Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

1. • SUBMITTED TO,
• DR.KAUSHIK KUMAR PANIGRAHI
• ASST.PROFESSOR
• DEPT. OF PLANTBREEDING &GENETICS
• SUBMITTED BY,
• MUNMUN DASH
• ADM. NO.-29C/14
• B.Sc. 3rd yr.

2.  Caricaceae a small family of flowering plants
comprising about 35 species in six genera.
 Carica papaya, the family's most popular
representative, is widely grown throughout the
World's tropics.
 It is appreciated not only for its delicious and
nutritive fruits, but also because it contains the
enzyme papain, which is extensively used in
medicines, as meat tenderizer, for softening
textiles, silk, and leather, and in beer production.
Several other species also have edible fruits and
produce papain.
 For example,Vasconcellea pubescens, and Jacaratia
spinosa show promising characteristics for further
economic exploitation and development of new
crops.

3. ORIGIN OF THE PAPAYA
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carica papaya
FAMILY: Caricaceae
 The papaya is indigenous to tropical America. The exact origin in America is uncertain, but it is closely related to the 'monkey's
papay', Carica peltata Hook. and Arn. of Mexico and Costa Rica, which is probably the female of C. bourgeoei Solms-Laub.
 It is possible that it appeared first in those parts of Central America where that species is found, but on the other hand it may
have resulted from several hybridizations, some perhaps having occurred in Mexico.
 Carica papaya was first brought to the notice of Europeans by Oviedo, who was Director of Mines in Hispaniola from 1513 to
1525.
 He wrote that Alphonse de Valverde had brought its seeds from the coasts beyond Panama to Darie, from where it was
carried to San Domingo and to other islands in the West Indies.
 It seems that on the discovery of America, it had not reached its possible limits of distribution in the New World, although, at
that time, it had become fairly well-distributed on the mainland of tropical America. It was only much later, in 1626, that
seeds of papaya were introduced to Europe from India.
 The Spaniards carried the plant from the West Indies to Manila along with its Hispaniola name, papaya, which is still used in
the Philippine Islands.

4.  From there it was brought by either the Portuguese or Sp
 It must have reached Malacca before 1583 and Goa after 1589, according to the Dutch traveller Linschoten.
 The celebrated Dutch botanist, Rheed, made an illustration of the papaya on the Malabar coast not long after 1667 when he
became Governor of Ceylon. From there its seed was spread amongst the numerous islands, and according to Sturtevant
(1919) it was known throughout the islands of the Pacific by 1800.
 In a letter dated 13 May 1652, shortly after his arrival in the Cape, Jan van Riebeeck ordered papaya seed from India for his
adaptability studies. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Lauriero saw the papaya in Zanzibar, and it is believed to have
been brought to East Africa by the Portuguese in the sixteenth or seventeenth century.
 The possibility of its introduction into East Africa from Malaya by way of Madagascar should also not be overlooked. Capt. G J
Elphick was the first papaya grower in the Lowveldt early in the twentieth century, and also the first to send five boxes to the
market in Johannesburg.
 The papaya is now widespread in most tropical areas of the world up to 32°N and S of the equator. Besides Central America,
papaya is important as a commercial plant in Hawaii, South Africa,. Australia, India, Ceylon, the Philippines and South-East
Asia.
 The names papaw, pawpaw, paw-paw, melon pawpaw, papaya and papita are applied to Carica papaya L., the most commonly
used being papaya and papaw. Other inflections in use are papaia, papeya, papia and papino.
 The word 'papaw' is favoured by the Shorter English Oxford Dictionary, and was first used in 1598 after being adopted from
papaya or papay which was thought to be a derivation of the Caribbean word 'ababai'.
 The word 'papaw' or 'pawpaw' is also applied to a small North American tree, Asimina triloba of the Annonaceae, which has a
small edible fruit, with a yellow flesh, creamy and rather watery, and numerous brownish seeds, arranged lengthwise in a
double row.
 Confusion may easily result from the use of the name 'papaw' when referring to two such very different fruits, unless the
context is taken fully into account.
 The Portuguese name currently used in Brazil, is 'mamao'; in French the fruit is called 'papaye'; in German and Afrikaans
'papaja' and in Italian 'papaia'.

