“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Passion fruit -an underutilized fruit cropkaviyakodai
passion fruit is a valuable fruit crop but it is underutilized,it will be a future food crop.It is better to know much more about it to enjoy good taste, benefits and economical value.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. GRAPE
BREEDING
Course no :- FSC-506
Title:- Breeding of fruit crops
Preaperd by,
Ghule Vilas Shankarrao
Regd no:-0088
Submitted to,
Dr. B.R. Salvi
Head,
Department of Horticulture
3. GRAPE
• Botanical name : Vitis vinifera
• Family : Vitaceae
• Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 38
• Origin : Black and Caspian sea
• In India, about 90% of grapes are being
produced in the tropical region of the
peninsular state i.e. Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh.
4. Taxonomy and botany
Family Vitiaceae includes 12 genera and 60 species
They are Vitis, Ampelociossus , Cissus, Parthenocissus,
Tetrastigma, Cauratia and Leea
Vitis subdivided into 2 genera
Muscadinia
(Muscadine grapes ) 2n=40
eg.- Vitis rotundifolia
Vitis munsoniana, Vitis popenoeii
Euvitis (true grapes) 2n=38
5. Some important species
Vitis labrusca – Concord American grape&
fox grape
Imp. Examples Niagara , Isabella, Delaware & Catawba
Vitis riparia – frost grape
Vitis aestivalis - summer bunch or pigean
grape
Vitis berlandieri- Spanish or winter grape
Vitis amurensis
6. Varietal classification
Table grapes
Eg. Beauty seedless, perlette ,
Delight , Anab e- shahi ,Early
muscat , Gulabi , Thompson
seedless, Cheema sahebi , ruby
seedless, flame seedless
Raisin grapes and
canning grapes
Eg. Thompson seedless , pusa
seedless , black corienth , Muscat
Juice grapes
Eg. Bangalore blue , beauty
seedless, early Muscat , champion ,
black champa
Wine grapes
Eg. Cabernet Sauvignon ,Black
Muscat ,Muscat canelli , Bangalore
blue , black champa, Bayan shree,
chenin black
Grapes
7. Thompson seedless:-
Introduced from California & is popular in almost all grape growing
countries. Multipurpose seedless variety used for raisin making, for table purpose & for
producing white dessert wine. Berries are of superior eating & keeping quality with TSS of 22-
230 Brix vine is vigorous & suitable for bower training system.
Anab-e-shahi:-
Vigorous variety with seeded berries introduced from middle East. It is high yielding
cultivar producing attractive large, well-shaped bunches of bold and fleshy berries. Fruit quality
is medium to poor only & is susceptible to berry drop during transit & storage.
Gulabi:-
Table purpose, Vines are medium vigorous producing good quality deep purple
coloured spherical berries with muscat flavour & seeds. This cultivar is suitable for
double cropping & slightly tolerant to downy mildew but berries have poor keeping
quality.
8. Perlette:-
Seedless hybrid between scolokertek hirly noje x sultanina Marble
developed at California, vines are semi vigorous producing medium sized, whitish,
spherical, soft fleshed, muscat flavoured & seedless berries of good keeping quality.
Main drawback presence of many under developed ‘shot’ berries in clusters. Used
as table purpose & for raisin making.
Flame Seedless:-
This is a purple coloured complex hybrid enrolled in USA. The vines are
vigorous prolific in bearing & many system of training. The berries are bright red,
large to medium in size, round & seedless. It is an early variety & take about 95-110
days to harvest from pruning. Yield 15-18 tons per hector.
Pusa Seedless:-
selection ,vine is vigorous ,medium yielder producing elongated good quality
.seedless berries suitable for table & raisin purpose
9. Bangalore blue :-
Hybrid between V. vinifera & V. labrusca. Vine gives moderate yield, small to
medium sized bunches & berries suitable for juice & wine making this is grown
extensiouly in south india and is suitable for double cropping berries having high
acidity & foxy flavor used of juice extraction
Kishmish charni / Shared seedless:-
The vines are medium in vigor. The berry is brick red, medium to large &
slightly elongated. The berries taste sweet & have good keeping quality. It gives
good yield on bower system of training. It responds very well to crop regulation &
gibberellic acid.
Delight-
Table purpose ,it is hybrid seedless between
scolokerteck hiraly noje 26 X sultanina. This is early ripening
and Muscat flavor varieties
10. Arka wati :-
Cross between black champa x Thompson seedless. Suitable for raisin
and white wine making.
