1. The document discusses breeding objectives in chili pepper such as higher yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and improved quality. 2. Case studies on breeding for resistance to diseases like anthracnose and viruses are presented. Sources of resistance to bacterial spot, Phytophthora root rot, and other stresses were identified. 3. Breeding methods discussed include pure line selection, pedigree breeding, backcrossing, and marker-assisted breeding. Achievements include new varieties with resistance to multiple stresses.

1. WELCOME
Anilkumar, C.
PALB 5062

2. 1. Introduction
2. Breeding objectives
3. Case studies
Diversity
Bitotic and abiotic stress resistance
Quality
Yield
Molecular breeding
4. Achievements
5.conclusion
6. Future thrust

3. • Important vegetable cum spice crop grown through out the world.
• Cultivated for green or dry fruit.
• ‘Capsicum’ = Greek word ‘kapto’, meaning "to bite" or "to swallow."
• Common names : hot pepper, sweet pepper, bell pepper,
ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ (in Kannada), paprika.
• Almost 400 types of chillis are grown through out theworld.
• It comprises numerous chemicals including steam volatile oils, fatty oils,
capsaicinoids, carotenoids, vitamins, proteins, fibres and mineral
elements (Bosland and Votava, 2000).

4. • An important part of dailydiet.
• Key Element in many regional cuisines,
pickles, soups, sauce, Salads, curries
etc. due to its unique flavor, aroma and
colour.
• Increase the taste and palatability.
• Fresh green capsicum contain more
vitamin C than citrus fruits and fresh
red chilli has more vitamin A than
carrot. (Than et al. 2008).
• Chillies are low in sodium and
cholesterolfree.
• medicinal Properties are found…
• stimulate blood
circulation
• improves the digestion
process
• rich source of
antioxidants
• source of natural
bactericidal agents
• Apart from medicinal uses chilli
also used in cosmetic , liquor
industries and as a weapon for
self defense (chilli spray).

5. Domesticated
around 5000BC
Carried by
Columbusto
Spain,1493
Brought by Portuguese
fromBrazil to India, 1584
Evolved as a wild
crop 7500BC
origin

7. • Kingdom
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Scientificname
• Chromosome no.
: Plantae
: Angiosperm
: Solanales
: Solanaceae
: Capsicum
: annum
: Capsicum annumL.,
var. annum
var. paprika
: 2n=24 & 2n=26
Scientific Classification

8. Floral morphology
 Flower: actinomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate,hypogynous
 Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular
due to pseudoseptum. Many ovules on axile placentation, ovary
superior.
 Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous
 Self pollinated crop.
 Flowers open at5 a.m.
 Receptivity of stigma : from a day earlier to anthesis and up to 2
days after anthesis.
 Fertility of pollen : a day before anthesis with maximum fertility
on the day of anthesis.
 Emasculation and Pollination on the sameday.
 Percent fruit set : 20% of the flowersproduced.
 Isolation distance : 500m.
 Hand emasculation and pollination is most common method
used for hybrid seed production in chilli.

9. Crossing technique
A bud one day prior to anthesis should beselected
for emasculation
Emasculation should be carried out without
damaging female reproductive parts and bagged it
At a same time pollen should be collectedfrom the
fully opened male flower
Gently transfer the pollen to the stigma , bagging
and tagging should be done simultaneously

10. Breeding objectives in Capsicumspp.
Major
1. Higheryield
2. More pungency (capsaicin) and oleoresin in hot chilli
3. Zero pungency (capsaicin) and more antioxidant in sweetpepper
4. Resistance to anthracnose, virus complex, fruit rot and bacterial
wiltetc.
5. More dry powder from green fruit
Minor
1. More number of fruits per plant
2. Higher fruit weightand larger size
3. Uniform fruit shape, size and color in sweetpepper
4. Earliness
5. Wideradaptability
6. Improved nutritional quality
7. Longer shelflife

11. 1) Introduction
2) Pure line selection
3) Pedigreemethod
4) Backcross method
5) Heterosisbreeding
6) Distancehybridization
1) Markerassisted
breeding
2) Tissueculture
3) Mutationbreeding
Conventional Non conventional
Breeding strategy / methods

13. DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION, AND ENHANCEMENT OF
GENETIC RESOURCES
 non-hierarchical clustering
based on Mahalanobis D2 values
among 30 chilli genotypes and
grouped them into six clusters
Analysis of variance, cluster
analysis based on Tocher’s method
was performed using the statistical
software Indostat and statistical
package for agricultural research
(SPAR) version 2.0 programme.
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi facilitates
collection, regeneration, characterization, conservation and distribution of chilli
germplasm to researchers in India. However, at NBPGR indigenous collections constitute
only 18% of the total Capsicum collections, while the majority of the
accessions are exotics (Kalloo et al., 2005).

14. Material used:
Long chilli
Small chilli
Piment blanc
Piment carri
Piment petard
RAPD markers were used

15. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSESBREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES
 Causal Organism : Tobacco Mosaic Virus
 Transmitted by : whitefly
 Mosaic patterns consisting ofbands of light
green or yellow alternating with dark green.
 Sometimes the leaves are crinkled or distortion.
 Plant growth is stunted.
 Causal Organism : Colletotrichum spp.
 Infection occurs during periods of excess irrigation
or rain
 Small, watersoaked lesions that expand rapidly.
Fully expanded lesions are sunken and range in
color from dark red to black in concentric rings
C. O. : Alternaria spp.
• Dusty black spot on
fruit and leaves
• Fruit rot
C. O. : Phytoptheracapsici
• Dark lesions of the stem
• Blighting of plant
• Water soaked gray spot
on fruit & it mummifies
57

16. Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria is causing a significant damage on chilli pepper
New sources of resistance to bacterial spot found in
Vietnam, Laos and Nepal collections were crossed to a
cytoplasmic male sterile line (Srfrf), Chilbok-A, which has
been bred by incorporation of Phytophthora resistance of
CM334 into a local cultivar

17. evaluated the types of gene action governing the inheritance of resistance to
Phytophthora nicotianae necrosis in populations derived from two crosses

18. Phytophthora capsici is a soilborne fungal pathogen that can
cause four different disease syndromes in Capsicum known as root
rot, foliar blight, stem blight, and pod rot.
The accession “Criollo de Morelos 334” (Capsicum annuum) is
the most stable resistance source
incorporated P. capsici root rot resistance from “CM 334” to the
“Orange Habanero” accession (C. chinense) with the backcross
breeding method.

