This document discusses strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry techniques like dairy and poultry farm management, fisheries, and beekeeping. It also discusses plant breeding methods like inbreeding, crossbreeding, and the development of pure lines. New technologies discussed include artificial insemination, multiple ovulation embryo transfer for cattle breeding, and the introduction of semi-dwarf, high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice that drove increases in food production during the Green Revolution.

1. Chapter 9
Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production
Pushpinderjeet Kaur

2. SUMMARY
• Animal Husbandry
– Poultry Farm Management
– Dairy Farm Management
– Fisheries
– Bee keeping
• Plant Breeding
• Single Cell Proteins
• Tissue Culture

3. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
• Animal husbandry deals with the care and
breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs,
horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc., that are
useful to humans.
• More then 70 per cent of the world livestock
population is in India and China.
• The contribution to the world farm produce is
only 25 per cent, i.e., the productivity per unit is
very low.

4. Dairy Farm Management
• Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its products for human
consumption.
– increase yield
– improved quality of milk
• These properties are dependent on the
quality of breeds
– high yielding potential
– resistant to diseases
 they have to be housed well
 should have adequate water
 maintained disease free
 special emphasis on the quality and quantity of fodder.
 Require regular inspections, with proper record keeping.
 Regular visits by a veterinary doctor

5. Poultry Farm Management
• domesticated fowl (birds) used
for food or for their eggs.
( chicken, ducks, turkey and
geese).
• selection of disease free
• suitable breeds
• proper and safe farm conditions
• proper feed and water
• hygiene and health care

6. ANIMAL BREEDING
BREEDING
INBREEDING OUTBREEDING
OUTCRO
SSING
CROSS
BREEDING
INTERSPECIFIC
HYRBIDISATIO
N

7. Inbreeding
• Mating of closely related individuals upto 4-6 generations.
• Superior male and superior female of same breed are
identified.
• Advantages-
– To develop purelines, homozygosity
– Accumulation of desirable genes
– Exposes harmful recessive genes
• Disadvantages –
– Inbreeding depression

8. Cross-breeding

9. Interspecific Hybridisation
• In this method male and female of two
different species are mated.
• In some cases progeny may be of some
economic value.

10. PURE LINES
• Pure line are the plants
that show same trait
generation after
generation.
• Homozygosity

11. Artificial Insemination
• The semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent
• Injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by
the breeder.
• The semen may be used immediately or can be frozen and used
at a later date. (cryopreservation )

12. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
(MOET)

13. Advantages of MOET
• Increases herd size of mammalas in short
time.
• Ensure good quality progeny (High milk
yielding breeds of females and high quality
meat yielding bulls).
• Economic process.
• Time saving process.

14. BEE KEEPING (Apiculture)
• Proucts -Honey , Bee wax & Cosmetics and polishes
• Bees are pollinators of crops – Brassica, Sunflower, apple & pear.
• most common species is Apis indica
(i) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees,
(ii) Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives,
(iii) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees),
(iv) Management of beehives during different seasons, and
(v) Handling and collection of honey and of beeswax
• Apis dorsata,
• Apis indica,
• Apis florae ,
• Apis mellifera

15. FISHERIES
• It is an industry devoted to catching, processing and
selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals.
• Marine fishes – Hisla, Sardines, Mackerel & Pomfrets
• Freshwater fishes- Catla, Rohu, Common Carp
• Other aquatic animals- Prawn , Crab, lobster, edible
oyester
• PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS & PLANTS IS
INCREASED BY – Aquaculture & Pisciculture.
• BLUE REVOLUTION

16. PLANT BREEDING
• Traditional farming – limited biomass
• Plant breeding ( Green Revolution in mid 1960’s)
– high yield varieties and disease resistant varities of seeds
– better agricultural techniques
• Father of green revolution in India – M.S. Swaminathan
• Plant Breeding
– Conventional breeding
– Classical plant Breeding
– Mutational Breeding

17. STEPS OF PLANT BREEDING
1. Collection of variability
(Germplasm collection)
2. Evaluation & selection of
parents
3. Cross hybridisation among the
selected parents
4. Selection & testing of superior
recombinants
5. Testing, release and
commercialization of new
cultivators.

18. WHEAT AND RICE PRODUCTION

19. • Increase in the production was
due to introduction of semi
dwarf varities of wheat and rice
by Norman E. Borlaug at
International centre for wheat
and maize improvement.
• SEMI DWARF VARIETY OF RICE
– IR-1
– Taichung Native -1
• SEMI DWARF VARIETY OF
WHEAT
– Kalyan sona
– Sonalika
• Indian later developed better
vairieties of Rice – Jaya & Ratna