Crimson Seedless:-
Hybrid between Emperor x C33-199 devloped at California. Seedless
berries are bright, red, large, cylindrical- oval. This variety does not required
GA3 for thinning & sizing. Some cluster may require a manual thinning. It is a late
ripening variety.
Sonaka:-
clone of Thompson seedless . berry elongation is better & the berry skin
is thin but more susceptible to berry cracking and rotting if rains at harvest.
11. Maniri Naveen:-
It is a Clonal selection from centennial seedless made at NRCG, Pune.
This variety ripens about 25 days early as compared to Thompson seedless. It is a
white seedless naturally bold berry with mild Muscat flavor table grape variety. It
has uniform berries & clusters and do not require extensive thinning operations.
Extended harvesting should be avoided, the ripe berries are less acidic & aromatic
hence should be quickly packed for precooling & cold storage. Yield of 20 -25
tons of exportable quality fruits/ha.
Cheema Sahibi:-
Open pollinated seedling Pandhari sahibi. Vigorous & heavy yielding. Bunches
are long, conical, oral berries. Late ripening & shipping quality is poor due to
weak pedicel attachment
12. Tas-e- Ganesh :-
cluster are larger than those of Thompson seedless .clone of Thompson
seedless more respond to girdling resulting in better quality berries
Some other varieties
Cheema sahebi , Arka Krishna ,Arka Hans ,Arka chitra , Arka Thrishna , Arka
Majestic , Arka Neelmani, Pusa Urvashi, Pusa Navnarang ,Arka Shyam , Arka
Shweta, Red Globe ,
Newly developed varieties:-
Red Globe:
This variety developed at California, USA was introduced in India in
1985. Cluster are big berries very bold (22 -25 mm dia) red round seeded with
meaty pulp. It is a late ripening variety & takes more than 135 days from pruning.
It has good keeping qualities & can be cold stored for at least 3 months. Fruits
yield is about 20 – 25 tons/ha.
13. Fantasy seedless;
It is a complex hybrid derived from a cross between B 36 – 27 x P 64 – 18 at USDA, Fresno,
California. This variety does not require GA3 for thinning/ sizing. Some clusters may require a manual
thinning in rare case. Berries are medium bold, deep purple to black, seedless, this skin & firm, obovate in
shape. Clusters are medium in size, conical shape an medium to loose in compactness with excellent
flavor. It is mide late ripening variety & takes not less than 130 moisture/humid conditions sometimes lead
to berry cracking care must be taken not to over crop during first year of production. The fruits can be cold
stored for & weeks
Autumn Royal:
variety developed from a cross of Autumn Black X C 74 – 1 at California. This variety has bold berries
purple black to black in colour. Ovoid to ellipsoidal in shape. The berry flesh is firm & translucent, skin
medium thick. It is a late maturing variety. This variety does not require GA3 for thinning/sizing. Some
clusters may require a manual thinning without GA3, Berry average weight more than 8 g.To avoid post-
harvest rachis drying a spray of 6-BA to clusters at 4 mm stage of berry growth is advised. It is a late
ripening variety, takes not less than 135 days from pruning. The fruits are harvested at sugar acid ratio of
25. Fruits can be cold stored up to 14 – 16 weeks.
14. Autumn seedless:-
This variety developed from a cross of calmeriax (muscat of Alexandria x
Thompson seedless) at, California. Clusters are attractive, medium large,
moderately compact to loose & conical to winged cylindrical in shape.
Berries are naturally bold & hence do not require GA3 for thinning 1 sizing.
Blush seedless:
It is a cross betn Emperor x Davis 24-87 developed at UC California. Vines are
moderately vigorous, bunches are medium, well filled/ compact, uniformly long,
conical & symmetrical Berries are red. Oval & seedless. Berries may be uneven
size. The skin is tender and crisp with meaty flesh It is a late ripen variety takes not
less than 130 days. From pruning. The fruits are harvested at sugar acid
ratio of 25. Fruits can be cold stored up to 12 weeks.
15. New Verities Developed At NRC Grape
Pune
Medika
• Cross between pusa navrang X flame seedless
• Duration of variety: 115-125 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
• Berry diameter: 14-16 mm
• Yield/vine: 16-17 kg
• Juice recovery: 60%
• Average bunch weight: 300 g (without GA3)
• Juice colour: purple to black
• No of seeds/berry: 2-3
• TSS: 21-22o brix.
