Fish protein hydrolysates are a source of bioactive peptides. Enzymatic hydrolysis of fish proteins produces peptides of varying sizes that can have physiological effects in the body. These bioactive peptides are 2-20 amino acids in length and may have antihypertensive, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, or anti-appetizing effects. Bioactive peptides are produced from fish proteins through enzymatic hydrolysis, fractionation by size, and identification of individual peptides using techniques like mass spectrometry. Some peptides from fish protein hydrolysates have been shown to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and have antioxidant effects like scavenging free radicals. These bioactive peptides have potential to be incorporated into

1. Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH)
as a source of Bioactiveas a source of Bioactive
PeptidesPeptides Kashmeera N.A.Kashmeera N.A.
IV Sem MSc ZoologyIV Sem MSc Zoology
Roll no: 37Roll no: 37
Christ collegeChrist college

3. Acute protein deficiency in diet
of females primary issue in
Attappady
• Source: Keralanext, May 29 2013, 6:15am
• The high infant and neonatal mortality in
Attappady is primarily due to acute
protein malnourishment or
Kwashiorkor disease while general
malnutrition or anaemia is only a
contributing factor.

4. 1 in 3 of the world's
malnourished children
lives in India

5. BIOACTIVEBIOACTIVE
PEPTIDESPEPTIDES

6. • Food proteins have long been recognized
for their nutritional and functional
properties.
• In recent years, a considerable amount of
research has also focused on the liberation
of bioactive peptidesbioactive peptides which are encrypted
within food proteins, with a view to utilizing
such peptides as functional food
ingredients aimed at health maintenance.

7. • Bioactive peptides have been defined as “food derived
components that, in addition to their nutritional value
exert a physiological effect in the body”.
• Within the parent protein sequence, the peptides are
inactive and must be released to exert an effect.
• These bioactive peptides are usually 2–20 amino acid
residues in length, although, some have been reported
to be >20 amino acid residues.
• Bioactive peptides may be absorbed through the
intestine where they subsequently enter the circulatory
system intact to exert various physiological effects, or
they may produce local effects in the digestive tract.

8. • Food derived bioactive peptides have
been shown to display a wide range of
physiological functions including
• antihypertensive,
• antioxidative,
• appetite-suppressive &
• Immunity strengthening effects.

9. PRODUCTION OF BAPPRODUCTION OF BAP
Important source – Fish ProteinImportant source – Fish Protein
HydrolysateHydrolysate

10. • Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins produces
peptides with special
physicochemical,functional and biological
activities based on the sequence and
aminoacid composition.
• This is the most common way to produce
bioactive peptides from whole protein
molecules/parent proteins.

11. Fish Protein HydrolysateFish Protein Hydrolysate
(FPH)(FPH)
• Proteins that are chemically / enzymatically broken downProteins that are chemically / enzymatically broken down
into peptides of varying sizes.into peptides of varying sizes.
• Prepared from whole fish/fish muscle/fishery by-productsPrepared from whole fish/fish muscle/fishery by-products
of low value fishes/seafood industry waste.of low value fishes/seafood industry waste.
• Good source of bioactive peptides.Good source of bioactive peptides.
• Biological activities of FPH may vary based on enzymeBiological activities of FPH may vary based on enzyme
used for hydrolysis,degree of hydrolysis, size ofused for hydrolysis,degree of hydrolysis, size of
peptides,sequence & composition of amino acidpeptides,sequence & composition of amino acid
residues.residues.

12. • Hydrolysis of the protein substrate.Hydrolysis of the protein substrate.
• Hydrolysates are assayed for various bioactivities.Hydrolysates are assayed for various bioactivities.
• Crude protein hydrolysates are then fractionated basedCrude protein hydrolysates are then fractionated based
on peptide size (using Ultrafiltration).on peptide size (using Ultrafiltration).
• The hydrolysate fraction displaying the highest bioactivityThe hydrolysate fraction displaying the highest bioactivity
is then further purified to separate individual peptidesis then further purified to separate individual peptides
(using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)(using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
or gel permeation chromatography).or gel permeation chromatography).
• Individual peptide fractions are identified using theIndividual peptide fractions are identified using the
combined techniques of mass spectrometry and proteincombined techniques of mass spectrometry and protein
sequencing.sequencing.
• Lastly, a synthetic version of the peptide is synthesizedLastly, a synthetic version of the peptide is synthesized
and the assay is repeated to verify bioactivity.and the assay is repeated to verify bioactivity.

