Culture of pearl oyster
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Pearls are formed by pearl oysters in response to irritants in their mantle. In 1893, Mikimoto created the first cultured pearl by manually introducing an irritant into an oyster. The optimal conditions for pearl culture include water temperatures between 20-25°C, a salinity above 30 ppt, gravelly bottoms, and moderate water currents. Common pearl oyster species farmed include Pinctada maxima, P. margaritifera, and P. fucata. Major pearl producing countries are Japan, China, Vietnam, Australia, and Indonesia. The global cultured pearl trade is worth over $3 billion annually, with China as the largest freshwater pearl producer
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Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Trasportation of fish seed.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Pen-Culture.pptx
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
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Recommended
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Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Trasportation of fish seed.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Pen-Culture.pptx
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
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The document summarizes information about the cultivation of edible oysters. It discusses the different species of edible oysters found in India, methods of seed production including hatchery techniques, farming methods such as extensive and intensive culture, and processing after harvest including depuration, shucking, and packaging. The key stages of oyster hatchery operation are also outlined including broodstock selection and spawning, larval rearing, and spat collection and nursery culture. Site selection criteria and common pests affecting oyster farms are also mentioned.
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This document discusses eye stalk ablation in crustaceans as a method to induce maturation for seed production. It provides background on the process, including that removal of the eyestalk reduces inhibitory hormones and allows maturation. Unilateral ablation is typically used, as bilateral ablation can cause stress and reabsorption of eggs. The effects, methods, timing, and process of ablation are described in detail. Maintaining appropriate conditions after ablation is also discussed to support maturation and spawning.
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Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Induced breeding
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
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1. Prawn culture is an important industry in many countries like India, Pakistan, and the US. It provides a valuable source of export income.
2. There are two main methods of prawn farming - traditional and intensive. Traditional farming relies on natural feeding while intensive farming controls the environment and provides artificial feeding.
3. Prawns can live in marine, fresh, or brackish water and are adapted to varying temperatures, oxygen levels, and salinity. The black tiger prawn and banana prawn are among the most commonly cultured marine species.
CARP CULTURE 2.pptx
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fungal disease in fishes
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
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The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
fin fish hatchery
This document provides an overview of the design and construction of finfish hatcheries. It discusses the importance of hatcheries in aquaculture for producing fish seed out of season and improving genetics. Key factors to consider in hatchery design include the budget, production targets, site selection, and facilities like water supply and treatment systems. The document outlines various components of a hatchery such as brood fish ponds, hatchery tanks, nursery ponds, and rearing ponds. It provides details on selecting appropriate pond sizes and layout. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that careful hatchery operation and management is needed due to the sensitivity of fry and fingerlings.
Semi intensive fish culture system
This document discusses semi-intensive fish culture systems. Semi-intensive systems involve small ponds of 0.5 to 1 hectare with stocking densities of 10,000 to 15,000 fish per hectare. These systems develop natural foods through fertilization and provide some supplemental feeding. Yields are moderate at 3 to 10 tons per hectare with high survival rates. Semi-intensive systems are preferred due to their low costs and moderate production while being cleaner than extensive systems. Natural phytoplankton and zooplankton are used as the primary food source, supplemented by feeds containing protein, carbohydrates, and materials that are cheap and available locally like plant waste and manures.
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Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
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The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade and breeding of popular species. It provides details on the production of egg-laying fish like goldfish and angel fish which require different care depending on parental behaviors. Methods for breeding live-bearing fish such as guppies, platies, swordtails and mollies are also outlined, noting internal fertilization and live birth of young.
fish hatchery
A fish hatchery is a facility where fish eggs are hatched and fish are reared through early life stages. Hatcheries provide fish seed for aquaculture and some fisheries by spawning, hatching, and caring for various fish and shellfish species. Factors to be considered in hatchery design include site selection, water supply and disposal systems, equipment selection, and developing floor plans. Tanks can be circular or rectangular and are used for rearing fish at different life stages.