5. Morphology
 Most members of Caricaceae are trees or shrubs (threeJarilla species from Mexico and Guatemala are herbs).
 All species produce latex that can be white or light yellow. Leaves vary from entire to deeply lobed or palmate.
 The flowers in Caricaceae are monoclinous (= unisexual).
 Male flowers are mostly borne in an inflorescence with more than ten flowers; they have a tubular corolla, filled
with sweet nectar; nectaries are located on a small pistillode (nonfunctional ovary); stamens are fused to the corolla
throat and distributed in two pentamerous whorls.
 Female flowers are often solitary or bunched in few-flowered inflorescences (few species present congested female
inflorescences); they are devoid of nectar; petals are not fused (with few exceptions); ovaries are divided into one or
five chambers (locules); there are five stigmas that are either entire or bifurcated.
 Fruits are berries with many seeds.
 The seeds are surrounded by a mucilaginous aril; the testa can be ornamented or not.
 The images above show the morphological variation of flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves and habit in Carica.

7. Diversity and Distribution
 Only two species of Caricaceae occur in Africa:Cylicomorpha solmsii in West Africa and Cylicomorpha
parviflora inEast Africa.
 Both are large trees restricted to humid montane and submontane forests.
 All other Caricaceae are distributed in the New World from Mexico to Paraguay.
 The genus Horovitzia, with its single species H. cnidoscoloides, is only known from the submontane
forests of Sierra de Juarez (Oaxaca) in southern Mexico.
 The three species of Jarilla are perennial herbs endemic to Mexico and Guatemala.
 The genus Jacaratia consists of six species of trees distributed in the lowlands of South and
CentralAmerica.
 Two of the Jacaratia species are adapted to dry areas (J. mexicana and J. corumbensis) and four to
tropical rain forests (J. dolichaula, J. spinosa, J. digitata, and J. chocoensis).
 The genus with the highest number of species is Vasconcellea, with 20 species and one formally
named hybrid. Most Vasconcellea species are found in the northern Andes, making this region the
center of species diversity of Caricaceae.
 Carica papaya (the only species in this genus) is the economically most important species in this
family, with an annual production of around 10 million tons.
 The wild form occurs only in Mesoamerica from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.

9. What are the evolutionary relationships among the genera of
Caricaceae?
Caricaceae and its sister family Moringaceae are part of the
mustard-oil plant order (Brassicales), which also comprises 15
other families of flowering plants, including the Brassicaceae,
the cabbage family. Moringaceae is a small family with 13
species distributed in southeastern Asia and Africa. For a
general overview of the phylogenetic relationships of
Caricaceae within the order Brassicales please refer to the
Angiosperm Phylogeny website. The Angiosperm Phylogeny
poster provides an overview of current relationships within the
flowering plants including morphological, anatomical, and
phytochemical traits of the orders, also listing the majority of
families.
Within Caricaceae, phylogenetic studies using molecular data
have shown that all genera with more than one species are
monophyletic. The African Caricaceae are the sister clade of
the New World Caricaceae. In the Neotropics, Vasconcellea and
Jacaratia form a well-supported clade sister to the remaining
three genera, Carica, Jarilla, and Horovitzia .

12.  In addition, short stature, precocity, long peduncles to avoid fruit overcrowding and elimination of female-sterile
hermaphroditism and carpellody of the stamens are also being considered.
 ResistaGood fruit quality and resistance to diseases are the major objectives in papaya breeding.
 nce to ringspot virus has not been found in C. papaya but is said to occur in other Carica species, including
C.cauliflora Jacq., C. pubescens Lenné & K. Koch, and C. pentagona Heilborn.
 Transfer of ringspot virus resistance from wild Carica species to the papaya should have priority.
 Although tolerance has been incorporated in some newer cultivars like "Cariflora" and "Tainung No. 5", the
disease is still limiting the productive life of orchards and is a very serious threat.
 Interspecific hybridization has not yet yielded results.
 Researchers have been successful in rescuing hybrid embryos from crosses involving C. papaya × C. cauliflora and
similar crosses, but there is still the problem of fertility of the F1.
 Induced variation can supplement this effort.
 Production of homozygotic diploids via anther culture will hasten the varietal improvement work.
 Developing stable, true-breeding hermaphrodites will reduce the traditional number of seedlings to be
established per hill.
 If the lethal factor involved kills the embryo due to early endosperm degeneration, then embryo rescue is a
promising approach.

