“Advances in breeding of grapes ”   Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,

1. “Advances in breeding of Grapes ”
Speaker by
Gangaram Rana
Ph.D scholars .
Dept. Fruit Sciences
IGKV,RAIPUR

2. Grapes
• Inflorescence – Panicle
• Fruit – Berry
• Edible portion – Pericarp & Placenta
• Cultivation - Viticulture
• Study of Wine – Viriculture
• Science of wine making – Enology
• Introduced by – Christian missionaries in 1832 from France
• Grape aroma & flavour – Methyl anthranilate
• Resveratrol – Anti oxidant ( red wine )
• Predominant sugar – Fructose
• Red colour of grape - Anthocyanins
• Flowers – Laterally on axial of leaves on current season growth
• Origin - Black to Caspian sea
• Growth curve - Double sigmoid growth curve
• Maharashtra - Max area and production

3. Centre Of Origin And Domestication
• Grape originated in Asia minor, in the region between and to the south of black and caspian seas.
and considered as home of Vitis vinifera ,from which all cultivated grapes were derived (Vavilov,
1951).
• American grapes, belonging to a large number Euvitis and Muscadinia species have originated in
North America, referred to as ‘Vine land’( Zielinski,1955).
Distribution
• The important grape growing countries in the world as Spain, Italy, France, U.S.A., South Africa,
Iran, China, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Hungary, Argentina, Australia.
• In India, it is one of the commercial important fruit crop of MH, Karnataka, AP, and TN in South
India.
• Grape is also cultivated in the Northern States of Punjab, Haryana, and UP.

4. GRAPE CULTIVATION REGIONS in INDIA
 The cultivation of grapes began 6000 years ago on a domestic level in
Europe.
 Cultivation of grapes in India shows beginning by about 2600 years ago.
 Region 1: Mid temperate – Subtropical region Punjab, Haryana, Up ,
Rajasthan, Delhi.
 Region 2:Entire Telangana , Rayalseema AP except chittoor and prakasam
.
 Region 3: All areas of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, maharashtra.

5. Region Varieties
Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka and
Hyderabad
Thompson Seedless and its mutants like Tas – A – Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman and A
17/3 found promising, however, yet to be released; colored seedless varieties like Fantasy
Seedless, Sharad Seedless and Crimson Seedless; seeded varieties like Red Globe (found
promising but yet to be recommended).
South Interior Karnataka Thompson Seedless, Sonaka, Flame Seedless, Sharad Seedless, Crimson Seedless and Red
Globe
Tamil Nadu Thompson Seedless (for Table Purpose), Gulabi, Bangalore Blue (Juice purpose)
North India Flame Seedless, Perlette and Beauty Seedless
Suitable varieties for different grape growing regions

6. Germplasm Resources
• Field gene banks of grapes are maintained at Division of Fruits and Horticultural
Technology, IARI, New Delhi, IIHR Bangalore, Ganesh Khand Botanical Garden, Pune etc. Further, 616
genotypes of grapes are maintained at IIHR, Bangalore. (Anon., 1996).
Wild species
The Vitis genes has approximately 60 inter fertile species. North-western Himalya is also
inhabited with two edible wild species viz. V. parviflora and V. lanata and numerous natural
hybrids of the two species which are locally grown.
Cytogenetic and genomic resources
Chromosomal Status: Commercial grapes mostly belong to Euvitis section comprising of V.
vinifera, V. labrusca, V. riparia and V. rupestris with the haploid chromosome number 19. In
the other section, Muscadinia, the haploid chromosome number is 20.

7. • Collection and conservation of grapes
1. Dept. of Horticulture(Pune), (ARI)-wild 29 and cultivars 62
2. Regional Fruit research Station, Punjab -18
3. IARI, New Delhi – 65 accessions
4. Mandsaur – 51 accessions
5. Plant Introduction Station(Amravati,west),
6. Fruit Research Station(Aurangabad),
7. IIHR(Bangalore),

8. Taxonomy
• Grape belongs to the family Vitaceae. It contains about 12 genera and 600 sps.
• The most promising genera are Vitis, Ampelocissus, Cissus,Parthenocissus,
Tetrastigma, Cayratia and Leea.
• Earlier Vitis genus was divided into two subgenera i.e., Euvitis and Muscadinia, but
now Muscadinia has been given the generic status.
• Genus Muscadinia includes 3 sps..
• 1. M. rotundifolia (Muscadine grapes)
• 2. M. munsoniana (Simpson or little muscadine grape)
• 3. M. Popenoeifennel (Mexican muscadine grape)