Lecture 3. farming methods
This document discusses different farming methods for aquaculture, including cage culture, pen culture, and sewage-fed culture. Cage culture involves rearing fish in an enclosed water volume using net cages suspended from floating frames. Pen culture uses barriers like nets or fences to partition off areas of water bodies for fish culture. Sewage-fed culture utilizes treated sewage as fertilizer to promote plankton growth and increase fish production. Primary and secondary treatment methods are used to process sewage before use in aquaculture.
Cluture of pearl oyster by SYED AASIM HAQ
This document summarizes information about pearls and pearl oysters. It discusses how pearls are formed naturally within pearl oysters in response to irritants, and how Mikimoto first pioneered cultured pearl production in 1893 by manually inserting irritants. It also provides details on the taxonomy of pearl oysters, their distribution, pearl formation process, protocols for marine pearl culture, and the economic importance of the pearl industry.
Pearl
Pearl culture has developed significantly since the first successful production of spherical cultured pearls in 1907. The document outlines the history and development of pearl culture, including the transition from relying solely on natural pearl resources to modern aquaculture techniques. It describes the basic three-phase process of pearl culture (collection/hatchery production, on growing, and pearl culture implantation). Key management methods like site selection, settlement practices, feeding, and stocking densities that maximize productivity are also summarized. Finally, common problems in pearl culture like predation, biofouling, and disease are discussed along with solutions to improve oyster survival and pearl quality.
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Pearl culture (Aquaculture)
This presentation discusses pearl culture using the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. It describes the anatomy of the oyster, including that the operation to insert a nucleus must not exceed 30 minutes. Nucleated oysters are placed in cages suspended in seawater for 3-6 years until harvesting. Pearls are formed as a defense mechanism when the oyster's mantle tissue is irritated by an internal parasite or external injury. Cultured pearls can be identified using x-rays as they often mimic the shape of the implanted nucleus.
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Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs some of which can be eaten.
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Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
Fishing crafts
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Induced breeding
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
Prawn culture
1. Prawn culture is an important industry in many countries like India, Pakistan, and the US. It provides a valuable source of export income.
2. There are two main methods of prawn farming - traditional and intensive. Traditional farming relies on natural feeding while intensive farming controls the environment and provides artificial feeding.
3. Prawns can live in marine, fresh, or brackish water and are adapted to varying temperatures, oxygen levels, and salinity. The black tiger prawn and banana prawn are among the most commonly cultured marine species.
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Composite fish culture system
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Hypophysation
The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.
fungal disease in fishes
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
Food and feeding
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
fin fish hatchery
This document provides an overview of the design and construction of finfish hatcheries. It discusses the importance of hatcheries in aquaculture for producing fish seed out of season and improving genetics. Key factors to consider in hatchery design include the budget, production targets, site selection, and facilities like water supply and treatment systems. The document outlines various components of a hatchery such as brood fish ponds, hatchery tanks, nursery ponds, and rearing ponds. It provides details on selecting appropriate pond sizes and layout. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that careful hatchery operation and management is needed due to the sensitivity of fry and fingerlings.
Semi intensive fish culture system
This document discusses semi-intensive fish culture systems. Semi-intensive systems involve small ponds of 0.5 to 1 hectare with stocking densities of 10,000 to 15,000 fish per hectare. These systems develop natural foods through fertilization and provide some supplemental feeding. Yields are moderate at 3 to 10 tons per hectare with high survival rates. Semi-intensive systems are preferred due to their low costs and moderate production while being cleaner than extensive systems. Natural phytoplankton and zooplankton are used as the primary food source, supplemented by feeds containing protein, carbohydrates, and materials that are cheap and available locally like plant waste and manures.
