1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes. 2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue. 3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment

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UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
GASTRODUODENAL
TUMORS
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

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Gastroduodenal Tumors
Definition
The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system of the body. It helps to digest
food and absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and
water) from food so that the body can use them. The gastrointestinal tract is made up
of the following organs:
 Stomach.
 Small intestine.
 Large intestine (colon).
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-
cancerous). They are more common in the stomach and small intestine, but they are
found anywhere in or near the gastrointestinal tract. Some scientists believe that GIST
start in cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (CIC) of the gastrointestinal tract wall.

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Etiology
Anything that increases the likelihood of getting sick is called a risk factor. The
presence of a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; But the absence of
risk factors does not mean that you will not get cancer. Check with your doctor if you
think you are at risk.
The genes of the cells have the hereditary information that a person receives from
their parents. The risk of GIST increases in people who have an inherited mutation
(change) in a given gene. In rare cases, TEGI is found in several members of the
same family.

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GIST can be part of a genetic syndrome, but this is rare. A genetic syndrome is a set
of symptoms or conditions that occur together and whose usual cause are abnormal
genes. The following genetic syndromes were related to GIST:
 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
 Carney's triad.
Signs and symptoms
GIST and other conditions cause these and other signs and symptoms:
 Blood (bright red or very dark) in fecal matter or vomit.
 Pain in the abdomen that can be intense.
 Feeling very tired.
 Difficulty or pain when swallowing
 Feeling full after eating very little food.
Diagnosis
The following tests and procedures can be used:
Physical exam and history: body exam to check the general state of health, and
identify any signs of disease, such as masses or anything else that seems abnormal.
Patient data is also taken on health habits and the history of diseases and treatments.
Computed tomography (CT): a procedure that takes a series of detailed images of the
inside of the body from different angles. The images are created with a computer
connected to an x-ray machine. A dye is injected into a vein or swallowed so that the
organs or tissues stand out more clearly. This procedure is also called computed
tomography, computerized axial tomography (CAT) or CT scan.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves,
and a computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. This
procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Endoscopic ultrasound and biopsy: endoscopy and ultrasound are used to produce an
image of the gastrointestinal tract and then a biopsy is performed. An endoscope (a

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thin tube resembling an instrument with light and a lens for observation) is inserted
through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small
intestine. A probe placed at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy
(ultrasonic) sound waves off tissues or internal organs and create echoes. The echoes
form an image of the tissues of the body called ecography. This procedure is also
called endoechography. The doctor, guided by the ultrasound, extracts tissue through
a thin, hollow needle. A pathologist observes the tissue under a microscope to
determine if there are cancer cells.
If a cancer is found, the following tests may be done to study the cancer cells:
Immunohistochemical test: test to identify certain antigens in a tissue sample by the
use of antibodies. Usually, the antibody binds to a radioactive substance or a dye so
that the cells light up under the microscope. This type of test is used to determine the
difference between different types of cancer.
Mitotic rate: measurement of the speed at which cancer cells multiply and grow. The
mitotic rate is determined by counting the cells that multiply in a sample of cancerous
tissue.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the clinical situation
of the patient (performance status) as of the stage, histological type and location of
the tumor. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment for advanced
GA. In addition, it provides the most effective palliation of the symptoms. Therefore,
surgical treatment should be offered to most patients. However, if there is plastic
linitis, metastatic disease, retroperitoneal invasion or the patient suffers from serious
diseases, the prognosis worsens significantly, which questions the benefit of the
surgery. In U.S.A. and Europe, the average resectability rate is 50%, and only in half
of these cases can a gastrectomy with pretension be performed curative.
The extent of gastric resection is controversial. In general, proximal gastric cancer
should be treated by total gastrectomy. However, it is considered appropriate to

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perform a subtotal gastrectomy in an early tumor or T2 if its proximal margin is more
than 2 cm from the cardia. In the assumption that the tumor is more infiltrating, the
tumor must be at a distance of 5 cm from the cardia in order to perform a subtotal
resection. It is recommended to perform a total gastrectomy if the distance to the
cardia is less than 5 cm or the tumor is diffuse and infiltrates the submucosa. In the
distal AG (antral), subtotal gastrectomy should be the treatment of choice, since it is
associated with a better nutritional capacity and a higher quality of life. Limited
gastric resections are only indicated for palliative purposes or in very old people.
Prevention
Screening programs are effective in identifying the disease in the early stages in parts
of the world where the risk of gastric cancer is much higher than in the United States.
The values of screenings in the United States and in other countries with much lower
rates of gastric cancer is unclear.
The following may help reduce the risk of gastric cancer:
 No Smoking.
 Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
 Take medications to treat reflux disease (heartburn), if it occurs.
 Take antibiotics if you are diagnosed with H. pylori infection.
Bibliography
 Lee, Hoo-Yeon and others. Comparing upper gastrointestinal X-ray and
endoscopy for gastric cancer diagnosis in Korea. World J (2): 245-250.
 Leung, Wai K and others. Screening for gastric cancer in Asia: current
evidence and practice. Oncology: vole 9: march 2008: 279-287
 Park, Mi-Suk and others. Scirrhous gastric carcinoma: endoscopy versus
upper gastrointestinal radiography. Radiology: volume 235: number 2-May
2004. 421- 426