Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Prawn farming plays an important role in the economy of India. Despite of several problems, the practice of prawn farming has offered opportunity to increase incomes for farmers and associated groups. The future for prawn farming is bright but requires dynamism to exploit fully. The realization of its potential must be aided by improvements in production technology and hatchery operation. In addition, research in areas such as seed and feed production may need to be given particular attention, considering existing technology, the transfer, adaption and development of new technology.
integrated fish farming system;ecosystem of IFFs;History of IFFs paddy rice-fish system;duck-fish system; poultry-fish system; Goat or sheep-fish system; seri-fish culture; mushroom-fish culture; vermicompost-fish system; agri-fish system; livestock-fish system; facts and status of integrated fish farming system;
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Prawn farming plays an important role in the economy of India. Despite of several problems, the practice of prawn farming has offered opportunity to increase incomes for farmers and associated groups. The future for prawn farming is bright but requires dynamism to exploit fully. The realization of its potential must be aided by improvements in production technology and hatchery operation. In addition, research in areas such as seed and feed production may need to be given particular attention, considering existing technology, the transfer, adaption and development of new technology.
integrated fish farming system;ecosystem of IFFs;History of IFFs paddy rice-fish system;duck-fish system; poultry-fish system; Goat or sheep-fish system; seri-fish culture; mushroom-fish culture; vermicompost-fish system; agri-fish system; livestock-fish system; facts and status of integrated fish farming system;
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
At present, the farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income and employment to the farmers. In this contest, it is imperative to evolve suitable strategy for augmenting the income of a farm.
PowerPoint on Food Security.
Looks at what is Food Security and Food Insecurity.
Looks at School lunches from around the world and looks at four (4) typical Australian school lunches and examines the content.
Accompanied by 'topical cartoons' for class discussion and application of knowledge.
Download of PowerPoint will reveal full animation used to enhance the presentation.
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
Fish- livestock farming systems are recognized as highly assured technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the live stock in the pond area is applied in pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients. The main potential linkages between livestock and fish production concern use of nutrients, particularly reuse of livestock manures for fish production. The term nutrients mainly refer to elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) which function as fertilizers to stimulate natural food webs rather than conventional livestock nutrition usage such as feed ingredients. Both production and processing of livestock generate by-products that can be used for aquaculture. Direct use of livestock production wastes is the most widespread and conventionally recognized type of integrated farming. Production wastes include manure, urine and spilled feed; and they may be used as fresh inputs or be processed in some way before use.
Based on the type of livestock used for integration there are many combinations in livestock-fish systems. Some of the combination are listed and discussed below.
Cattle-Fish Culture
Manuring of fish pond by using cow dung is one of the common practices all-over the world. A healthy cow excretes over 4,000-5,000 kg dung, 3,500-4,000 lt urine on an annual basis. Manuring with cow dung, which is rich in nutrients results in increase of natural food organism and bacteria in fishpond. A unit of 5-6 cows can provide adequate manure for 1 ha of pond. In addition to 9,000 kg of milk, about 3,000-4,000 kg fish/ha/year can also be harvested with such integration.
Cowshed should be built close to fishpond to simplify handling of cow manure. A cow requires about 7,000-8,000 kg of green grass annually. Grass carp utilizes the left over grasses, which are about 2,500 kg. Fish also utilize the fine feed which consists of grains wasted by cows. In place of raw cow dung, biogas slurry could be used with equally good production. Twenty to thirty thousand kg of biogas slurry are recycled in 1 ha water area to get over 4000 kg of fish without feed or any fertilizer application.
Pig-Fish system
The waste produced by 30-40 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire are reared in pig-sty near the fish pond. Depending on the size of the fishponds and their manure requirements, such a system can either be built on the bund dividing two fishponds or on the dry-side of the bund. Pigsties, however, may also be constructed in a nearby place where the urine and dung of pigs are first allowed to the oxidation tanks (digestion chambers) of biogas plants for the production of methane for household use. The liquid manure (slurry) is then discharged into the fishponds through small ditches running through pond bunds. Alternately, the pig manure may be heaped in localized places of fishponds or may be applied in fishponds.