13. VARIETIES OF PAPAYA
Coorg Honey Dew : Popularly known as 'Madhubindu' and is cultivated for table as well as processing purpose. The
variety bears greenish-yellow oblong-shaped fruits with orange thick flesh and good flavour.
The variety can be maintained pure by growing in isolation.
Due to its excellent fruit quality it fetches good market value.
Pusa Dwarf : It is a dioecious variety with dwarf plants and medium-sized (1-2 kg) oval fruits. The plant starts
bearing from 25 to 30 cm above-ground level and is comparatively drought hardy.
This variety is very suitable for high-density planting.
Pusa Giant : Plants are vigorous, sturdy and tolerant to strong wind.
It is a dioecious cultivar with big-sized (2.5-3 kg) fruits, suitable for canning industry.
Pusa Majesty : A gynodioecious line, tolerant to viral diseases and root knot nematodes.
The variety is suitable for papain production and is comparable to C0.2 variety for papain yield.
The fruits are medium-sized, 1- 1.5 kg in weight, round in shape and have better keeping quality.
It starts fruiting 146 days from the time of transplanting. The variety is tolerant to root knot nematode.
Pusa Delicious : This is a gynodioecious line with medium-tall plants, starts yielding 8 months after planting and has
good quality fruits (10°-13° Brix).
The fruit is medium-sized (1-2 kg) with deep orange flesh having excellent flavour. It is grown as a table purpose
variety.
Pusa Dwarf : Medium size fruits, oval in shape and suitable for high-density planting.

14. CO. 3 : The fruit of this hybrid (CO. 2 x Sun Rise Solo) is larger in size when compared with Solo and exhibits all the
desirable attributes of Solo.
Total soluble solids (TSS) is as high as 13.8° Brix and average fruit weight ranges from 1-1.5 kg.
The fruits have a good keeping quality. Each tree yields 100-120 fruits in two years.
CO. 5 : It is a selection from Washington and isolated for its high papain production.
It produces consistently 14-15 g dry papain/fruit.
It gives 75-80 fruits/tree in two years with an average yield of 1,500-1,600 kg dried papain/ha.
CO.1 : It is selection from cultivar Ranchi done by TNAU, Coimbatore.
The plant is dwarf in habit, producing the first fruit within 60-75 cm from the ground level.
Fruit is medium-sized, spherical, has smooth greenish-yellow skin, flesh orange-yellow, soft, firm.
It is moderately juicy with good keeping-quality.
The objectionable papain odour is practically absent in the fruits.
CO.2 : It is a selection purified from a local type at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore.
Fruits are medium-sized, obovate, greenish yellow, ridged at the apex, flesh red in colour, soft to firm, moderately
juicy with good keeping-quality.
It is a suitable type for extraction of papain.
It gives 4-6g dried papain/fruit or 250-300 kg papain/ha.

15. Washington : It is a table purpose variety.
Fruits are round to ovate, medium-large in size with few seeds.
When ripe, skin attains a bright yellow color.
The average weight of fruit ranges from 1.5-2 kg.
Male and female plants are separate.
Solo : It is a table purpose variety. The fruits are small with deep pink pulp and a sweet taste.
Excellent for kitchen garden.
Ranchi : It is a variety from Bihar and popular in south India.
The fruits are oblong with dark yellow pulp and sweet taste.
IIHR39 and IIHR54 : Developed at IIHR, Bangalore.
This variety bears medium sized sweet fruit with high TSS (14.5° Brix) and better shelf life.
Taiwan-785 : This variety is cultivated for table as well as processing purpose.
The plant is dwarf in habit, producing the first fruit within 60-75 cm from the ground level.
Fruits are oblong with thick orange red sweet pulp. Each tree yields 100-125 fruits in one year.
It has a good keeping quality and disease tolerant.
Taiwan-786 : It is a gynodioecious variety cultivated for table as well as processing purpose.
The fruits are oblong with a tasty sweet pulp having few seeds.
The plant starts bearing fruits from 100 cm above the ground level.
The fruit weigh between 1-3 kg and has excellent keeping quality.