15. BIOACTIVE PEPTIDESBIOACTIVE PEPTIDES
• Antihypertensive / Angiotensin – I converting
enzyme inhibitory peptides.
• Antioxidant activity of bioactive peptides.
• Antibacterial peptides.
• Immunomodulatory peptides.
• Anti-appetising peptides.

16. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE / ANGIOTENSIN –IANTIHYPERTENSIVE / ANGIOTENSIN –I
CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY PEPTIDESCONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY PEPTIDES
• Hypertension is one of the major risk factors in
the development of cardio-vascular
diseases,stroke & end stage of renal disease.
• Renin – angiotensin system plays a key role in
maintaining blood pressure homeostasis as well
as fluid & salt balance in mammals.
• Angiotensin I converting enzyme[ACE] belongs
to class zinc protease that needs Zn & Cl- for
activation.

17. • ACE plays important role in blood pressureACE plays important role in blood pressure
regulation by virtue of renin- angiotensin system.regulation by virtue of renin- angiotensin system.
• ACE converts inactive form of angiotensin I toACE converts inactive form of angiotensin I to
potent angiotensin II.potent angiotensin II.
• Therefore inhibition of ACE is importantTherefore inhibition of ACE is important
therapeutic approach for treatment oftherapeutic approach for treatment of
hypertension.hypertension.
• Many ACE inhibitors have been isolated fromMany ACE inhibitors have been isolated from
FPH.FPH.

18. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OFANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF
BIOACTIVE PEPTIDESBIOACTIVE PEPTIDES
• Many diseases like stroke, cancer, diabetes,
cataract,arthritis & neuro-degenerative disorders were
linked to damage caused by highly reactive free radicals.
• Free radicals are compounds with unpaired electrons
that stabilise themselves by oxidising other
molecules,including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids &
DNA.
• In this process they create more free radicals, sparking
off a chain of destruction,leading to oxidative damages
responsible for most diseases.

19. • BAPs have capacity to prevent oxidative
damage & to reduce risk of diseases & aging.
• Many peptides including those from marine
fishes have anti-oxidant activities against
peroxidation of lipids.
• Peptides from FPH have free radical scavenging
activity, reducing power & autooxidation
inhibition.
• Presence of electron donating molecules in the
hydrolysate provides the ability to prevent
oxidation process.

20. ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDESANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES
• Inhibit growth of gram positive& negative
bacteria.
• Gram negative more resistant – due to cell wall
nature.
• Antagonistic activity of bioactive peptides is
exerted by different mechanisms.
• Most common – pore formation in cell wall.
• Pore → lose ions & ATP.
• Loss of ions → dissipation of proton motive force
→ loss of viability of organisms.

21. IMMUNOMODULATORYIMMUNOMODULATORY
PEPTIDESPEPTIDES
• Peptide from salmon hydrolysate showed
immunomodulatory effect on mice.
• Enhanced capacity of lymphocyte
proliferation,NK cell activity,% of T- helper
cells in spleen & secretion of interferon &
cytokines.

22. ANTI-APPETISING PEPTIDESANTI-APPETISING PEPTIDES
• Cholecystokinin – produced by intestinal
endocrine cells – in response to meal
stimulation.
• Peptides from crustacean by products
hydrolysate stimulate cholecystokinin release.
• Such peptides incorporated into formulated
foods control excess intake of food & thereby
obesity.

23. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• Optimal exploitation of BAPs for human nutrition
& health possesses an exciting scientific &
technological challenge,while at the same time
offering potential for commercially successful
applications.
• BAPs can be incorporated in the form of
ingredients in functional and novel foods, dietary
supplements & even pharmaceuticals with the
purpose of delivering specific health benefits.

24. REFERENCES
• Fishing chimes Vol.32 No.7/October 2012
Authors : Elavarasan K.,Manjunatha Reddy
A.,Naveen Kumar,R.N.Prabhu.
• www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients