The document discusses the anatomy, histology, physiology, and cytology of the gastrointestinal tract. It provides details on:
- The layers of the GI tract including the mucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
- Common malignant conditions like gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric lymphoma, and colorectal cancer. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and screening are covered.
- Non-malignant GI conditions and techniques for sample collection, smear preparation, and staining of GI biopsy specimens.
Cell blocks are an integral part of cytology preparations and ancillary testing.
In certain settings, such as molecular testing of lung cancer or by a commercial laboratory, they are the preferred cytology preparation.
To optimize them, care in specimen procurement, triage, and improvement in current processing techniques are necessary.
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusionstashagarwal
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
An excellent ppt on basics of bone marrow morphology and examination which i came accross on the internet.. Not my creation.. Full credit to the author..
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PAPANICOLAOU STAIN WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFAST PAPANIC...SURAMYA BABU
• Body fluid cytology is vital in diagnosis of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and conventional Pap stain is the staining method of choice for the same.
• MUFP is a quick and cheap staining technique which gives good interpretation of cytological features with easily available reagents.
• Preservation of cell morphology and nuclear staining are superior with conventional Papanicolaou technique whereas cytoplasmic staining is comparable with conventional pap and MUFP techniques.
• Though background of stained smears was slightly better with conventional Pap staining; MUFP was superior in case of hemorrhagic samples.
This presentation in mainly focused of understanding of automation and its utility in cytopathology. It will be very usefull for postgraduate in pathology, cytopathologist and cytotechnicians.
Cell blocks are an integral part of cytology preparations and ancillary testing.
In certain settings, such as molecular testing of lung cancer or by a commercial laboratory, they are the preferred cytology preparation.
To optimize them, care in specimen procurement, triage, and improvement in current processing techniques are necessary.
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusionstashagarwal
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
An excellent ppt on basics of bone marrow morphology and examination which i came accross on the internet.. Not my creation.. Full credit to the author..
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PAPANICOLAOU STAIN WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFAST PAPANIC...SURAMYA BABU
• Body fluid cytology is vital in diagnosis of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and conventional Pap stain is the staining method of choice for the same.
• MUFP is a quick and cheap staining technique which gives good interpretation of cytological features with easily available reagents.
• Preservation of cell morphology and nuclear staining are superior with conventional Papanicolaou technique whereas cytoplasmic staining is comparable with conventional pap and MUFP techniques.
• Though background of stained smears was slightly better with conventional Pap staining; MUFP was superior in case of hemorrhagic samples.
This presentation in mainly focused of understanding of automation and its utility in cytopathology. It will be very usefull for postgraduate in pathology, cytopathologist and cytotechnicians.
This slide will help u get a detailed knowledge and information about colon cancer, its etiology signs symptoms prevention investigation diagnosis and treatment along with nursing management.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. ANATOMY
#. It performs the mechanical & chemical
processes of digestion
absorptionof nutrients & elimination of wastes
.
# . It consists of parts are :
- mouth,
- esophagus,
- stomach,
- intestine,
- acessory organs .
4.
5. HISTOLOGY
The GI tract is made up of three layers .
They are follows as:-
# outer mucosa,
# middle mucscular layer,
# inner mucosa.
The serosa is the outermost serous layer of the GI tract.
It ids formed by the peritoneum.
The middle muscular layer is made up of smooth muscles. It
consists of outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles layer.
The contraction of circular muscles causes narrowing of the
lumen and the contarction of longitudinal muscles causes
shortening of the gut.
The muscles fibers are electrically connected with one another
through a large number of gap junctions .
The bundle fuses with one another at many points and therfore
the muscle layer functions as syncytium .
12. Cont....
Muscularis poropira : consist of
two muscualar layer and inner
circular layer and an outer
longitutinal layer.
upper one third is composed of
straited muscle.
striated smooth muscle bundles are mixed and
interwoven
in the middle third of eosghagus , the distal third
consist of only smooth muscle .
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Gastrointestinal tract biopsy :
PAS , AB-PAS and HID are used in the
evaluation of gastrointestinal biospies. They are
helpful in detecting intestinal metaplasia and
neoplasia .
Flexiable fiberoptic endoscopy biopsies and
small biopises are fixed in neutral buffered formalin
.
intestinal metaplasaia : in stomach
predisposing to carcinoma secrets
sulfomucosubstances .
large intestine : sialomucins and sulfomucins
of large intestine are reactive , whereas neutral
22. • Non malignant and malignant conditions :
Gastric Adenocarcinoma:
Can originate anywhere in the stomach
- “ intestinal- type’’ 70-80% of gastric cancers , resembles
intestinal cancers with galsndular structure .
“ diffuses ’’ 20-30% of gastric cancers , poorly differentiate d,
signet – ringed cells , lacks glandular strucutres .
# Affects women and men equally .
Risk factors
01 , smmoking .
02 , precinious anemia
03 , h/o partial gastric resection
signs and symptoms
ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL LATE STAGES
dyspesia and weight loss are most common presenting
symptoms
anorexia
early satiety
23. LAB DIAGNOSIS :
Iron deficiency anemia from blood loss or anemia of
chronic diesease .
elevated LFTs if liver mets
no specific tumors markers .
DIAGNOSTICS :
upper endoscopy
Barium upper GI is acceptable if endoscopy is not
available , but no ability to distingusih benign from malignant
lesions and no abililty to bx
once gastric ca is dx , CT and EUS (endoscopic ultra
sound ) are needed to see extent of tumor , possible mets
and nodal innvolment
PET scan or PET-CT combo needed for distant ,mets…
GASTRIC LYMPHOMA :
Sx : dyspesia , weight loss , anemia .
imaging on upper GI or endoscopy : thickened folds ,
ulcer mass, or infiltrating lesions .
24. OTHER GASTRIC CANCERS :
01 GASTRIC CARCINIOD TUMORS
02 GASTROINTESTINAL MESCENCHYMAL TUMORS
derive from mesenchymal stem cells .
generally incidental findings on imaging or
endosdcopy
surgery recommended .
MALIGNANCIES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE:
Adenocarcinoma : most commonly in the duodenum or proximal with
most common site of small intestine cancers is at ampula of vater .
Ampullary carcinom a : presceence of jaundice , obstruction , and
bleeding .
Carcionid tumors : slow growing neuroendocrine tumor.
Secrete hormones : serotonin , somatostain , gastrin and substance P
SMALL INTESTINE SACROMA : stromal tumors ( arise from smooth
muscle ) aka leiomyosacromas
KAPOSAI SARCOMA was once common with AIDS .
25. COLORECTAL CANCER
--> obesity
--> diabetes
--> tobaccoo
--> diet .
# high in animal fat and calories
# low in fiber .
COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING :
# reduces mortality.
# CRC can prevented .
Screening options :
1. Annual fecal occual blood test (FOBT).
2. Flexiable sigmoidoscopy q5 years .
3. Colonoscopy qro years.
4. Double contrast barrium enema 95 years
