The document provides a table of contents for a Spanish grammar guide covering topics such as nationalities, verb conjugations, adjectives, object pronouns, prepositions, verb tenses and more. The table lists 35 sections that are explored further in the document, including stem changing verbs, ser vs estar, reflexive verbs, commands, and use of por, para and other prepositions.

2. Table of Contents
 1. Nationalities
 2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4
classes)
 3. Para*
 4. Adjectives
 5. Object Pronoun Placement
 6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)
 7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)
 8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)
 9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z*
 10. Verbs like gustar
 11. Affirmative and Negative
Words
 12. pero vs. sino*
 13. DOP/IOP/SE
 14. Reflexive verbs
 15. Tú commands affirmative +
negative + irregulars

3. Nationalities
Mexico: mexicano
Guatemala: guatemalteca
Honduras: hondureno
El Salvador: salvadoreno
Nicaragua: nicaraguense
Costa Rica: costarricense
Panama: panameno
Cuba: cubano
Dominican Republic: dominicana
Puerto Rico: puertorriqueño
Venezuela: venezolano
Colombia: colombian
Ecuador: ecuadorian
Peru: peruano
Paraguay: paraguayo
Bolivia: boliviano
Chile: chileno
Argentina: argentino
Uruguay: uruguayo

4. Stem-Changing Verbs
e:ie
o:ue
e:i
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
The Boot: put the word you are stem changing in the yo, tu,
usted, nosotros, vosotros, and ustedes form. Nosotros and
vosotros are outside the boot so they don’t get stem changed, but
everything else does.

5. POR
por adelantado
por supuesto
por suerte
por todas partes
por todos lados
por último

6. Adjectives
 “s” is added to adjectives ending with “z”.
 ex: grandes
 “es” is added to adjectives ending in a consonant.
 ex: azules
 an ending “z” in a noun is replaced with “ces”.
 ex: lapiz lapices
 “s” is added to nouns ending in a vowel.
 ex: el lago los lagos
 ● The nationality must match the adjective it’s referring to.
 ex: las muchachas inglesas los muchachos ingleses

7. Direct Object Pronouns
Remember, a direct object receives the action of
the verb , and the direct object can also be a
person.
Also, remember that the direct object answers
the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to
what the subject of the sentence is doing.
 Jose kicked the can .
“can" receives the action of the verb “kick”.
 Quique reads the book.
"Book" receives the action of the verb
"reads”.
Jose hit Quique.
(DO=Bill)
Example:
Before:
Rosa el compra
una olla su madre.
After:
Rosa Quiere
comprande
una olla a su
madre

8. Indirect Object
pronouns
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
Rules:
- tells us what is being verbed.
- They use the same words as
IOP’s
except in the usted (lo, la) and
ustedes
(los, las) form.
Singular:
yo: me (me)
tu: te (you-informal)
usted: lo, la (you-formal, him,her)
Plural:
nosotros: nos (us)
vosotros: os (you)
ustedes: los, las (them)
Gorge me compra un regalo.
Jo buys me a gift.
Jo buys a gift for me.
Gorge te compra un regalo.
Jo buys you a gift.
Jo buys a gift for you.

9. Ser vs. Estar
Ser and estar can both be translated
as "to be."
 ser
 soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
 Estar
 estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
Ser: uses
Nationalities
Occupation
Characteristics of people
Generalizations
Possession
What something is made
of
Time and date
Where or when an event
takes place
De: used after origin,
possession, and what
something is made of
Estar: uses
health
Location
Physical states/
conditions
Emotional
state
Weather
expressions
ongoing
actions
adjectives:
es/esta
malo/mala
seguro/segu
ra
listo/lista

10. Isimo’s
muy + adjective
sumamente + adjective
adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)
muy guapo
very handsome
sumamente guapo
extremely handsome
guapísimo
indescribably handsome

11. Affirmative and
Negative words
 algo (something)
nada (nothing)
 alguien (somebody)
nadie (nobody)
 algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some,
something)
ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)
 siempre (always)
nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)
 también (also)
tampoco (neither, not either)
 o . . . o (either . . . or)
ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)
Affirmative:
algo:
something,
anything
algulen:
someone
algueno: some
C- qu
G- gu
Z- c
Negative:
nada: nothing
nadi: no one
ninguno: no
niochi: neither no
nunca: never
tampoco: neither

12. Pero vs. Sino
The most common equivalent of "but" is pero:
Hacía sol, pero también frío.It was sunny, but it was cold, too.
• Sino follows a negation and means something like "but on the contrary" or
"but instead":
No use "pero", sino "sino".
No es tonto, sino demasiado inteligente.