9. Characteristics Muscadinia Euvitis
Chromosome No(2n) 40 38
Nature of tendril unforked forked
Bark tight loose
Presence of lenticels present absent
Seed shape break absent breaked
Presence of diaphragm at the
node of shoot
Absent present
Difference between Muscadinia and Euvitis

10. TAXONOMICAL STATUS
• The most important species of Vitis are as follows
BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME CHARACTERS PICTURES
Vitis vinifera Common grape Flaky bark. leaves are
alternate, palmately
lobed long and broad.
The fruit is a berry can be
green, red, or purple
(black)
Vitis labrusca Fox grape high in phenolic
compounds,

11. Vitis aestivalis Summer grape vigorous vine,
The leaves long, sub
orbicular, fruit is a
small grape .
Vitis rupestris Sand grape used in breeding and as a
root stock;
Vitis cadicans Mustang grape dark purple berries thick
outer layer of flesh and
on average contain four
seeds

12. Vitis riparia Frost grape resistance
to phylloxera and
adaptation to variant soil
types
Vitis berlendicri Spanish grape rootstocks resistant
against
both phylloxera and lime,
and suitable for viticulture
Vitis monticola Sweet mountain grape smaller leaves and
shorter flower clusters.
Leaf blades as broad as
long blossoming in May
and June.

13. Floral biology
Flowers are small, green, sweetly scented and are borne on panicle on current seasons growth.
Three types of flowers viz. male, female and hermaphrodite occur in grapes. Varieties of V. vinifera
are mostly hermaphrodite.
A. Perfect Flowers: Pistil is functional; stamens are erect and produce fertile pollen.
B. Female Flowers: Pistil is well developed; stamens are refluxed and may produce abundant
pollen, but remain sterile owing to the absence of germ pores.
C. Male Flowers: Stamens are erect and anthers produce well-developed fertile pollen but pistil is
only rudimentary without stigma and style with only a small ovary containing incompletely
developed ovules.
Petals and sepals are (five in number) fused and during anthesis the petals detach from the base
forming a cap like structure called 'calyptra’.

14. • V.rotundifolia is dioecious in nature. Further Vitis sps had been originally dioecious sub-dioecious
but later on transformed to hermaphrodite.
• At present, most cultivars of V. vinifera are hermaphrodite in nature.
Based on the fertility level of pollen, grape can be grouped in to 3 categories.
• Self fertility group have erect stamens with obolong blunt and quite symmetrical pollen, size of
pollengrain is very small i.e., 0.0254mm in diameter.
• However, self-sterile and partly self-sterile is characterized by the presence of impotent pollen.
• According to Jauhari et al.(1969) peak time of anthesis under North Indian conditions was
between 7.00 to 9.00am.
• Self pollination is rule in V. vinifera grape, but cross pollintion is required in reflexed anther
cultivars .

15. Inheritance pattern
• Glabrous young shoot, thicker cane, longer cane and internodes,short stiff hair on leaf surface,smaller size of leaf, main
vein length and petiole length,vigorous and drooping habit of the vine,pentagonal leaf shape, shorter mturity period,low
bunch weight, round berry and oval shape of seed show dominance character.
• Singh and Jalikop (1986) reported high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for number of bunches per
vine but both these measures were low for 50 seed weight and seed per 50 berries.
• Wide difference were observed between Phenotypic coefficient of variation and the corresponding genotypic coefficient
of variation in respect of bunches per vine, bunch weight,volume of bunch and number of berries per bunch.
• All these characters are greatly influenced by environmental characters.
o The high heritability was observed for seed per berry and seed weight was not accompained with genetic advance
indicating that this characters can be modified through hybridization and selection.
o The berry weight and seed number for berry are governed by number of factors with complementary gene action.
– Berry colours are not sharply differentiated. The observations on heritability showed that black colour of berry is
dominant over red and white, and red is dominant over white.

16. Grape flower Panicle

17. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
To develop varieties with medium vigour and productive basal bud, which can be
trained on head or pandal system of training.
To develop high yielding and high quality varieties with increased fruitfulness of
basal buds, less degree of apical dominance, suitability for different purpose such as
table, raisin, wine and juice and resistance to diseases.
To develop early maturing, seedless and sweet cultivars for table purpose.
To induce resistance to anthracnose, Phylloxera and chaffer beetle.
To develop root stocks resistant to salinity, nematodes and drought.

