The document provides an extensive overview of grape breeding, detailing various grape varieties, their characteristics, and their origins, particularly within India. It outlines the objectives of breeding programs aimed at improving grape cultivars for table, raisin, and wine production, along with the methods of grape flower biology and inheritance patterns. Additionally, it reviews historical introductions of grape varieties to India and highlights key breeding achievements and newly developed varieties.

1. Welcome

2. GRAPE
BREEDING
Course no :- FSC-506
Title:- Breeding of fruit crops
Preaperd by,
Ghule Vilas Shankarrao
Regd no:-0088
Submitted to,
Dr. B.R. Salvi
Head,
Department of Horticulture

3. GRAPE
• Botanical name : Vitis vinifera
• Family : Vitaceae
• Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 38
• Origin : Black and Caspian sea
• In India, about 90% of grapes are being
produced in the tropical region of the
peninsular state i.e. Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh.

4. Taxonomy and botany
 Family Vitiaceae includes 12 genera and 60 species
 They are Vitis, Ampelociossus , Cissus, Parthenocissus,
Tetrastigma, Cauratia and Leea
 Vitis subdivided into 2 genera
 Muscadinia
(Muscadine grapes ) 2n=40
eg.- Vitis rotundifolia
Vitis munsoniana, Vitis popenoeii
 Euvitis (true grapes) 2n=38

5. Some important species
Vitis labrusca – Concord American grape&
fox grape
Imp. Examples Niagara , Isabella, Delaware & Catawba
Vitis riparia – frost grape
Vitis aestivalis - summer bunch or pigean
grape
Vitis berlandieri- Spanish or winter grape
Vitis amurensis

6. Varietal classification
Table grapes
Eg. Beauty seedless, perlette ,
Delight , Anab e- shahi ,Early
muscat , Gulabi , Thompson
seedless, Cheema sahebi , ruby
seedless, flame seedless
Raisin grapes and
canning grapes
Eg. Thompson seedless , pusa
seedless , black corienth , Muscat
Juice grapes
Eg. Bangalore blue , beauty
seedless, early Muscat , champion ,
black champa
Wine grapes
Eg. Cabernet Sauvignon ,Black
Muscat ,Muscat canelli , Bangalore
blue , black champa, Bayan shree,
chenin black
Grapes

7. Thompson seedless:-
Introduced from California & is popular in almost all grape growing
countries. Multipurpose seedless variety used for raisin making, for table purpose & for
producing white dessert wine. Berries are of superior eating & keeping quality with TSS of 22-
230 Brix vine is vigorous & suitable for bower training system.
Anab-e-shahi:-
Vigorous variety with seeded berries introduced from middle East. It is high yielding
cultivar producing attractive large, well-shaped bunches of bold and fleshy berries. Fruit quality
is medium to poor only & is susceptible to berry drop during transit & storage.
Gulabi:-
Table purpose, Vines are medium vigorous producing good quality deep purple
coloured spherical berries with muscat flavour & seeds. This cultivar is suitable for
double cropping & slightly tolerant to downy mildew but berries have poor keeping
quality.

8. Perlette:-
Seedless hybrid between scolokertek hirly noje x sultanina Marble
developed at California, vines are semi vigorous producing medium sized, whitish,
spherical, soft fleshed, muscat flavoured & seedless berries of good keeping quality.
Main drawback presence of many under developed ‘shot’ berries in clusters. Used
as table purpose & for raisin making.
Flame Seedless:-
This is a purple coloured complex hybrid enrolled in USA. The vines are
vigorous prolific in bearing & many system of training. The berries are bright red,
large to medium in size, round & seedless. It is an early variety & take about 95-110
days to harvest from pruning. Yield 15-18 tons per hector.
Pusa Seedless:-
selection ,vine is vigorous ,medium yielder producing elongated good quality
.seedless berries suitable for table & raisin purpose

9. Bangalore blue :-
Hybrid between V. vinifera & V. labrusca. Vine gives moderate yield, small to
medium sized bunches & berries suitable for juice & wine making this is grown
extensiouly in south india and is suitable for double cropping berries having high
acidity & foxy flavor used of juice extraction
Kishmish charni / Shared seedless:-
The vines are medium in vigor. The berry is brick red, medium to large &
slightly elongated. The berries taste sweet & have good keeping quality. It gives
good yield on bower system of training. It responds very well to crop regulation &
gibberellic acid.
Delight-
Table purpose ,it is hybrid seedless between
scolokerteck hiraly noje 26 X sultanina. This is early ripening
and Muscat flavor varieties

10. Arka wati :-
Cross between black champa x Thompson seedless. Suitable for raisin
and white wine making.
Crimson Seedless:-
Hybrid between Emperor x C33-199 devloped at California. Seedless
berries are bright, red, large, cylindrical- oval. This variety does not required
GA3 for thinning & sizing. Some cluster may require a manual thinning. It is a late
ripening variety.
Sonaka:-
clone of Thompson seedless . berry elongation is better & the berry skin
is thin but more susceptible to berry cracking and rotting if rains at harvest.