• Variety is identified for juice purpose
• the incidence of downy mildew is less as compared to thompson seedless
while powdery mildew is more
16. Kishmish Rozavis White
• A white mutant selection from Kishmish Rozavis has been
identified for raisins and table purpose.
• It is also a good yielder of quality fruits.
• Duration of variety: 130-140 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
• Berry diameter: 14-15 mm
• Average bunch weight: 200-300 g.
• Yield/vine: 16-20 kg
• Leaf area: 170-180 cm2
• TSS: 23-24o Brix.
• Raisin recovery: 3.5 t/acre
• The pulp is better than Thompson Seedless. It has high leaf area that may help
for better photosynthesis.
17. A 18-3
• the cross of Carolina Black Rose x Thompson Seedless at ICAR-NRC
for Grapes, Pune.
• Berries are black with rudimentary seeds, suited for table and black
raisin preparation.
• Duration: 130 days after fruit pruning
• Cane diameter: 8-10mm
• Berry diameter: 16-17mm
• Average bunch weight: 300-400g
• Yield/vine: 8-10 kg, regular yielder
• Juice recovery: 50-55%
• TSS: 24o Brix.
• Good uniform canopy vigour.
• Tolerant to downy mildew and anthracnose
but moderately susceptible to powdery mildew.
18. Genetic Resources
More than 10,000 named varieties of grapes in different countries.
Chadha and Randhawa described 130 grape varieties available in
India .
In india, germplasm are being maintained in field gene banks .
Number of existing germplasm at IIHR, Bangalore is 616.
At NRCG Pune > 425 accessions
112 indigenous
313 exotic
19. Objectives of breeding programme
• Objectives of breeding for North Indian
Grapes are :
To develop early maturing, seedless and sweet
cultivars for table purpose.
To induce the resistance to anthracnose and
chaffer beetle.
To develop varieties with medium vigour and
productive basal bud, which can be trained on
head system of training .
20. • Objectives of breeding for Tropics should be :
To develop high yielding and high quality
varieties
To increase fruitfulness of basal buds,
Less degree of apical dominance,
Suitability for different purposes such as table,
raisin, wine and juice
Resistance to disease.
To developed rootstocks resistant to salinity,
Nematodes and drought.
21. Inheritance pattern
• Singh and Jalikop (1986) reported high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient
of variation.
• There are several hypothesis for inheritance of flower types in grape.
Abramov et.al. (1967) hypothesize a single pair of gene s h a dominant gene
for hermaphrodite flowers and sf a recessive gene for pistilate flowers .
• Wagner (1967) propose a pair of genes for flower type that for hermaphroditic
flowers being dominant .
• In grapes ,3 major fruit colors ,viz white ,red , black ,are found .segregation
for character supports a 2-gene hypothesis where B ,a gene for black fruit is
dominant & epistatic to that for red and white fruit (Barrit and Einset 1969)
• Red fruit (bbrr) is dominant to white which is recessive for both genes.( bbrr)
22. • Black fruit skin was dominant & white skin was recessive
• According to Wagner (1967b) ,Muscat flavor is controlled by 5
complementary dominant gene
• Singh et al (1985) could observe that larger berry size is dominant
over small.
• The wide variation in the progenies with regard to berry shape
showed that it is a polygenic- ally inherited characters.
• Despite considerable efforts made by breeders for over 70 years
inheritance of seedless ness in grape wine is not clearly defined
• Singh and Jalikop (1986) reported high phenotypic and genotypic
coefficient of variation.
23. Floral biology
Female flowers male flowers perfect flowers
Inflorence of grape is a cyme
Petals and sepals are (five in number) fused and during anthesis the petals
detach from the base forming a cap like
structure called ‘calyptra’.
24. Calyx 4-5 (3-7) sepals, connate .
Corolla 4-5 (3-7, 0) petals, distinct (connate) or apically
coherent
Androecium 4-5 (3-7) stamens, distinct or anthers
connate; opposite petals
Gynoecium 2
Anthesis
• Occurs 6 -8 weeks after the commencement of shoot
• Peak anthesis is between 7 -8 am in North India & between
8-9 am in South India.
25.