Induced breeding in fishes
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Ornamental fish breeding
The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade and breeding of popular species. It provides details on the production of egg-laying fish like goldfish and angel fish which require different care depending on parental behaviors. Methods for breeding live-bearing fish such as guppies, platies, swordtails and mollies are also outlined, noting internal fertilization and live birth of young.
fish hatchery
A fish hatchery is a facility where fish eggs are hatched and fish are reared through early life stages. Hatcheries provide fish seed for aquaculture and some fisheries by spawning, hatching, and caring for various fish and shellfish species. Factors to be considered in hatchery design include site selection, water supply and disposal systems, equipment selection, and developing floor plans. Tanks can be circular or rectangular and are used for rearing fish at different life stages.
Lecture 3. farming methods
This document discusses different farming methods for aquaculture, including cage culture, pen culture, and sewage-fed culture. Cage culture involves rearing fish in an enclosed water volume using net cages suspended from floating frames. Pen culture uses barriers like nets or fences to partition off areas of water bodies for fish culture. Sewage-fed culture utilizes treated sewage as fertilizer to promote plankton growth and increase fish production. Primary and secondary treatment methods are used to process sewage before use in aquaculture.
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This document summarizes information about pearls and pearl oysters. It discusses how pearls are formed naturally within pearl oysters in response to irritants, and how Mikimoto first pioneered cultured pearl production in 1893 by manually inserting irritants. It also provides details on the taxonomy of pearl oysters, their distribution, pearl formation process, protocols for marine pearl culture, and the economic importance of the pearl industry.
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Pearl culture has developed significantly since the first successful production of spherical cultured pearls in 1907. The document outlines the history and development of pearl culture, including the transition from relying solely on natural pearl resources to modern aquaculture techniques. It describes the basic three-phase process of pearl culture (collection/hatchery production, on growing, and pearl culture implantation). Key management methods like site selection, settlement practices, feeding, and stocking densities that maximize productivity are also summarized. Finally, common problems in pearl culture like predation, biofouling, and disease are discussed along with solutions to improve oyster survival and pearl quality.
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Mussels are filter feeders that attach to hard surfaces in coastal waters. They are farmed using various culture methods including raft culture, rack culture, and bottom culture. In raft culture, mussels are seeded onto ropes suspended from floating rafts. Rack culture involves suspending seeded ropes from fixed wooden frames. Bottom culture grows mussels directly on the seafloor. Mussels are harvested once they reach market size, usually within 6-12 months, and are an important source of protein for human consumption as well as playing an ecological role by filtering water.
edible and pearl oysters
This document provides information about the edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis. It discusses the taxonomy, distribution, biology and lifecycle of C. madrasensis. It also describes the nutritive value of oysters and methods for oyster culture, including site selection criteria, spat collection, seed production through hatcheries, and grow-out techniques like on-bottom and off-bottom culture methods. The document aims to provide details about C. madrasensis to support its cultivation along the Indian coasts.
Pearl Culture (Freshwater)
This is a brief explanation of the pearl culturing process in freshwater environments, using freshwater mussel and oyster species.
pearl culture presentation
Pearl culture-Natural pearls are initiated in nature more or less by chance, but cultured pearls are human-initiated, formed by inserting a tissue graft from a donor mollusk, upon which a pearl sac forms, and the inner side precipitates calcium carbonate, in the form of nacre or "mother-of-pearl".
4...molluscan aquaculture
Molluscan aquaculture is an important form of mariculture globally and in India. Major mollusks farmed include oysters, mussels, pearl oysters, clams, and scallops. India farms species like the green mussel, Indian backwater oyster, and blood clam. Farming methods include bottom culture, stake/pole culture, rack/raft culture, and longline culture. Site selection factors and proper farming techniques are important for successful molluscan aquaculture. Global production of mollusks from aquaculture was over 14 million tonnes in 2006.
Mud crab farming tarang shah
1. Mud crabs, commonly known as Scylla serrata and Scylla tranquebarica, are found along the coasts of India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Mud crab farming is an important industry in several Southeast Asian countries.