11. Maniri Naveen:-
It is a Clonal selection from centennial seedless made at NRCG, Pune.
This variety ripens about 25 days early as compared to Thompson seedless. It is a
white seedless naturally bold berry with mild Muscat flavor table grape variety. It
has uniform berries & clusters and do not require extensive thinning operations.
Extended harvesting should be avoided, the ripe berries are less acidic & aromatic
hence should be quickly packed for precooling & cold storage. Yield of 20 -25
tons of exportable quality fruits/ha.
Cheema Sahibi:-
Open pollinated seedling Pandhari sahibi. Vigorous & heavy yielding. Bunches
are long, conical, oral berries. Late ripening & shipping quality is poor due to
weak pedicel attachment

12. Tas-e- Ganesh :-
cluster are larger than those of Thompson seedless .clone of Thompson
seedless more respond to girdling resulting in better quality berries
Some other varieties
Cheema sahebi , Arka Krishna ,Arka Hans ,Arka chitra , Arka Thrishna , Arka
Majestic , Arka Neelmani, Pusa Urvashi, Pusa Navnarang ,Arka Shyam , Arka
Shweta, Red Globe ,
Newly developed varieties:-
Red Globe:
This variety developed at California, USA was introduced in India in
1985. Cluster are big berries very bold (22 -25 mm dia) red round seeded with
meaty pulp. It is a late ripening variety & takes more than 135 days from pruning.
It has good keeping qualities & can be cold stored for at least 3 months. Fruits
yield is about 20 – 25 tons/ha.

13. Fantasy seedless;
It is a complex hybrid derived from a cross between B 36 – 27 x P 64 – 18 at USDA, Fresno,
California. This variety does not require GA3 for thinning/ sizing. Some clusters may require a manual
thinning in rare case. Berries are medium bold, deep purple to black, seedless, this skin & firm, obovate in
shape. Clusters are medium in size, conical shape an medium to loose in compactness with excellent
flavor. It is mide late ripening variety & takes not less than 130 moisture/humid conditions sometimes lead
to berry cracking care must be taken not to over crop during first year of production. The fruits can be cold
stored for & weeks
Autumn Royal:
variety developed from a cross of Autumn Black X C 74 – 1 at California. This variety has bold berries
purple black to black in colour. Ovoid to ellipsoidal in shape. The berry flesh is firm & translucent, skin
medium thick. It is a late maturing variety. This variety does not require GA3 for thinning/sizing. Some
clusters may require a manual thinning without GA3, Berry average weight more than 8 g.To avoid post-
harvest rachis drying a spray of 6-BA to clusters at 4 mm stage of berry growth is advised. It is a late
ripening variety, takes not less than 135 days from pruning. The fruits are harvested at sugar acid ratio of
25. Fruits can be cold stored up to 14 – 16 weeks.

14. Autumn seedless:-
This variety developed from a cross of calmeriax (muscat of Alexandria x
Thompson seedless) at, California. Clusters are attractive, medium large,
moderately compact to loose & conical to winged cylindrical in shape.
Berries are naturally bold & hence do not require GA3 for thinning 1 sizing.
Blush seedless:
It is a cross betn Emperor x Davis 24-87 developed at UC California. Vines are
moderately vigorous, bunches are medium, well filled/ compact, uniformly long,
conical & symmetrical Berries are red. Oval & seedless. Berries may be uneven
size. The skin is tender and crisp with meaty flesh It is a late ripen variety takes not
less than 130 days. From pruning. The fruits are harvested at sugar acid
ratio of 25. Fruits can be cold stored up to 12 weeks.

15. New Verities Developed At NRC Grape
Pune
Medika
• Cross between pusa navrang X flame seedless
• Duration of variety: 115-125 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
• Berry diameter: 14-16 mm
• Yield/vine: 16-17 kg
• Juice recovery: 60%
• Average bunch weight: 300 g (without GA3)
• Juice colour: purple to black
• No of seeds/berry: 2-3
• TSS: 21-22o brix.
• Variety is identified for juice purpose
• the incidence of downy mildew is less as compared to thompson seedless
while powdery mildew is more

16. Kishmish Rozavis White
• A white mutant selection from Kishmish Rozavis has been
identified for raisins and table purpose.
• It is also a good yielder of quality fruits.
• Duration of variety: 130-140 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
• Berry diameter: 14-15 mm
• Average bunch weight: 200-300 g.
• Yield/vine: 16-20 kg
• Leaf area: 170-180 cm2
• TSS: 23-24o Brix.
• Raisin recovery: 3.5 t/acre
• The pulp is better than Thompson Seedless. It has high leaf area that may help
for better photosynthesis.