16. Breeding methods
1. Inbreeding and selection
 In dioecious lines, suitable male plants are selected from the same progeny which have
 resemblance to female plants in vegetative characters, such as stem and leaf colour, stem
 thickness and height at flowering, etc.
 Progenies raised from S1 inbreds are screened and desiredmale and female plants are
selected for further sib mating i.e. crossing between the female plant and male plant of the
same cultivar. The process is to be continued for 7-8 generations to achieve uniformity of a
group of characters.
 In this method, the progeny will have male and female in equal proportion. Many
dioecious cultivars have been bred by this method.
1. CO. 1 : A selection made at Coimbatore from cultivar Ranchi, plant dwarf, fruit round to
oval
with orange -coloured flesh.
2. CO.2: Selected from local strain, plants medium tall, fruits large, ovate in shape, a high
papain
yielder.
3. CO.5: Inbred selection from Washington type, high papain yielder.
4. CO.6: Inbred selection from a giant papaya, dual purpose variety.
5. Pusa Giant: Vigorous and sturdy plant, good fruit size, tolerant to strong wind.
6. Pusa Dwarf: Dwarf plant, fruit oval, and medium size preferred by consumers.
Breeding for gynodioecious lines may be followed by selfing regular and prolific bearing
hermaphrodite and/or crossing (sib mating) the female with hermaphrodite. The main
advantage
of this method is that all the plants are productive. Suitable hermaphrodite plants which do not

17. hermaphrodite plants for at least 3 generations for unifonnity of characters.
 As regardssibmating, desired types of female plants are selected and sibmated with hermaphrodite
plant.
 Seedlings raised from S1 inbred are screened and desired female and hermaphrodite plants are
 selected for further sib mating.
 This process is to be continued for 7-8 generations till thehomozygosity is achieved. In this method,
the progenies will be female and hermaphrodite.
 As a result of inbreeding and selection for 8 generations during 1966-1982, following varieties were
 developed.
1. Pusa Delicious: Gynodioecious line, heavy yield, fruit very sweet with good flavour, medium
tall plant
2. Pusa Majesty: Gynodioecious line, high papain yielder, better keeping quality fruit, tolerant to
virus and nematode.
2 Hybridization:
a) Using Dioecious lines
 It has been established that female plants are more productive than hermaphrodite ones.
 Due to the crossing, most of the cultivars are highly variable.
 Hence it is considered appropriate to sib mate the selected female and male plants so as to bring homozygosity.
 Hence, suitable male plants are selected from the same progeny, which have resemblance to female plants in vegetative
characters, such as stem and leaf colour, stem thickness and height at flowering etc.
 Progenies raised from S1 inbreds are screened and desired male and female plants are selected for further sib mating.
 This process is to be continued for 7-8 generations to achieve uniformity ofa group of characters.

18. b) Using gynodioecious lines
 It involves selfing regular and prolific bearing hermaphrodite and or
crossing (sib mating)the female with hermaphrodite.
 Suitable hermaphrodite plants, which do not vary with climatic
changes, are selected.
 Of the various types of the flower produced by a hermaphrodite
plants
 'elongata' and 'pentandra' types are selected for selfing.
 Selfing is to be continue d in selected hermaphrodite plants for at
least three generations for uniformity of characters.
 In the case of female and hermaphrodite plants, sib mating between
desired types of female plants are selected and sibmated with
hennaphrodite plant.
 Seedling raised from SI inbred is screened and desiredfemale and
hermaphrodite plants are selected for further sib mating:
 This process is to be continued for 7-8 generations till
homozygosity is achieved.

19.  Crossing between two or more parents and selecting the derived progenies with good
attributes in the advanced generations has been employed as a method to develop new
cultivar.
CO.3 is a hybrid derivative between CO.2 x Sunrise Solo.
 Similarly, CO.7 is a gynodioeciouscultivar developed from the crosses of CP.75 (Pusa
Delicious x CO.2) x Coorg Honey Dew.
c) Heterosis breeding
 At IIHR, Bangalore, an F1 hybrid namely Surya (Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet) was
released recently. It is gynodioecious in nature and produces about 75-80 fruits of medium size
weighing about 600-800 g. The flesh is red in colour, firm, sweet to taste with a TSS of 14° brix.
d) Mutation breeding
 A Dwarf mutant was isolated in ~ generation by treating the seeds with gamma rays.
 Repeated sib mating among the dwarf plants had resulted in the establishment of homozygous
dwarf line, named as Pusa Nanha.
 The first bearing height is about 106 cm from the ground
level.