2. The document provides details on mud crab habitat and feeding habits, reproduction, and different farming techniques such as pond culture, pen culture, and cage culture. It also discusses economic considerations of mud crab culture and fattening.
3. Mud crab farming can be a profitable activity, with net profits of over Rs. 1 lakh possible per crop using various culture methods over 4-7 months.
Culture of pearl oyster,clams and scallops
This document summarizes information about mollusc farming techniques, specifically focusing on oysters, clams, and scallops. It discusses the culture methods for these molluscs, including site selection requirements, seed collection and production, and various grow-out techniques like raft culture, rack culture, and bottom culture. Key points covered include the species of oysters, clams, and scallops cultured in different regions; broodstock conditioning and larval rearing; and factors influencing production levels.
Pearl Culture by Kajal Maurya M.Sc. I Year.pptx
This document provides information about pearls and pearl culture. It discusses the history of pearl culture, types of pearls (natural, cultured, artificial), molluscs used for pearl production, the basic structure and formation of pearls, the pearl culture technique involving collection of oysters, nucleus insertion, post-care, and harvesting, composition of pearls, enemies of pearl culture like biofouling organisms and predators, and the economic importance of pearls.
Pearl culture and pearl industry.pptx
Pearl is a gemstone formed inside the shells of pearl oysters and other mollusks as a defense mechanism against irritants. The document discusses the history and cultural uses of pearls, as well as the anatomy and biology of pearl oysters. It then describes the major steps of modern pearl farming, including collecting oysters, preparing graft tissue and nuclei, surgically implanting the nuclei, and rearing the oysters for 2-3 years before harvesting the cultured pearls.
Pearl Culture
This document provides an overview of pearl culture, including a brief history, the types of pearls and mollusks that produce them, how pearls are formed and graded for quality, the process of culturing pearls, and conclusions about the value and development of pearl farming. It covers topics such as the first successful efforts to culture pearls in Japan and India, the species of oysters used for different types of cultured pearls, and the procedures involved in implanting tissue grafts and harvesting mature pearls. Images are also included to illustrate pearl types and formation.
Pearl culture
This document provides an overview of pearl culture, including the origin and history of pearls, anatomy of pearl oysters, sources of natural pearls in India, and methods of culturing pearls. It describes how cultured pearls are produced through the insertion of a bead nucleus and piece of mantle tissue into pearl oysters by skilled workers. The oysters are then placed in ideal growing conditions on cultivation rafts to coat the inserts with nacre and produce cultured pearls over several years.
Silk producing insects
This document discusses different types of non-mulberry silks produced by various insects. It classifies them as commercial or non-commercial based on their production levels. The major commercial silks produced are tasar, muga, eri, anaphe, fagara and gonometa silk. These are produced by various lepidopteran insects through metamorphosis. Other insects like raspy crickets, hornets, weaver ants produce silk for purposes like making nests or strengthening wax cells. The document provides details on the production process and host plants for the main commercial silks - tasar, muga, eri and anaphe silk. It also briefly discusses spider silk and its potential
Sericulture: History,silk route & types of silk
The document discusses the history and process of sericulture (silk farming). It notes that sericulture originated in China, where the empress Lei Zu discovered silk. It then describes the life cycle of the silkworm Bombyx mori, from egg to larva to cocoon stage. The process of extracting silk from the cocoons is also summarized, including boiling, unwinding filaments, and reeling strands together to produce raw silk.
Sericulture
It gives the information that what is sericulture & how it is been done. These slides also includes the ancient silk route.
Turtles
Sea turtles have existed for over 110 million years, but today all seven species are threatened or endangered. They play an important role in marine ecosystems by controlling prey populations and maintaining healthy seagrass beds. However, sea turtles face numerous threats such as pollution, overharvesting, climate change, artificial lighting, and illegal trade. To help protect sea turtles, individuals can reduce plastic use, participate in coastal cleanups, refrain from using balloons and fireworks near nesting beaches, and support conservation organizations.