17. A 18-3
• the cross of Carolina Black Rose x Thompson Seedless at ICAR-NRC
for Grapes, Pune.
• Berries are black with rudimentary seeds, suited for table and black
raisin preparation.
• Duration: 130 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10mm
• Berry diameter: 16-17mm
• Average bunch weight: 300-400g
• Yield/vine: 8-10 kg, regular yielder
• Juice recovery: 50-55%
• TSS: 24o Brix.
• Good uniform canopy vigour.
• Tolerant to downy mildew and anthracnose
but moderately susceptible to powdery mildew.

18. Genetic Resources
 More than 10,000 named varieties of grapes in different countries.
 Chadha and Randhawa described 130 grape varieties available in
India .
 In india, germplasm are being maintained in field gene banks .
 Number of existing germplasm at IIHR, Bangalore is 616.
 At NRCG Pune > 425 accessions
112 indigenous
313 exotic

19. Objectives of breeding programme
• Objectives of breeding for North Indian
Grapes are :
To develop early maturing, seedless and sweet
cultivars for table purpose.
To induce the resistance to anthracnose and
chaffer beetle.
To develop varieties with medium vigour and
productive basal bud, which can be trained on
head system of training .

20. • Objectives of breeding for Tropics should be :
To develop high yielding and high quality
varieties
 To increase fruitfulness of basal buds,
 Less degree of apical dominance,
Suitability for different purposes such as table,
raisin, wine and juice
Resistance to disease.
To developed rootstocks resistant to salinity,
Nematodes and drought.

21. Inheritance pattern
• Singh and Jalikop (1986) reported high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient
of variation.
• There are several hypothesis for inheritance of flower types in grape.
Abramov et.al. (1967) hypothesize a single pair of gene s h a dominant gene
for hermaphrodite flowers and sf a recessive gene for pistilate flowers .
• Wagner (1967) propose a pair of genes for flower type that for hermaphroditic
flowers being dominant .
• In grapes ,3 major fruit colors ,viz white ,red , black ,are found .segregation
for character supports a 2-gene hypothesis where B ,a gene for black fruit is
dominant & epistatic to that for red and white fruit (Barrit and Einset 1969)
• Red fruit (bbrr) is dominant to white which is recessive for both genes.( bbrr)

22. • Black fruit skin was dominant & white skin was recessive
• According to Wagner (1967b) ,Muscat flavor is controlled by 5
complementary dominant gene
• Singh et al (1985) could observe that larger berry size is dominant
over small.
• The wide variation in the progenies with regard to berry shape
showed that it is a polygenic- ally inherited characters.
• Despite considerable efforts made by breeders for over 70 years
inheritance of seedless ness in grape wine is not clearly defined
• Singh and Jalikop (1986) reported high phenotypic and genotypic
coefficient of variation.

23. Floral biology
Female flowers male flowers perfect flowers
 Inflorence of grape is a cyme
 Petals and sepals are (five in number) fused and during anthesis the petals
detach from the base forming a cap like
structure called ‘calyptra’.

24.  Calyx 4-5 (3-7) sepals, connate .
 Corolla 4-5 (3-7, 0) petals, distinct (connate) or apically
coherent
 Androecium 4-5 (3-7) stamens, distinct or anthers
connate; opposite petals
 Gynoecium 2
Anthesis
• Occurs 6 -8 weeks after the commencement of shoot
• Peak anthesis is between 7 -8 am in North India & between
8-9 am in South India.

26. Stigmatal Receptivity:-
 bright appearance
 Stigma become receptive a day prior to anthesis and
remains so a day after with maximum receptivity on the
day of anthesis
 Pollen fertility and logitivity :-
 Anab- e- shahi -99%
 Kandhari- 71% fertility (Nalawade et al 1972)
 varieties under study lost viability within 10 days under
ambient conditions while those stored at 1-4 o c and 15%
RH retained viability up to 5 months

27. Breeding methods and achievements
A. Introduction
 The commercial varieties of grapes were introduced in India mostly by
invaders of Iran and Afghanistan.
 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq introduced Bhokri and Pandhari Sahebi
cultivars in Aurangabad in 1338.
 Large scale introduction in a planned manner were initiated at Lyallpur
as early as 1928, when S.B.S. Lal Singh, was Head of Department of
Horticulture, introduced as many as 116 grape varieties from different
grape growing countries .

