
Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine
singular plural singular plural
este estos esta estas
Ese
aquel
Esos
aquellos
Esa
aquella
Esas
aquellas

37. Demonstrative Pronouns
 Ideas or unidentified things that don’t have a gender
 Used in place of the adjective and the noun
Masculine masculine feminine feminine
singular plural singular plural
este estos esta estas
Ese
aquel
Esos
aquellos
Esa
aquella
Esas
aquellas

38. Ordinal Numbers
First: primero
Second: segundo
Third: tercero
Fourth: cuarto
Fifth: quinto
Sixth: sexto
Seventh: séptimo, sétimo
Eighth: octavo
Ninth: noveno
Tenth: décimo
- When used as adjectives they
must agree with the noun they
refer to.
- When primero and tercero precede
A singular masculine noun, the final o
Is dropped.

39. Directional Terms/prepositions
al lado de
beside
alrededor de
around
cerca de
near (the)
debajo de
under (or below)
delante de
in front of
en
on (at, in)
encima de
on top of
entre
between (among)
frente a
facing (opposite)
lejos de
far from
por (direccion)
by (through)
sobre
above
detrás de
behind
desde
from (since)
allí
there
hacia
toward
junto a
next to
acá
here
afuera
outside
adentro
inside
siga derecho
straight ahead
(a la) derecha
(to the) right
a la izquierda
to the left
de otra lado de
on the other side of

40. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
 Possessive pronouns take the place of the object or objects
 Possessive adjectives describe the noun
mine Mía(s) Mia(s)
Yours
belonging to one
person
nformal
Tuyo
tuyos
Tuya
(as)
Yours (formal) suyo (os) Suya(as)
His Suya (as) Suya (as)
hers Nuestro(os) Suya (as)
ours Suyo(os) Nuestra
(as)
Yours (more than
one person)
heirs
Suyo (suyos)
Suyo (os)
Suya (as)
Suya (as)
Possessive
adj.
masculine feminin
my Mi (mis) Tu (tus)
your Tu (tus) Su (sus)
your Su (sus) Su (sus)
his Su (sus) Su (sus)
her Nuestro(os) Nuestra
our Su (sus) Su (sus)
Your
their
Su (sus) Su (sus)

41. Imperfect Tense
Triggers: todos los dias, a menudo, frecuentemente, cada dia,
Siempre, los lunes…, generalmente, mientas, muchas veces,
A veces, de vez en, cunada,
Ser Ir Ver
era iba veia
eras ibas veias
era iba veia
éramos íbais veiamos
eran iban veian
Uses:
- On going action
- Repeated action
- No definite beginning or
End
- time/date/feelings
- Age/descriptions
- Interrupted
aba abamos ía íamos
abas ías
aba aban ía ían

42. Reflexive pronouns and verbs
 An action that is happening to yourself. Example:
me ducho (I shower)
 Must use a pronoun
 To conjugate ducharse, cut off the arse and
conjugate the verb. Ex: yo form- ducho
 Add the corresponding pronoun
 Sentirse: to feel, divertirse: to have fun, sentarse: to
sit, sonreirse: to smile, despedirse de: to say
goodbye
 Me, te, se, nos, os, se