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Transmission of plant viruses
Plant viruses can be transmitted through various modes, including vegetative propagation, mechanical transmission, seed transmission, pollen transmission, insect transmission, mite transmission, nematode transmission, fungus transmission, and dodder transmission. The most important mode of transmission in the field is through insect vectors, primarily aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, whiteflies, and treehoppers. Other modes of transmission include mechanical damage to plants, transmission through seeds or pollen, transmission by soil-dwelling nematodes or root-infecting fungi, and passive transmission through the phloem of parasitic dodder plants.
Classification of plant viruses
This document discusses the classification of plant viruses. It notes that viruses are sub-microscopic entities that can only multiply intracellularly and may be pathogenic. They contain either RNA or DNA and have a protein coat. Plant viruses are classified based on their structure, physicochemical properties, viral nucleoproteins, symmetry, number and arrangement of protein subunits, and size. Virus classification starts at the order level and includes family, sub-family, genus, and species, with the taxon suffixes given. Examples are provided of plant viruses classified by their nucleic acid type and structure, such as rod-shaped, filamentous, isometric, enveloped, and those with single or multipartite genomes.
Zygotic Embyogenesis
There are two main types of embryo development in dicots. Type A involves the apical cell of the two-celled proembryo dividing longitudinally, as seen in the crucifer and asterad types. Type 2 involves the apical cell dividing transversely, as seen in the solanad, caryophyllad, and chenopodiad types, where the basal cell forms the suspensor or contributes to embryo development. The presentation then discusses the development of the embryo in dicots and monocots, showing diagrams of mature dicot and monocot embryos.
Nematode bacterial infection
1. The document discusses various types of interactions between nematodes and bacteria, including synergistic, antagonistic, additive, neutral, amensalism, protocooperation, mutualism, and parasitism.
2. Key examples of nematode-bacteria interactions discussed include entomopathogenic nematodes associated with Xenorhabdus bacteria, the Laxus oneistus marine nematode and its thiotrophic surface colonizing bacteria, and filarial nematodes harboring intracellular Wolbachia symbionts.
3. Nematode-bacteria interactions can result in both plant disease complexes through obligatory or fortuitous relationships, or provide advantages such as producing useful metabolites, restoring
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the ability of living organisms to accumulate chemicals from their environment or food to higher concentrations than found in the non-living environment or food sources. Chemicals can biomagnify up the food chain through agriculture, industrial wastes, and mining activities as organisms are consumed by others higher in the food chain. Biomagnification of chemicals like microplastics is a growing concern as it can impact human health, destroy coral reefs, disrupt food chains, and affect reproduction and development of marine creatures.
Greenhouse effects
environmental science (Green house effect/Global warming)- Mohd salim M.sc. botany ,AMU aligarh 18BTM028
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This document summarizes the components of xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It describes that xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres which help conduct water and minerals. Tracheids and vessels are hollow tubes, while xylem parenchyma stores food and helps conduct water. Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve elements conduct organic food, companion cells maintain pressure gradients, and phloem fibres provide mechanical strength. Both xylem and phloem work together to conduct water, minerals and food throughout vascular plants.
Center of origin of crop plants
This document discusses Nikolai Vavilov's theory of centres of origin and diversity of crop plants. Vavilov identified eight main centres around the world where crop plants were first domesticated, including centers in China, India, the Mediterranean, and South America. Within these centres, Vavilov also recognized smaller micro centres exhibiting high genetic diversity. The document provides details on Vavilov's centres and the importance of mountainous regions in promoting crop domestication and diversity.
Classification of plant viruses
Plant viruses are classified according to their structure, physiochemical properties, nucleic acid composition, and number of genome segments. Virus classification starts at the order level and includes family, subfamily, genus, and species. Important criteria for classifying plant viruses include whether they are enveloped or non-enveloped, and whether they contain single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA. Examples of plant virus groups include rod-shaped, filamentous, and isometric viruses with mono-, bi-, or tripartite genomes.