28. Anab-e-Shahi introduced to India
from Middle East in 1890.
• Examples
Perlite , Delight , Beauty seedless , Perl of Casaba ,
Early Muscat , Thompson seedless , Kishmish Belli
(USSR) ,
Ruby seedless and Riesling (Australia),
Jotlucha (Brazil),
Foch (Canada), Jampal and Major (Portugal).
Himrod recent introduction , done well in Punjab,
Haryana and U.P.
Red globe (California)
Cabernet Sauvignon (red wine variety) introduced
from France

29. Selection
 Open pollinated seedlings segregates for a large no. of
characters and the population of seedlings from open
pollinated seeds is a potential source for selection of desirable
type e.g. Cheema Sahebi (sel- 7), selection -49.
 Some promising seedlings from open pollinated population of
Pandhari Sahebi and Kabul Manuka were also selected.

30. Clonal Selection
 Due to natural mutation in existing cultivars considerable
variation occurs between individuals that helps in varietal
improvement through clonal selection.
 The promising clonal selection of grapes are
Cutivars Clonal parents
Tas- e - Ganesh Thompson seedless
Rao sahebi Cheema sahebi
Sonaka & Manik
chaman
Thompson seedless
Pusa seedless Thompson seedless
HS 37-6 Perlette

31. Hybridization

32. HYIBRIDIZATION PROCEDOURE FALLOWED
IN GRAPE
Select parent female (A) parent male (B)
Emasculate the flower before anthesis by using lance (small flowers)
Removed stamens early stage between 6-7am
Remaining flowers are plucked off from panicle.
Bagging of emasculated panicals
Tagging of panicals
1. Date of emasculation
2. Date of pollination
3. Name of parent

33. pollen Collection in vial
Pollination - pollen bearing
clusters can be gently
brushed against the
emasculated female
OR
with brush pollination is
done
Rebagging of pollinated panicle to avoid contamination
Harvesting & storage of seeds from individual berries & properly dried seeds stored at -200c
for further sowing
Raising of progeny Stratification is done to break the dormancy 50c for 30months
Planting in main field
Selection of best progeny according qualitative characters & produced seedlings
,release as a new variety

34.  Grapes are highly heterozygous and are propagated
asexually at commercial scale.
 Inbreeding results in rapid loss of vigour and fertility of
vine, even in first generation.
 The crossing of unrelated parents with good combining
abilities followed by raising a large number of hybrid
seedlings in each combination and vigorous selection may
result good ideotype of commercial use.

35.  In India hybridization work was started in 1958 at IARI, New Delhi
to develop early maturity, high yielding, better quality, seedlessness
and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
 However, IIHR, Bangalore started breeding programme in 1968,
with objective to develop superior varieties for table, raisin, wine
and juice.
 On the basis of types of parent used, it can be grouped into two
 Interspecific/ Intergeneric hybridization
 Intraspecific or intervarietal hybridization

36.  Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
 Muscadinia is a rich source of resistance to disease and pests
and also possesses a unique and delightful flavour and aroma.
 The crosses between Vitis and Muscadinia which differ in
chromosome number are made with difficulty, but most of the
resulting hybrids remain sterile
 Crossing within Muscadinia has given outstanding self fertile
cultivars like Tarheel, South land, Magron, Regale and
Triumph.

37.  Some of the outstanding contributions of interspecific
hybridization are cold and mildew resistant.
 Amur hybrid, Delaware and some important
rootstock of grape i.e. 1613, telki 5 A , Harmony.

38.  Intraspecific/Intervarietal hybridization
 Mukherjee et al. made some crosses using Gros Colomn, Bhokri,
Bharat Early, Pusa Seedless, Black Muscat and Pearl of Casaba
cultivars to develops seedless, sweet and high yielding varieties
Muscat flavour.
 Later on Mukherjee et al. (1970) reported ten hybrids from parental
combination of Hur x Pusa Seedless ( 62-6,62-56,62-80,62-109)
Bharat Early x Bhokri ( 62-20, 62-54) Hur x Bharat Early (62-
36,63-76, 63-65) and Bhokri x Pearl- of – casaba ( 63-12).

