The document discusses various forest biomes around the world. It describes the key characteristics of tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and boreal forests. Tropical rainforests are located near the equator and have high biodiversity, temperature variation of less than 5 degrees throughout the year, and annual rainfall of 200-225 cm. Temperate forests have moderate climates and broad-leaved deciduous trees, and are located in parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Boreal forests occur in northern latitudes and have long cold winters and short warm summers, with coniferous trees as the dominant vegetation.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
Temperate forests and tropical rain forestsAlen Shaji
The word forest is derived from Latin ‘Foris’ meaning outside, the reference being to village boundary fence, and must have included all uncultivated and uninhabitated land.
Today a forest is any land managed for the diverse purposes of forestry whether covered with trees, shrubs, climbers, etc.
The forest biomes include a complex assemblage of different kinds of biotic communities.
Optimum conditions of temperature and ground moisture responsible for the growth of trees contribute greatly to the establishment of forest communities.
In addition, 50 mm rainfall is a pre-requisite for the trees.
The nature of soil, wind and air currents determines the distribution (abundance or sparseness) of forest vegetation.
The temperate forest biomes are characterized by a moderate climate and broad-leaved deciduous trees, which shed their
leaves in fall, are bare over winter and grow new foliage in the spring.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
Temperate forests and tropical rain forestsAlen Shaji
The word forest is derived from Latin ‘Foris’ meaning outside, the reference being to village boundary fence, and must have included all uncultivated and uninhabitated land.
Today a forest is any land managed for the diverse purposes of forestry whether covered with trees, shrubs, climbers, etc.
The forest biomes include a complex assemblage of different kinds of biotic communities.
Optimum conditions of temperature and ground moisture responsible for the growth of trees contribute greatly to the establishment of forest communities.
In addition, 50 mm rainfall is a pre-requisite for the trees.
The nature of soil, wind and air currents determines the distribution (abundance or sparseness) of forest vegetation.
The temperate forest biomes are characterized by a moderate climate and broad-leaved deciduous trees, which shed their
leaves in fall, are bare over winter and grow new foliage in the spring.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Term biome was coined by the American
ecologist Frederic Clements.
“Largest land unit which is convinient to
recognize” – Eugene.P.Odum.
The chief character of a biome is
depicted by climax communities with their
dominant life forms.
Biomes are grouping of ecosystems with
similar environment and vegetation
structure.
4. “The planet's lungs.
Home to people and
wildlife. Engines of
green economies.
Forests are essential
to life on Earth ”
5. Forest biomes are characterised by the
vegetation with densely growing trees having
a closed ,or nearly so,canopy cover.
It include a complex assemblage of
different kinds of biotic communities.
The nature of soil,wind and air currents
determines the distribution of forest
vegetation.
6. Normally ecologists recognize amoung forest
communities such features as their
evergreen nature,
whether deciduous or indeciduous,
whether broad-leaved as in temperate forests
or needle-like as in conifers.
On the basis of these features the forest
biomes of the world have been classified into
following –
coniferous forest
tropical forest
temperate forest
7.
8.
9.
10. Tropical rain forests occur near the equator in Central and
south America ,central and western Africa
,southeastAsia,Malaya,Borneo,New guinea and Northwest
Australia.
In India the main areas of tropical forest are found in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the Western Ghats, and the
greater Assam region in the north-east.
Tropical rain forests are amoung the most diverse
communities on earth.
11. One of the major characteristics of tropical forests is their distinctOne of the major characteristics of tropical forests is their distinct
seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainyseasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy
and dry).and dry).
The length of daylight is 12 hours and varies little.The length of daylight is 12 hours and varies little.
Canopy in tropical forests is multilayered and continuous, allowing littleCanopy in tropical forests is multilayered and continuous, allowing little
light penetration.light penetration.
Humidity - high and constant.Humidity - high and constant.
Temperature is on average 20-25° C and varies little throughout the year:Temperature is on average 20-25° C and varies little throughout the year:
the average temperatures of the three warmest and three coldest monthsthe average temperatures of the three warmest and three coldest months
do not differ by more than 5 degrees.do not differ by more than 5 degrees.
Annual rainfall – 200 to 225 cm.Annual rainfall – 200 to 225 cm.
High rate of leaching makes soil useless for agricultural purpose.High rate of leaching makes soil useless for agricultural purpose.
12. Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different
tree species.
Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots,
mostly evergreen, moderate size, leathery dark green leaves.
The extremely dense vegetation of the tropical rainforests remains vertically
stratified .
13. Tall trees are often covered with
vinesvines
lianaslianas
epiphyticepiphytic
orchidsorchids
bromeliadsbromeliads
14. Under the tall trees is a continuous evergreen carpet, the canopy layer, some 25
to 35 meters tall.
The lowest layer is an understorey of trees, shrubs, herbs like ferns and palms
Palms fernsPalms ferns
15. Invertebrate density and abundance are very high in tropical rainforests,Invertebrate density and abundance are very high in tropical rainforests,
The common invertebrates of these forests areThe common invertebrates of these forests are
Isopods spiders planarians leeches.Isopods spiders planarians leeches.
Snails millipedes centipedes scorpionsSnails millipedes centipedes scorpions
16. most common insectsmost common insects
Heteropterans orthopterans blattidsHeteropterans orthopterans blattids
Mantids phasmids bees termitesMantids phasmids bees termites
antsants
18. many species of snakes
many species of birds, social birds being
predominant
19. Mammals with nocturnalMammals with nocturnal
and arboreal habits areand arboreal habits are
most commonmost common
leopardsleopards
slothssloths
monkeysmonkeys
giant flying squirrelsgiant flying squirrels
anteatersanteaters
jungle catsjungle cats
22. • The temperate forest biomes are characterized by a moderateThe temperate forest biomes are characterized by a moderate
climate and broad-leaved deciduous trees,climate and broad-leaved deciduous trees,
which shed their leaves in fall, are bare over winter and grow newwhich shed their leaves in fall, are bare over winter and grow new
foliage in the spring.foliage in the spring.
• These forests are the characteristics of North America, Europe,These forests are the characteristics of North America, Europe,
Eastern Asia, Chile, part of Australia and Japan,Eastern Asia, Chile, part of Australia and Japan,
• with an annual rainfall of 75—150 cmwith an annual rainfall of 75—150 cm
• temperature of 10—20°C.temperature of 10—20°C.
• In these biomes the precipitation may be fairly uniformIn these biomes the precipitation may be fairly uniform
throughout the year.throughout the year.
• In India, at elevations of 2743.2m -3655.6m in Himalayas occurIn India, at elevations of 2743.2m -3655.6m in Himalayas occur
temperate vegetationtemperate vegetation
• Soils of temperate forests are podozolic and fairly deep.Soils of temperate forests are podozolic and fairly deep.
23. Trees are quite tall—about 40—
50m in height and their leaves are
thin and broad. The predominant
genera of this biome are:
Maple CottonwoodMaple Cottonwood
Beech Oak HickoryBeech Oak Hickory
Elm Cedar ChestnutElm Cedar Chestnut
30. Boreal forests or taigaBoreal forests or taiga
• Boreal forests, or taiga, represent the largest terrestial
biome.
• Occur between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes,
• boreal forests can be found in the broad belt of Eurasia
and North America.
• Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately
warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters.
• The length of the growing season in boreal forests is 5
months.
• Temperature - very low.
31. • Precipitation is primarily in the form of
snow, 40-100 cm annually.
• Soil is thin, nutrient-poor, and acidic.
• Canopy permits low light penetration, and
as a result, understorey is limited.
• Another characteristic feature of this
biome is the presence of numerous lakes
32. • Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant
evergreen conifers with needle-like leaves,
such as pine, fir, and spruce.
33. • Fauna include
woodpeckers, hawks,
owls,moose, bear,
weasel, lynx, fox, wolf,
deer, hares, chipmunks,
shrews, and bats
34.
35. Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants of tropical and
subtropical intertidal regions of the world.
The specific regions where these plants occur are termed
as 'mangrove ecosystem'.
These are highly productive but extremely sensitive and
fragile.
Besides mangroves, the ecosystem also harbours other
plant and animal species.
36. The distribution of mangroves on Indian coastlines indicates that
the Sundarban mangroves occupy very large area followed by
Andaman-Nicobar Islands and Gulf of Kachch in Gujarat.
Rest of the mangrove ecosystems is comparatively smaller.
Over 1600 plant and 3700 animal species have been identified
from these areas.