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Culture of pearl oyster
- 1. CULTURE OF PEARL OYSTER Presented by : MOHD SALIM 18BTM028 GK7985 Deptt.of botany AMU ,ALIGARH
- 2. INTRODUCTION Pearls are unique as the only gems produced by a living organism. These structures are secreted by the mantle (i.e., the skin) of pearl oysters in response to irritations caused by stimuli such as sand grains, molluscs eggs, parasites, detritus, and other foreign particles.
- 3. HISTORY Kokichi Mikimoto, in 1893 created the world’s first culture pearl by manually introducing an irritant into an oyster to stimulate it to form a pearl.
- 4. Tokishi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise independently learned the secret to spherical pearl production. Their discovery is commonly known as the "Mise-Nishikawa method". In India, in October 1972, the CMFRI started a pearl culture research project at Tuticorin. Success came in July 1973 when a perfectly spherical pearl was produced.
- 5. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Pterioida Family: Pteriidae Genus: Pinctada
- 8. .
- 10. PROTOCOL FOR MARINE PEARL CULTURE
- 11. Temperature (20 – 25 C°) Salinity (above 30 ppt) Bottom (Gravelly) Depth (Optimum depth at ~ 15m ) Good phytoplankton production Moderate water currents (I) Environmental conditions for culture:
- 12. (II) Selection of oysters for operation: • age: above 1.5-2 years • Weight > 25 g (40 mm) • Stage of maturity spent resting stage • Overall health: Good, free from infections (III) Narcotization : • Narcotization of selected oysters by sprinkling menthol in the sea water.
- 13. (IV) Preparation of graft tissue: • 2-3 mm square mantel pieces are prepared. (V) Implantation: • Single implantation in the gonad near the intestinal loop. • Double implantation-close to hepato-pancreas.
- 14. (VI) Nursing: Implanted oysters are placed in cages. Healing of operated tissue takes about 3-4 days. Dead oysters are removed. Healthy implanted oysters are transferred to culture cages and suspended at depth of about 2-3 m.
- 15. • On bottom culture • Raft culture Rearing methods • Long line culture
- 16. Rearing methods Raft culture: Most suitable and appropriate one to farm the oysters in the sheltered Bays. Wooden poles lashed with coir ropes and floated with the help of buoys moored by 2-4 anchors tied by means of 15 mm nylon ropes. A raft of 6×5 m is found to be more ideal for the pearl oyster culture .
- 17. On bottom culture • Possible only on the rocky sea bottom or artificial bottom. • In an area of 100×3m,300 oyster cages can be kept . Can be appli • Can be applied as a temporary means to accommodate the wild collected oysters before farming into off shore rafts. •
- 18. Collapsible or long line raft Comprised of 16-20 empty PVC a row or 4 rows connecting one another by a chain stretched,and anchored to all the ends. • Between the gaps the pearl oyster cages are suspended. • Suspended cages get entangled during the rough weather and get damaged due to hitting with one another.
- 19. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Importance to cultivators Sell meat, shells, and mostly pearls. Importance to businesses provides oysters to restaurant. provides pearls for jewelry business. provides oyster shells which can be used as ornamentals. Source of employment
- 20. STATUS OF PEARL PRODUCTION The world trade of cultured pearl is reported to be over 3 billion US $ per year. India is one of the major importers of pearls importing pearls worth US $ 4 million every year. China is the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year.
- 21. • South sea cultured pearls • Black cultured pearls • Akoya cultured pearls
- 22. REFERANCE THE PEARL OYSTER , Paul Southgate and John Lucas. Wikipedia www.sustainablepearls.org/pearls/global-pearl- industry/ Economic zoology by R.C.SOBTI.