39. In 1996 cultivars Pusa Navrang (Madeleine
Angevine x Rubired) and in 1997 Pusa Urvashi
( Hur x Beauty Seedless ) was released from
IARI, New Delhi.
At IIHR, Bangalore, grape breeding programme
has been in progress since 1968. the promising
hybrid developed at this centre are

40. Hybrids Parents
Arkawati Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Kanchan Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of vineyards
Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue X Black Champa
Arka Hans Anab-e -Shahi x Bangalore Blue
Arka Shweta Anab-e- Shahi x Thompson Seedless
Arka Majestic Angur Kalan x Black Champa
Arka Neelamani Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Chitra Angur Kalan x Anab- e-Shahi
Arka Soma Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of vineyards
Arka Trishna Bangalore Blue X Convent Large Black
Arka Krishna Black Champa x Thompson Seedless

41.  At Punjab Agriculture University, a number of hybrids are
under evaluation. They include Portan, Deibron, Chasan-b,
Muscat Hamburg, H-27 And H-516.
 At Agharkar research Institute, Pune, 70 hybrids and 16
mutants were evaluated.
 Out of these ARI-27 (Diamond Jubilee x Rubi Red), ARI-
144 (Cheema Sahebi x Catawba) and ARI-516 (Catauba x
Beauty Seedless)

42.  Breeding for resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses
 Very little work has been done in India on breeding
cultivars showing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
 Species like V.berlandieri, V.riperia, V.candicans, V.longii,
V.champini tolerate excessive salt in the soil and thus can
be used in the improvement programmes oriented to breed
salt resistant types.
 Dog Ridge and Salt Creek impart nematode and
salt resistance to the grafts.

43.  V.berlanderii, V.arizonica, V.tiliefolia highly suitable for
inducing drought tolerance.
 Muscadine grape (M.rotundifolia) a species adapted to a
humid, warm climate is resistant to many diseases and pests.
 Hybridization between Vitis sp. And M.rotundifolia has been
carried on for more than a century to combine the pest and
warm climate resistance of M.rotundifolia with the large
cluster and desirable berry qualities of V. vinifera.

44. Mutation
 It may be attempt as a complementary tool in grape
breeding or one / more important characters, without
altering the whole genetical setup.
 The important mutagens used in grape breeding are
physical mutagens ( X-ray and ϒ ray) and chemical
mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate, N-Nitroso-N-
Methyl Urethane , and diazomethane) ( Das and
Mukherjee, 1968).

45.  Induced mutation have resulted in a few improved varieties , New Perlette (Loose
Perlette) evolved with X-rays(2.5 kR) treatment,
 Red Niagara (red fruited type from Niagara) and
 Robin Cardinal (early-maturing type from Cardinal)
 Kishmish Rozavis White
 A white mutant selection from Kishmish Rozavis has been identified for raisins and table
purpose.
 It is also a good yielder of quality fruits.
 Duration of variety: 130-140 days after fruit pruning
 Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
 Berry diameter: 14-15 mm
 Average bunch weight: 200-300 g.
 Yield/vine: 16-20 kg
 Leaf area: 170-180 cm2
 TSS: 23-24o Brix.
 Raisin recovery: 3.5 t/acre
 The pulp is better than Thompson Seedless. It has high leaf area that may help for better
photosynthesis.
Loose Perlette
Kishmish Rozavis White

46. No. Situation / problem Rootstock
1. Water shortage 1103P, 140RU,110R, 420A, S04, 99R,
Dogridge.
2. Soil Ec more than 2 m mohs/cm and
water EC more than 1 m mohs/cm
Ramsey, 140RU, 99R, 110R
3. Soil ESP more than 15% & or water
SAR more than 8
140RU, Ramsey, 110R, 1103P
4. Free calcium content of soil is more
than 12%
Fercal, 140RU, S04, 420A.
5. Chloride content of water is more than 4
meq/ litre
Ramsey, Dogridge, 140 RV, Telekri 5-c,
110 R, 99 R.
Rootstocks improvements

47. 6. Poor vigor of the variety without
any soil/water problem
Dogridge, St. George, S04, 140 Ru
7. For increased nitrogen potassium
uptake
Dogridge, st. George, 34 EM, Ramsey.
8. For increased bud break 1613. 110 R
9. Nematode Dogridge, 1613, salt creek, Ramsey,
1616, Freedom, Harmony.
10. Phylloxera Riparian Gloried, st. George, coudera
1202, 99R, Teleki 5-A

48. • Ray ,P.K. (2002).Breeding tropical and
Subtropical Fruits, Narosa publishing House,
New Delhi. pp 291-297
• Radha,T and Lila Mathew.(2007).Fruit Crops,
New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi. pp
325-331
• Arun Kumar Shukla and Anil Kumar Shukla.
Fruit Breeding Approaches and Achievements
REFERENCES

49. THANK
YOU