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
A rice-fish system is an integrated rice field or rice field/pond complex, where fish are grown concurrently or alternately with rice. Fish may be deliberately stocked (fish culture), or may enter fields naturally from surrounding water ways when flooding occurs (rice field fisheries), or a bit of both. Fish yields can range widely from of 1.5 to 174 kg/ha/season depending on the type of rice fish system, the species present, and the management employed.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. • The principle of integrated fish farming
involves- farming of fish+livestock+/or
agricultural crops
• Efficient in resource utilization
• Rising cost of protein-rich fish food and
chemical fertilizers
3. Integrated Fish farming
Integrated fish farming systems refer to the
production, integrated management and
comprehensive use of aquaculture, agriculture
and livestock
India: about 1500 years ago
5. Aquaculture – Agriculture Integration
• Fish - Rice integration
• Fish - Azolla integration
• Fish - Horticulture integration
• Fish - Seri integration
• Fish - Mushroom integration
6. Aquaculture – Livestock Integration
• Fish – Duck integration
• Fish – Cattle integration
• Fish – Poultry integration
• Fish – Pig integration
• Fish – Goat/Sheep integration
• Fish – Rabbit integration
9. Fish – Rice culture
• Needs rice fields, digging peripheral trenches, dykes,
pond refuge, sowing improved rice varities, fish, rice-
bran and oil cake of 2-3% of body wt.
• Rice varities –
Panidhan,
Tusli,
CR 26077,
Adt 6,
Adt 7,
Rajarajan,
Pattambi 15 And 16
10. Withstand flood
Fish culture can be done
simultaneous culture
rotation culture
Fish sps must be
tolerate shallow water
temp. Up to 35 C
low dissoved O2
high turbidity
11.
12. Fish – Azolla
• Azolla is a free floating fern
• Its thick mat eliminates mosquitoes
• Used as nitrogenous bio-fertilizer
• Only 20% should be cultured so that light
penetraton is normal
• Food for grass carp
• Provide shade to fishes
• Decayed azolla – feed for common carp & mrigal
15. Fish - Horticulture
• Top, inner and outer dykes of ponds is utilized for
horticulture crops
• Pond water can be used for crops, vegetables and
fruit bearing plants
• Plants should be dwarf, less shady, evergreen
16. • Dwarf fruit bearing plants – mango, banana,
papaya, coconut, lime
• Pineapple, ginger, turmeric chilli are intercrops
• Rose, jasmine,marigold can also be grown
17. • Residues of vegetables could be recycled into
fish ponds
• When banana or coconut cultivated in rows
the ditches act as supply or drainage canal
• Grass carp, rohu, catla, mrigal – 50:15:20:15
18.
19.
20. Fish – Seri culture
• Mulberry is producer
• Silkworm is primary consumer
• Fish is secondary consumer (ingest silkworm
faeces)
• Temp. 15-32`C
• Humidity 50-90%
23. Fish – Duck
• China, India, Hungary, Germany, Poland,
Russia
• A fish pond being semi-closed biological
system with aquatic animals and plants
provide disease free environment for ducks
• Ducks consume juvenile frogs, tadpoles,
dragon fly making safe environment to fish
24. • Advantage – no loss of energy & fertilization is
homogenous
• Duck droppings – carbon, phosphorous,
potassium, nitrogen, calcium
• Ducks move freely in screened places above
water
25. • Floating pens or suspended bamboo slits in
pond allow uniform manuring
• Stocking of fishes depend on size of pond and
no. of ducks
• Stocking 20,000 /ha – production 3000 - 4000
kg/ha/yr and duck eggs and meat
28. Fish – Cattle
• World wide
• Cattle urine, dung and washings are disposed
direly into fish ponds which saves money and
labour
• The cattle faeces and urine are beneficial to the
filter-feeding and omnivorous fishes.
29. • On an average, 3-4 cows/buffaloes can
provide sufficient manure to fertilize one
hectare pond
• In addition 9000 l milk & 3000-4000kg of fish
ha/yr
• Fish farmers not only earn money but also
supply fish and milk to market
30. • Cow requires 7000-8000kg grass/yr
• Grass carp utilizes leftover grass
• Fish also utilizes fine feed wasted by cattle
• 20,000-30,000 kg of slurry is recycled in 1ha
water area to get over 4000 kg fish without feed
or any fertillizer application
31.
