This document provides information about selection methods in fish breeding. It discusses the goals, prerequisites, and various methods of selection including mass selection, family selection, progeny testing, and combined selection. The advantages and responses to different selection methods depending on factors like intensity of selection, genetic variation, and heritability are also summarized. The document then covers other fish breeding techniques such as hybridization, inbreeding, crossbreeding, gynogenesis, androgenesis, mono sex culture, and transgenic fish production.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
Food production is not at pace with the increase in population. This leads to an increase in poverty. To eradicate poverty the only way is to increase food production. This chapter reveals various methods employed to increase food production.
Similar to Genetic selection & hybridization kashmeera (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
4. Successive choosing of the best varieties from the available
lot by nature or man.
The aim of a breeder - to get maximum profit possible
the genetic worth of the stock by selection.
Based on a single desirable trait or combination of traits.
5. growth rate, by better utilization of food
natural food in ponds ; food mixtures
resistance to deviations from the normal environmental
conditions - oxygen deficiency,
high or low temperature,
higher salinity etc
resistance to infectious diseases
to infestation with parasites
the nutritive properties of fish.
6. 1. Specifically define - the breeding goal i.e. the trait under selection
2. The entire life cycle of the animal should be under control.
3. It should be possible to hold and individually evaluate a number of
generations in identical rearing systems.
4. Establish relative economic value of the traits that are to be selected
5. For the selected traits, the phenotypic (VP) and
genetic variances (VG),
heritabilities etc should be known.
VP = VG + VE
9. • Character/ Individual selection
• Individuals selected from mixed population
on the basis of phenotype.
• Genotype may be unknown.
10. Response (R) = i x σ x h2 = S x h2
• i = intensity of selection
• = degree of variation in the trait
• h2 = heritability
• S = Selective differential
• Response α heritability
• h2 = R/S
11. METHODS TO RESPONSE
• i / σ / h2
• ↑ intensity of selection(i)
↑
no. of individuals grown → ↑ severity of
selection
• Variability (σ ) ↑
only genetic variation important
envtal - useless - ↓ heritability
12. Heritability ( h ) 2
• Outbreeding – cross non related
individuals → ↑degree of heterozygosity
i.e. ↑ in genetic variation
• Inbreeding ↑ homozygosity
13. ADVANTAGES OF MASS SELECTION
• Simplest & common method
• Characteristic to be improved easy to
measure
• Can be used efficiently in selection
for growth rate
for age at maturity
14.
15. • To overcome disadvantages of mass
selection
• include – family selection
progeny testing
16.
17. • For selection of characteristics of low
heritability - survival,
meat quality,
age at maturation
• Families grown in identical conditions
↓
Compare & select best
18. Response eq. ~ mass selection
~
• Rf = if x f x h2f
• i < mass selection – not possible to grow large
no. of families.
• reduction in - denotes variation in family
not individual variation
• h2 much higher
19.
20. • If individuals from best family sacrificed for examination
– use brothers & sisters for breeding
• Use full & half siblings
• Advantage – generation interval not ↑ like mass selection
• Disadvantage – each family - separate tank - marking
difficult - envtal & tank effects on characters b/n families.
21.
22. • Enables assessment of breeding qualities
of separate spawners/pairs of spawners &
selection of best
• 3 methods
I.Testing pairs (not separately)
II. ,, spawners of one sex
III. ,, both ♀♀ & ♂♂
23. Advantage of PT
• permit evaluation of separate spawners &
selection of best
24.
25. • Mass selection more efficient
• Genotypic selecton advantageous for
certain characters – fat content
• For characters like weight – combined
selection
• CS sum up efficiencies of mass &
genotypic selection in short time.
26. CS consist of:
• Performing mass selection amoung fingerlings
• Progeny testing of males
• Family selection with simultaneous breeding of
5-10 families
• Repeated performance of mass selection in the
best families
27.
28. It is the technique of breeding of fishes of two species or genera which
ordinarily do not breed.
Fish - external fertilisation - Fish hybridizes more frequently than
tetrapodes
Naturally hybridized fishes - Cyprinidae , Salmonidae etc
Hybridization - ↑ hybrid vigour / heterosis
Hybrids – fertile/sterile – must be verified before introducing to natural
envt.
Indiscriminate hybridization → contamination of genepool.
Interspecific & intergeneric hybridizations
29. INTER SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
female Labeo calbasu Labeo rohita
produced by mating between two different species in same genus.
In India mating female kalbasu and Labeo rohita was highly successful.
Over 94% fertilisation was obtained.
The growth rates of hybrids are superior to the parent Kalbasu.
It attains maturity in two years.
30. INTER GENERIC HYBRIDIZATION
• male and female are selected from different genera
• Catla catla Labeo rohita
• Inter generic hybrids between Catla and Rohu attains full maturity in
3yrs
.
31. Intergeneric hybridization
Labeo rohita Cirrhinus mrigala
Crossing between Rohu and Mrigal is more successful
and 90% fertilisation is done and
hybrids attain full maturity in 2yrs and
showed intermediate character
32. Intergeneric hybridization
Cirrhinus mrigala Labeo calbasu
Mrigal-Kalbasu hybrids attain full maturity within 2-3yrs.