18. BREEDING METHODS
1. Introduction & selection
2. Hybridisation
3. Clonal selection
4. Mutation breeding
5 . Polyploidy breeding

19. 1. INTRODUCTION :
• USA- Thompson Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless, Flame Seedling 1281, Dogridge, Pride, Dixie, Wedor and
Black Corianth
• USSR - Kishmish Beli and Kishmish Charni (Singh and Singh,1972).
• Australia - Ruby Seedless, Gordo Blano, Reisling, MS 18-55,MS 19-77, MS 16-2,Wortly Hall hybrids
• Canada -0912 Horizon (SW) , 0913 Leon Millet, Foch and 0912 Swanson Red for wine, raisin and table
purposes
2 .SELECTION FROM OPEN POLLINATED SEEDS :
1 Cheema sahabi
2 . S – 49 at Punjab is based on this method only .
• Some promising seedlings from open pollinated population of Pandhari Sahebi and Kabul Manuka were also
selected

20. Thompson seedless Sharad seedless
Flame seedless Fantasy seedless

21. Sonaka Black seedless
Gulabi

22. 3. CLONAL SELECTION
INSTITUTE CLONAL SELECTION FROM
IARI Pusa seedless Thomson seedless
Haryana
Agriculture university
HS – 37 – 6
Early maturing clone
Perlette
NRS Grapes , Pune Manjari naveen Centennial seedless
NRS Grapes , Pune Krishmish Rozavis White Kishmish Rozavis
Other examples :
Tas – a – ganesh - elongated berries .
Sonaka - much elongated berries than Tas – a – ganesh .
Rao sahebi – Cheema sahebi
Dilkush – A bud spot of Anab – e – Shahi .

23. HYBRIDISATION :
1 . Emasculate the perfect flower
2 . Make it as female flower
3 . Bagging the male flower
4 . Cross between them
5 . Seeds - scarified at 40 C for 75 to 90 days
6 . Juvinile period – 3-6 years (shortened by PGRs) .

24. HYBRIDIZATION
CULTIVARS PARENTS INSTITUTION CHARACTERS
Pusa Urvashi Hurx Beauty Seedless IARI, New Delhi Tolerant to anthracnose
Pusa Navarang Madeline Angevine x Ruby
Red
IARI, New Delhi Tenturier variety
Arkawati Black Champa x Thomson
Seedless
IIHR, Bangalore, 1980 TSS 22-25%, seedless berry, suitable for
raisin making,
Arka Kanchan Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of the
Vine Yards
IIHR, Bangalore, 1980 Bunch is large, golden yellow colour berry, TSS
17-20ºB, having muscat flaovur, seeded cultivar
Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue x Black
Champa
IIHR, Bangalore TSS 20-25ºB, resistant to anthracnose disease.
Arka Sheweta or
Shweta Seedless
Anab-e-Shahi x Thompson
Seedless
IIHR, Bangalore, 1994 TSS 18-19ºB, acidity 0.5-0.6%, berry
greenish yellow.
Arka Hans Bangalore Blue x Anab-e-
Shahi
IIHR, Bangalore, 1980 TSS 18-21ºB, suitable for making quality wine,
resistant to anthracnose

25. •
CULTIVARS PARENTS INSTITUTION CHARACTERS
Arka Chitra Angur Kalan x Anab-Shahi IIHR, Bangalore Table purpose, Tolerant to powdery
mildew
Arka Krishna Black Champa x Thompson
Seedless
IIHR, Bangalore Mainly for juice purpose
Arka Majestic Angur Kalan x Black Champa IIHR, Bangalore Tolerant to anthracnose disease, table pupose,
head system of training
Arka Neelmani Black Champa x Thompson
Seedless
IIHR, Bangalore Good for red wine
Arka Soma Anab –e-Shahi x Queen of the
Vine Yards
IIHR, Bangalore Suitable for making quality wine, tolerant to
anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew
Arka Thrishna Bangalore Blue x Convent
large black
IIHR, Bangalore Wine purpose