32. • Under this system of integration the poultry birds
are raised in cages under a shed normally
constructed over the pond or in the vicinity of the
pond
• The space requirement in such a system of poultry
raising is about 1 sq.ft. per bird. The droppings of
the birds fall on the floor from where these are
collected and applied to the pond
Fish - Poultry
33. • The chicken house can also be built directly
over the pond water so that the excreta may fall
in the pond water underneath
• Usually, 400–600 chickens/ha of pond water
surface are used.
34. • No feed or fertilizer is applied in the pond, except
aquatic vegetation for the grass carp. Fish
production at the rate of 4–5 t/ha is possible using
this system.
• In India, this system of freshwater fish culture has
assumed greater significance in view of its
potential role in recycling of organic wastes and
in integrated rural development
35.
36. • The pig dung as an organic manure for fish culture
has certain advantages over cattle manure. The
waste produced by 20-30 pigs is equivalent to one
ton of Ammonium Sulphate applied to the soil
• The pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste, aquatic
plants and crop byproducts. At present, fish-pig
integration is practiced in all the developing
countries
Fish - Pig
37. • Several exotic breeds of pigs have been
introduced in the country to augment pork
production.
• The popular races are the
• White Yorkshire, Berkshire and Landrace
38. • The pig pens should provide adequate protection
from adverse weather conditions. A run or courtyard
adjacent to the pig house is essential
• The size of the pig house depends on the number of
pigs to be reared. Floor space is provided @3-4 m2 for
every pig weighing 70-90 kg
39. • The pig house are built mostly at the pond sites
and even over the ponds. The washings from the
pigsties containing dung and urine are either
channelised directly into the pond or composed
before its application
• The boars, sows and finishing stocks are housed
separately. Maize, groundnut, wheatbran,
fishmeal, mineral mixture provide base for
concentrated feed mixture
40. • In advanced countries,garbage is widely used to
economize pork production and provided after pre-
cooking when pig dung is applied to a pond
• It enhances the biological productivity of the pond.
A portion of dung is directly consumed by some fish
also. The excreta voided by 35-40 pigs is found
adequate to fertilize one hectare of water
41.
42. Fish - Goat
• It is considered as poor man's cow and a
goat's excreta is considered as a very good
organic fertilizer
• The goat excreta contains organic carbon-60%,
N-2.7%, P-1.78%, K-2.88% and its urine is also
equally rich in both N & P
• 50-60 goats are essential to fertilize 1 ha pond
43. • The goat breeds are Jamanapari, Beetal, Barbari
for milk and Bengal, Sirihi, Deccani are used for
meat purpose
• Goats are selective feeders and consume
Berseem, Napier grass, Cowpea Soybean,
Mulberry etc.,
• This integration can provide 3500-4000 kg
fish/ha/year without supplementary feeding and
fertilizer
44. Fish - Rabbit
• Rabbit meat is preferred by most of the health
conscious consumers owing to its low fat in
comparison to other meats
• The important meat breeds are Soviet
Chinchilla, Grey Giant, and White Giant etc.,
45. • Rabbit excreta contain organic carbon-50%, N-2%,
P-1.33%, and K-1.2%.
• Its excreta is high in nitrogen content and low in
moisture, thus quality manure for sustained
plankton production
• It is estimated that excreta from 300 rabbits
would be enough for 1 ha pond fertilization
46. Advantages
• Fish provides high quality animal protein for human
consumption.
• A farmer can often integrate fish farming into the
existing farm to create additional income and improve
its water management.
• Fish growth in ponds can be controlled: the farmers
themselves select the fish species they wish to raise.
47. • The fish produced in a pond are the owner's property; they
are secure and can be harvested at will.
• Effective land use: effective use of marginal land e.g. land
that is too poor, or too costly to drain for agriculture can be
profitably devoted to fish farming provided that it is suitably
prepared.