These hybrids are also capable to produce new ones.
33.
34. • In fish farming, if proper care is not taken the fishes can breed with
their close relatives or same parental generation – INBREEDING
• cause early mortality of fish, poor growth rates and other genetical
abnormalities – INBREEDING DEPRESSION
• Inbreeding →reduction of desirable traits and fertility.
• If a farm based on limited number of population of brood stocks the
progeny over long periods can face inbreeding problems.
35. The advantage of inbreeding:
• Production of inbreed lines are useful in improvement of
stock
• To produce pure lines of fish
Pure lines of strains are used for perfect hybridization of
fish to obtain favourable heterosis, monosex.
· Pure lines help in gene mapping
· To determine
1. Phenotypical variations
2. Extent of inbreeding depression
3. chromosomal makeup to the fish
36. Crossbreeding is the solution of inbreeding depression,
the fishes are allowed to breed with different breed varieties, strains or
genotypes of farmed species
the aims of cross breeding
to achieve
· Better growth rate
· Better desired qualities
· Increase the survival rate
• lower the early stage mortality
37. · By chromosomal manipulation –
Gynogenesis or Androgenesis
· Hormonal manipulation – Feminisation or
Masculisation
· By genetic engineering – trangenesis or
mutation
38. Gynogenesis
• process to produce individuals from maternal chromosomes only eventually
to obtain homozygosity.
• Parthenogenetic devpt of eggs after activation with genetically inert sperm
• Gynogenesis in fish farming is used to form inbred lines to achieve proper
hybridization and selective breeding.
Methods:
Sperm nucleus is inactivated prior to fertilization by use of X-Rays,
chemicals – dimethyl sulphate.
• eggs are exposed to sub lethal temperature shocks before or after
fertilization - suppress the meiotic divisions of eggs i.e. ensuring the non
reduction of nuclear components.
• Upon fertilisation the resulting diploid individuals retain the second polar
body nucleus (maternal) besides the egg nucleus,
39. gynogenesis- preventing the extrusion of second polar body
Activation – irradiated sperm
Egg
Shock treatment and retention
n
of 2nd polar body n 2nd polar body
Homozygous diploid 2n
Gynogenetic progeny
•In India Gynogenesis are tried on Indigenous as well as Exotic carps.
•Eggs of rohu are fertilised with irradiated sperms of Catla and then
exposed to cold 12°C and heat 39°C shocks to obtain gynogenetic rohu.
40. ANDROGENESIS
• Development of an organism with only
paternal genes
• androgenesis is development of an
embryo from a fertilised egg from which
the nucleus has been removed.
• The embryo therefore contains only
paternal genes.
41. The method of dispermic androgenesis, developed
androgenesis
for sturgeon fishes, includes genetic inactivation of
eggs, their insemination with concentrated sperm (to
cause polyspermy), and heat shock to facilitate the
fusion of male pronuclei.
The restoration of the diploid state of androgenotes
by fusion of two sperm nuclei allows androgenetic
progeny to have a heterozygosity level similar to that
in a regular crossing.
endangered sturgeon fishes may be recovered by
means of dispermic androgenesis if the sperm alone
of a given species is available.
43. Mono Sex Culture
Mono-sex culture is based on the culture of fish by
producing all males or all females
depending upon the sex which have better food
conversion ratio and growth rate.
Experimental hybridization in Tilapia can produce
monosex stock
Treatment with sex hormones : sex reversal
44. Necessity of Monosex Culture
Some time one sex of certain species has better growth
rate and food conversion efficiency.
To culture that sex (male/female) monosex culture is
essential.
For example - male Tilapia grows faster than female
-culture of male is beneficial in case Tilapia.
45.
46. Transgenic Fish
• A transgenic fish is one which carries one
or more than one foreign genes.
• The foreign genes are selectively
incorporated by micro injection into the
egg → transgenic fish.
47. • Fish transgenies are difficult because of tough egg-chorion which
impedes microinjection.
• A prior puncture or use of micro pile (an opening in the egg surface
for sperm entry during fertilisation) has to be made for
microinjection.
• The micropile is made by or by using trypsin digestion.
• The gene can be transferred by electroporation (exposing the egg
chorion in an electric shock for a fraction of second) or by retroviral
injection.
• The foreign gene then transferred into the nucleoplasm or the
cytoplasm.
• In case of retroviral injection, the genes are first incorporated into
the viral genome, and then through the virus the gene are
transferred into the host by injection.
48. • · The fish of superior quality or desired
traits are produced by this process.
• Giant sized fish or super fish can be
produced.
• This can be achieved by incorporating the
growth promoting genes – bovine growth
hormone gene or human growth hormone
gene
51. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ROHU
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB)
CCMB fish are auto-transgenic, meaning the genes inserted into a
fish’s genome are a mashed-up cocktail of its own genome.
not importing genes from an alien species, not using DNA from even a
related species.
There are no foreign genes involved. Therefore, it’s unlikely that mere
genetic modification could produce a toxic protein,
the synthesized gene stimulates production of a growth hormone that
makes the fish bigger and grow faster,