21. Variety
% Disease suseptibility
Date after Inoculation Field Resistant Evaluation
7 14 21 61
Wonkyo 306 0 0 0 0.03 R R
Shinhong 5 23 32 75 M M
Cheonanjaelae 10 70 70 95 S MS
Table : Reaction of Wonkyo 306 ToPhytophthora capsici.
Table : Reaction of Wonkyo 306 to Virus, Anthracnose and Bacterial Leaf Spot.
Variety Virus Anthracnose Bacterial Leaf Spot
Wonkyo 306 R MR MR
Shinhong S MS MS
Cheonan S M S
Kwan et al. (2014)Korea
Three way F1 'wonkyo 306' with the multi resistance in Capsicum annuum
Taen jaelae (F1) Gimjanggochu
three way F1
WONKYO 306 (F6)
Selfed & subsequent selection
X
(local selection)
Resistance to
TMV, AnthracnoseGood yielding,
Susceptible to
Bacterial LS

22. Disease/insect /stress Resistant/tolerant source
Fruit rot (Colletotrichum sp.) C. chinense, Accr 1555, 1554, 906, Chinese Giant,
Hungarian Yellow Wax, Spartan
Cercospora leaf spot California Wonder, Hungarian Wax
Bacterial leaf spot PI 163192, PI 260435, PI 163189, PI 163192, PI
271322, PI 32219
Phytophthora root rot PI 201234
Phytophthoranicotianae PBG 631, UHF-1
Root knot nematode Santaba
TMV Sonnette, Keystone Resistant Giant, YW, Yolo Y
Tolerant to drought Arka Lohit
Tolerant to salinity PLR 1
Resistant / Tolerant sources

23. BREEDING FOR QUALITY
assess the stability of quality traits in stored chilli powder.
The red ripe fruits of eight chilli genotypes (Capsicum annuum
L) were evaluated for quality parameters viz. capsaicin,
extractable colour and colour value in freshly grinded powder as
well as in powder stored at ambient temperature for six months.

24. presence or absent of pungency in pepper is inherited as a
monogenic trait controlled by the dominant Pun1 gene, variation in
capsaicinoids content among pungent cultivars is inherited as a
quantitative trait.
a major quantitativetrait locus (QTL) identified to present in
chromosome 7, termed cap, that controls capsaicinoids content
detected a second more minor QTL in chromosome 8

25. BREEDING FOR YIELD
Molecular markers of the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for yield-
related traits and for model parameters are needed for phenotype
prediction.
To improve the estimation of allelic values at QTLs, functional
markers (sequence polymorphism controlling the phenotypic
variation) are expected instead of QTL flanking markers.
The microarray technology is widely used in
gene expression studies.

26. The prediction of phenotypic responses from genetic and
environmental information is an area of active research in
genetics, physiology and statistics.
A wide array of -omics data can be generated linking genotype
and phenotype.

27. Ten chilli varieties including checks (PC-2062, ACS-06-01, ACS-06-02,
CCH-05-01, AKC-406, BCC-1, VR-378, LCA-206, JCA-283, Byadagi Kaddi)
were used.
Observations on days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per
plant, number of fruits and yield per plant, fruit length, fruit
width/diameter, fruit weight, green fruit yield per hectare based on
plot yield was recorded and statistically analyzed.
These ten varieties differed significantly for all the traits except plant
height.

29. DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR AND OTHER
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS
Nuclear ms8 gene is a single recessive gene which can be used
to develop the male sterility system, applicable in sweet pepper
hybrid seed production.
Such a nuclear male sterility system would be more effective
if molecular markers of ms8 gene were available.
RAPD and DArT technologies combined with BSA (Bulked
Segregant Analysis) were used to identify molecular markers of
ms8 gene.
DArT BSA analysis resulted in the identification of seven DArT
markers potentially linked to ms8 locus.

31. Achievement
Pusa Jwala Arka Lohit Arka Meghna
Resham patto Arka Gaurav Arka Mohini
GAVCH 1
PusaMeghdoot

32.  High variability present in nature for quality and yield
contributing characters.
 Characters like fruits per plant, pricarp thickness, fruit size, fruit
weight and oleoresin content can be used for selection.
 Heterosis can be manifested using diverse germplasm.
 Easy and more hybrid seed production can be possible through
proper exploitation of male sterility system.
 Mutation can be employed to create new useful mutant for
crop improvement.
 In vitro cloning is more successful when cotyledon leaf was
used as an explants.
 Abiotic stress tolerant germplasm present in nature.
 Disease resistant cultivar can be developed through crossing
and backcrossing with resistance germplasm.

33.  Genesis of varieties with less pungency and consumerpreference.
 Exploitation of male sterility and chemical hybridizing agents in
developing new hybrids.
 Introduction of heat and drought tolerance germplasm as a strategy for
climate change.
 Development of location specific varieties.
 Todevelop a varieties which can maintain as such capsaicin content
even after a longer storage period.
 Developments of varieties with higher antioxident and oleoresin
content.
 Breeding for ornamental plant type.