13. DOP/IOP/SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all (familiar)
los, las les them, you-all (formal

14. Verbs like gustar
 gustar
faltar
molestar
parecer
disgustar
 Aburrirto ;bore
 Fascinarto; be fascinating to
 Bastarto; be sufficient
 Importarto; be important to
Rules:
- still singular with
infinitives
- mi + noun = my
(noun)
Verbs

15. Reflexive verbs
 lavar
 yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
Rules:
- Reflects the verb back to
the subject.
- DO NOT use possessive
adjectives with
reflexives.

16. Affirmative and Negative
commands
 Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)
 Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. form
Negative: Use the present subjunctive tú form
(hablar - ar + a = habla)
(comer - er + e = come)
(escribir - ir + e = escribe)

17. Los abverdidos
Adverbs are used to describe the expresión used in
Spanish by showing descriptions
sí, también, cierto, claro, exacto, obvio

18. Deber
yo debo debí debía debería deberé
tú debes debiste debías deberías deberás
él/ella/Ud. debe debió debía debería deberá
nosotros debemos debimos debíamos
deberíamo
s
deberemos
vosotros debéis debisteis debíais deberíais deberéis
ellos/ellas/
Uds.
deben debieron debían deberían deberán

19. Past tense of adjectives
componer - compuesto
describir - descrito
devolver - devuelto
hablar - ar + ado = hablado
comer - er + ido = comido
vivir - ir + ido = vivido

20. pretierte
é
aste
ó
amos
asteis
aron
hablé comí viví
hablaste comiste viviste
habló comió vivió
hablamos comimos vivimos
hablasteis comisteis vivisteis
hablaron comieron vivieron

21. Progressive tense
“Estar + ando/- iendo/- vendo
The present progressive is only used to describe an action an action
that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions

22. Table of Contents
21. Preterite and trigger words
22. Car/gar/zar
23. Spock
24. Cucaracha
25. Snake/snakey
26. Superlatives
27. Numbers
28. Hace + time expressions
29. Future
30. Conditional
31. Demonstrative adjectives
32. Demonstrative pronouns
33. Ordinal numbers
34. Directional terms/prepositions
35. Imperfect tense
36. Possessive Adjectives and pronouns
37. Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

23. Preterite
•A definite time in the past
•Has a beginning and/or ending
•Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
•Ayer, anoche, el ano pasado, la semana pasada,
ante ayer
-e -amos
-aste -asteis
-o -aron
-I -imos
-iste -isteis
-io -ieron
-I -imos
-iste -isteis
-io -ieron
Trigger Words
El dia
anterior
The day
before
Ayer Yesterday
La semana
pasada
Last week
El fin de
semana
pasada
Last
weekend
El mes
pasado
Last month
El otro dia The other
day
Anoche Last night

24. -Car -Gar -Zar
•Preterite of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar
•Spelling change in the yo form to keep the sound of the verb
yo -car -que
yo -gar -gue
yo -zar -ce
Sacar C-qu Yo saque Yo saque la basura.
Pagar G-gu Yo pague Yo pague dos dolares.
Empezar Z-c Yo empece Yo empece un trabajo nuevo.

25. Spock Irreg Preterite
Verbs
Hacer
Hice
Hiciste
Hiso
Hicimos
hicieron
Dar Ver
d/v I
d/v Iste
d/v Io
d/v Imos
d/v ieron
Ir Ser
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fumimos

26. Cucaracha
Andar- anduv
Estar- estuv
Poder- pud
Poner- pus
Querer- quis
Saber- sub
Tener- tuv
Venir- vin
Conducir- conduj
Producir- produj
Traducir- traduj
Decir- dij
Traer- traj
Endings for all
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
J verbs DROP ‘I

27. Snake/Snakey
•To write the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems
that end in vowel, change the I to y
•All of these preterite forms require an accent EXCEPT the
ustedes/ellos/ellas forms
Snake Snakey
• Only changes in 3rd
• E>I : pedir, prederir,
competir, repetir, seruir,
sentir, venir
• O>U: dormir and morir
• Only changes in 3rd
• i>y: oir
• E>y: leer, creer
Oir: to hear
oí oímos
Oíste
oyó oyeron

28. Superlatives
More Less
El más El menos
Los más Los menos
La más La menos
Las más Las menos
• To use a noun with the
superlative form, put it after the
article
• Be sure the adjective matches
the noun in both gender and
number

29. Numbers
cero
uno
dos
tres
cuarto
cinco
seis
ocho
nueve
diez
once
doce
trece
catorce
quince
dieciseis
diecisiete
dieciocho
diecinueve
veine
veintiuno
veintidos
veintitres
veinticuatro
veinticinco
veintiseis
veintiocho
veintinueve
treinta
cuarenta
cincuenta
sesenta
setenta
ochenta
noventa
cien
doscientos
trescientos
cuatrocientos
quinientos
seiscientos
setecientos
ochocients
novecientos
mil
Click to see more

30. Hace+ time expressions
● Hace+ time+que+ present tense for of the verb
○ Hace dos años que estudio espanol.
■ I have been studying spanish for two years.
Present Tense
-o -amos
-as -ais
-a -an

31. Future Tense
Infinitive + ending
Estudiaré en el parque
I will study in the park.
comeré comeremos
comerás comeréis
comerá comerán

32. Conditional
• used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is
usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían

33. Demonstrative
Adjectives
Masculine
Este- this one Estos- these
Ese- that one Esos- those
Aquel- that one
over
there
Aquellos- these
over
there
Feminine
Esta- this one Estas- these
Esa- that
one
Esas- those
Aquella- that
one
over
there
Aquellas- these
over
there
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are used to point out specific things.
Demonstrative adjectives describe the location of the noun in relation to a
person.

34. Demonstrative
Pronouns
Masculine
Este- this one Estos- these
Ese- that one Esos- those
Aquel- that one
over
there
Aquellos- these
over
there
Feminine
Esta- this one Estas- these
Esa- that one Esas- those
Aquella- that one
over
there
Aquellas- these
over
there
Demonstrative pronouns are used in place of the adjective and noun. They are
the same as the demonstrative adjectives, but however, have an accent.
Accents are placed on the “e”

35. Ordinal
Numbers
primero first
segundo second
tercero-a third
cuarto-a fourth
quinto-a fifth
sexto-a sixth
septimo-a seventh
octavo-a eigth
noveno-a ninth
decimo-a tenth
ultimo-a last
Click to see more

36. Directional
Terms and
Prepositions
a la izquierda (de) left
a la derecha (de) right
al lado (de) side
entre between
cerca (de) near
lejos (de) far
delante (de) forward
detras (de) behind
abajo down
arriba up
debajo de underneath
dentro de inside
encima de on top of
fuera de outside of

37. Imperfect tense
used to
● speak about background events in a story
● talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit
● speak about how old someone was
● say what time it was
-ar
-aba -abamos
-abas -abais
-aba -aban
-er
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían
-ir
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

38. Possessive adjectives
and pronouns
● possessive adjectives show personal relationships or possession
● all possessive adjectives including mi(s), tu(s), su(s),
nuestro(a/os/as), and vuestro(a/o/as)-agree in gender and number
with the nouns they describe
● possessive adjectives also have a longform. It is more expressive
mio(a) nuestro(a)
tuyo(a) vuestro(a)
suyo(a) suyo(a)
mios(as) nuestros(as)
tuyos(as) vuestros(as)
suyos(as) suyos(as)
Possessives
longform-singular
Possessives
longform-plural

39. Reflexive pronouns and
verbs
● Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun.
● While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive
pronoun is the same person,place, or thing as the subject.
● The subject and direct object are the same person;you call this
object reflexive
me escondo nos
escondemos
te escondes os escondeis
se esconde se esconden