26. Black Champa
Himrod Arka Soma
Shweta Seedless

27. Arka Chitra
Arka Trishna
Arka Neelmani Arka Soma

28. MUTATION BREEDING
• Mutation breeding may be attempted as a complementary tool in grape breeding for one or more
important characters, without altering the whole genetic setup. The important mutagens used in grape
breeding are physical mutagens (χ ray and γ rays ) and chemical mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate
(EMS),N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urethane (NMUT) and N-Nitrose-N-Methyl-Urea (NMU)
CULTIVAR FEATURES
New Perlette (Loose Perlette) comparatively loose bunch than perlette, Self
thinning property
Red Niagara having red fruit from Niagara
Robin Cardinal an early maturing variety from Cardinal

29. Polyploidy breeding:
Polyploidy breeding has immense importance in the improvement of table grapes.
The chief benefit from polyploidy is the increase in berry size.
Autotetraploids are found to be considerably sterile and are less productive than the parents.
The crossing of diploid with induced tetraploids may help in evolving new triploid seedless grapes.
The triploids are highly sterile.
 Allo tetraploids even between infertile species have been more desirable as commercial varieties. Colchicine is
generally used as an aqueous solution of 0.25-5.0% with 5-10% glycerine to induce polyploidy.
Marvel Seedless from Delight, Early Giant from Campbell, Muscat Common Hall from Muscat Alexandria, Black
King from Campbell, Wallis Giant from Concord, Case from Sultana …etc. are important examples of polyploidy.

30. Biotechnological tools:
Embryo rescue technique:
 Seedlessness is a desirable character for table and raisin grapes.
 Inheritance of seedlessness is postulated to depend on two complementary recessive genes and only about
7.5% of the total progeny from crosses between Seeded x Seedless grapes produced fruits without noticeable
seed traces.
The embryo rescues theoretically increases the proportion of seedless progeny as it makes possible to cross
two seedless varieties.
Ovules are excised before abortion and are cultured on either filter paper in liquid medium or solid medium .
 Some encouraging preliminary results have been obtained on Agro bacterium mediated transformation of
grape vines.
But the production of genetically transformed grape vines which express a marker gene is yet to be reported.
Genetic engineering / plant transformation:

31. Protoplast culture:
Protoplasts are of great importance as tool for genetic amelioration and somatic hybridization.
But regeneration of grape vines from protoplasts has not yet been successful
Anther culture:
Anther culture can result into haploid grape vines which can then be developed into homozygous
diploids by doubling chromosomes.
These homozygous diploids will be very useful for producing F1 hybrids and for making genetic
studies.
But there is low success rate of regeneration of grape vines from anther and only one case of
haploid has been reported in grape.

32. • Very little work has been done in India on breeding cultivars showing resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses.
• Species like V. berlandierl, V. ripeiia, V. Candicans, V. longii and V .Champini tolerate excessive salt in
the soil and thus can be used in improvement programmes oriented to breed salt resistant types (Jindal
and Srinivasa Rao, 1988).
• The two rootstocks (Dog Ridge and Salt Creek) impart nematode and salt resistance to the grafts. Another
rootstock Hormony (an open-pollinated seedling of the cross Dog Ridge x Couderc 1613) has also been
found highly effective in imparting nematode resistance.
Rootstock Breeding

33. Sr.
No.
Situation/problem Rootstock
1.
Water shortage 1103 P, 140 RU, 110 R, 420 A, SO 4, 99 R, St.
George, Dogridge
2.
Soil EC more than 2 m mohs/cm and water EC more than 1 m
mohs/cm (Slightly Saline Soil)
Ramsey, Dogridge, 140 RU, 99 R, 110 R.
3.
Soil ESP more than 15 per cent and/or water SAR more than 8.
(Slightly Alkaline Soil)
140 RU, 1613, Ramsey, Dogridge.
4.
Free calcium content of soil is more than 12% 140 RU, SO 4, 420 A.
5.
Chloride content of water is more than 4 meq/litre Ramsey, Dogridge B, 140 RU. Teleki 5-C
6.
Poor vigor of the variety without any soil/water problem Dogridge, St. George, SO 4, 140 RU.
7.
For increased nitrogen, potassium uptake. Dogridge, St. George, 34 EM, Ramsey.
8.
For increased bud break 1613, B2-56.

34. DIFFICULTIES IN GRAPE
BREEDING
• The root stocks which are tolerant to any biotic or abiotic stresses are susceptable to
some other problems .
• The released rootstocks are not suitable to all types of environmental conditions and
soils.
• Pollen storage for hybridisation technique.