This document provides an overview of key Spanish 2 grammar concepts organized into 25 sections, including: 1) The uses of ser and estar 2) Verbs like gustar and hacer expressions 3) Pretérito and trigger words for the preterite tense 4) Irregular verb conjugations like car, gar, zar, cucaracha, and spock 5) Affirmative and negative commands 6) Demonstratives, reflexives, saber vs conocer, and more.

1. Spanish 2 Grammar Concepts Heli Martin

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Verbs like Gustar Hacer Expressions El Pretérito and Trigger Words Car, Gar, y Zar Spock Cucaracha Snake Snakeys Affirmative Commands Negetive and Irregular Commands DOPs IOPs Se Impersonal 16. Past Participles as Adjectives 17. El Futuro 18. Imperfect Tense 19. Demonstrative Adjectives 20. Demonstrative Pronouns 21. Los MandatosFormales 22. Mandatosinformales 23. Modal Verbs 24. Reflexives 25. Saber vs. Conocer

3. 1. Ser D.O.C.T.O.R.P.E.D Description Origin Characteristics Time Occupation Relationship Possession Event Date

6. 4. Hacer Time Expressions Preterite Tense is ago. Example: Haceunasemanaquedesapareció. Present Tense is since and for. Example: Hacetresdiasque no tengoproblemas con Pablo.

8. Anoche

9. El añopasado

10. La semanapasada

13. Cucaracha

15. 7. Spock Irregulars! 3 different groupings. The words in each grouping are conjugated the same way. The groupings are: IR y SER DAR y VER HACER

16. DAR SER VER IR HACER 7. SPOCK

17. 8. Cucaracha Endings for all are the same:

18. Andar- aduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber- sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin Conducir- conduj Producir- produj Traducir- traduj Decir- dij Traer- traj 8. Cucaracha Verbs

19. 9. Snake In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs. The stem change is to opposite vowel with the first vowel.

20. 10. Snakeys Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is more specific. In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”. Leer

21. 11. Affirmative Commands Steps: Put verb in ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowel. Ar to e er/ir to a 3. If plural add a ‘n’ 4. Then, add DOP to end ONLY IF POSITIVE Example: Comalo!

25. DOPs : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nos, se

27. 15. Se Impersonal f Se vendefruta. Aqui se hablaespanol. Se hizo mucho. Se hara mucho. Se habia mucho.

28. 16. Past Participles as Adjectives Add –ado for –ar verbs Add –ido for –ir/ –er verbs Has to agree with nouns they modify in gender and number

29. Irregular Past Participles Abrir  abierto Cubrir  cubierto Decir  dicho Escribir  escrito Hacer  hecho Morir  muerto Poner  puesto Resolver  resuelto Romper  roto Ver  visto Volver  vuelto Ir  ido

30. 17. Futuro I, you, he, she, we, you, they will

31. Irregular Futuros Decir  Dir- Hacer  Har- Poner  Pondr- Salir  Saldr- Tener  Tendr- Valer  Valdr- Venir  Vendr- Poder  Podr- Querer  Querr- Sabrir  Sabr- Caber  Cabr- Salir  Saldr- Habrir  Habr-

32. Ir + a + infinitive Use this when you are going to do something Ex: Voy a viajar a Nicaragua.

33. 18. Imperfect Tense Used to describe past activities in a different way No stem changes in the imperfect Incomplete or continuing actions Used to describe: Habitual actions or repeated actions Events of actions that were in progress Physical characteristics Mental or emotional states Time-telling Age -ar -er/-ir

34. Imperfect Irregulars IR SER VER

35. 19. Demonstrative Adjectives Has to agree in number and gender Place in front of the noun it modifies

36. 20. Demonstrative Pronouns Serve basically the same purpose as the demonstrative adjectives, except they stand for nouns rather than modify nouns Singular masculine éste (this) ése (that) aquél (that) Plural masculine éstos (these) ésos (those) aquéllos (those) Singular feminine ésta (this) ésa (that) aquélla (that) Plural feminine éstas (these) ésas (those) aquéllas (those)

37. 21. Los MandatosFormales For –ar verbs : conjugate to yo form drop –o and add –e For –er/ -ir verbs : conjugate to yo form drop the –o and add –a

39. 23. Modal Verbs Used with other verbs to help them change their meaning Pair up with infinitivesmodal verb+infinitive Modal verbs: Poder, querer, deber, tenerque, ir a

40. 24. Reflexives Reflects action of verb back to subject Reflexive pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, se Put pronoun in front of verb after you conjugate the verb Ex: he sees himself  se ve When the verb is not conjugated, place after or before the verb Ex: he is going to see himself  va a verse o se va a ver Reflexive verbs: acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, cepillarse, ducharse, llamarse, ponerse, vestirse

41. 25. Conocer vs. Saber Saber is used to express knowledge of information Ex: we know how to cook sabemoscocinar Conocer is used to express knowledge of a person, place, thing, etc. Ex: we know Ben conocemos Ben