According to a status report of the Government of India
publication, the total area of the mangroves in India, was
reckoned at about 6,740 km2.
This covered about 7% of the world mangroves (Krishnamurthy,
1987).
But a recent Indian Remote Sensing Data (Nayak, 1993) showed
that the total area of the mangroves decreased to 4,474 km2
37. The floral diversity of mangroves in India is great.
The Indian mangroves are represented by approximately 59 species
(inclusive of some mangrove associates) from 29 families.
Of the 59 species, 34 species belonging to 21 families are present along
the west coast.
The East coast of India and the Andaman and Nicobar islands show a
higher species diversity as well as unique distribution of mangrove flora.
The east coast is represented by 48 species belonging to 32 genera.
42. Since mangroves are transition ecosystems, they give refuge toSince mangroves are transition ecosystems, they give refuge to
terrestrial, marine/brackish water as well as purely intertidalterrestrial, marine/brackish water as well as purely intertidal
organisms, making itself a richly diversed ecosystem.organisms, making itself a richly diversed ecosystem.
The mangroves may play a special role as nursery habitat forThe mangroves may play a special role as nursery habitat for
juveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitatsjuveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitats
the submerged mangroves roots, trunks, and branches providethe submerged mangroves roots, trunks, and branches provide
niche for bacteria, fungi, macroalgae, and invertebrates.niche for bacteria, fungi, macroalgae, and invertebrates.
The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups ofThe aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of
organisms.organisms.
43. A number of crab species live among the
roots, on the trunks or even forage in the
canopy.
Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and
mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute
to its unique character.
The mangrove fauna could also be classified
as a) Aquatic, b) Semi aquatic and c)
Terrestrial.
44. Zooplankton - mostly includes crustacean larvae
Insects - Apis dorsata (rock bee) and Apis mellifera (European bee).
Butterflies and moths
Salmona butterfly - Salvadora
Hybloea puera -Avicennia marina
45. Molluscs and Crustaceans
20 species of shellfish and 229 species of Crustaceans have been recorded
Mangrove Crab (Scylla cerata)
Telescopium telescopium - an indicator species for mangroves
46. • Fish : Mangroves are the breeding and nursery grounds for
several species of fish.
• There are a total of 105 species of fish which are typical
mangrove dwellers in India.
• Besides, many other species visit the mangrove environment
frequently or occasionally.
• Some common species are - scats, milk fish, mudskippers,
mullets, cat fish, perches, etc.
• Mud skippers. well adapted to alternating period of exposure to
air and submersion and is frequently seen hopping along the mud
at the water's edge
47. Reptiles
•
Estuarine or Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus): This is
the largest crocodile found in India or in the world
• Sea Turtles : Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is the most
common sea turtle in Indian waters. Large nesting sites are found in
Odisha.
• the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Leatherback turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea)
48. • Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus
salvator) : They are a major predator of
crocodile and turtle eggs. Due to
overkilling and very long periods of
incubation (8-9 months) it has become
endangered in India.
49. • Both aquatic as well as tree dwelling birds are commonly found in
mangroves and associated areas
• About 177 species of resident and migratory birds are found in the
mangrove forests.
• The most common among these are
BIRDSBIRDS
Kingfishers storksKingfishers storks
herons sea eaglessea eagles
kiteskites
50. •Flamingoes flock the exposed mud flats, during
the low tides. They use mangrove environs as
breeding and feeding grounds
sand pipers Curlews duckssand pipers Curlews ducks
51. • Royal Bengal Tiger
(Panthera tigris tigris) :
one of the unique resident
species of mangroves of
the Sunderbans .
• Dugong (Dugong
dugong): the Sea Cow,
though a frequent
mangrove visitor, is not an
exclusive mangrove
dweller.
• Otters : Otters are also
visitors of mangroves and
often frequent them in
search of food and shelter
52. Crab eating macaqueCrab eating macaque
The crab eating macaque is an endangered species of monkey.The crab eating macaque is an endangered species of monkey.
In India it is found only in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.In India it is found only in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
This monkey has adapted to the coastal environment and dwellsThis monkey has adapted to the coastal environment and dwells
amongst the mangrove trees.amongst the mangrove trees.
Another adaptation is its skill in catching crabs which helps it to surviveAnother adaptation is its skill in catching crabs which helps it to survive
in the mangrove habitat.in the mangrove habitat.