26. Stigmatal Receptivity:-
bright appearance
Stigma become receptive a day prior to anthesis and
remains so a day after with maximum receptivity on the
day of anthesis
Pollen fertility and logitivity :-
Anab- e- shahi -99%
Kandhari- 71% fertility (Nalawade et al 1972)
varieties under study lost viability within 10 days under
ambient conditions while those stored at 1-4 o c and 15%
RH retained viability up to 5 months
27. Breeding methods and achievements
A. Introduction
The commercial varieties of grapes were introduced in India mostly by
invaders of Iran and Afghanistan.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq introduced Bhokri and Pandhari Sahebi
cultivars in Aurangabad in 1338.
Large scale introduction in a planned manner were initiated at Lyallpur
as early as 1928, when S.B.S. Lal Singh, was Head of Department of
Horticulture, introduced as many as 116 grape varieties from different
grape growing countries .
28. Anab-e-Shahi introduced to India
from Middle East in 1890.
• Examples
Perlite , Delight , Beauty seedless , Perl of Casaba ,
Early Muscat , Thompson seedless , Kishmish Belli
(USSR) ,
Ruby seedless and Riesling (Australia),
Jotlucha (Brazil),
Foch (Canada), Jampal and Major (Portugal).
Himrod recent introduction , done well in Punjab,
Haryana and U.P.
Red globe (California)
Cabernet Sauvignon (red wine variety) introduced
from France
29. Selection
Open pollinated seedlings segregates for a large no. of
characters and the population of seedlings from open
pollinated seeds is a potential source for selection of desirable
type e.g. Cheema Sahebi (sel- 7), selection -49.
Some promising seedlings from open pollinated population of
Pandhari Sahebi and Kabul Manuka were also selected.
30. Clonal Selection
Due to natural mutation in existing cultivars considerable
variation occurs between individuals that helps in varietal
improvement through clonal selection.
The promising clonal selection of grapes are
Cutivars Clonal parents
Tas- e - Ganesh Thompson seedless
Rao sahebi Cheema sahebi
Sonaka & Manik
chaman
Thompson seedless
Pusa seedless Thompson seedless
HS 37-6 Perlette
32. HYIBRIDIZATION PROCEDOURE FALLOWED
IN GRAPE
Select parent female (A) parent male (B)
Emasculate the flower before anthesis by using lance (small flowers)
Removed stamens early stage between 6-7am
Remaining flowers are plucked off from panicle.
Bagging of emasculated panicals
Tagging of panicals
1. Date of emasculation
2. Date of pollination
3. Name of parent
33. pollen Collection in vial
Pollination - pollen bearing
clusters can be gently
brushed against the
emasculated female
OR
with brush pollination is
done
Rebagging of pollinated panicle to avoid contamination
Harvesting & storage of seeds from individual berries & properly dried seeds stored at -200c
for further sowing
Raising of progeny Stratification is done to break the dormancy 50c for 30months
Planting in main field
Selection of best progeny according qualitative characters & produced seedlings
,release as a new variety
34. Grapes are highly heterozygous and are propagated
asexually at commercial scale.
Inbreeding results in rapid loss of vigour and fertility of
vine, even in first generation.
The crossing of unrelated parents with good combining
abilities followed by raising a large number of hybrid
seedlings in each combination and vigorous selection may
result good ideotype of commercial use.
35. In India hybridization work was started in 1958 at IARI, New Delhi
to develop early maturity, high yielding, better quality, seedlessness
and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
However, IIHR, Bangalore started breeding programme in 1968,
with objective to develop superior varieties for table, raisin, wine
and juice.
On the basis of types of parent used, it can be grouped into two
Interspecific/ Intergeneric hybridization
Intraspecific or intervarietal hybridization
36. Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
Muscadinia is a rich source of resistance to disease and pests
and also possesses a unique and delightful flavour and aroma.
The crosses between Vitis and Muscadinia which differ in
chromosome number are made with difficulty, but most of the
resulting hybrids remain sterile
Crossing within Muscadinia has given outstanding self fertile
cultivars like Tarheel, South land, Magron, Regale and
Triumph.
37. Some of the outstanding contributions of interspecific
hybridization are cold and mildew resistant.
Amur hybrid, Delaware and some important
rootstock of grape i.e. 1613, telki 5 A , Harmony.
38. Intraspecific/Intervarietal hybridization
Mukherjee et al. made some crosses using Gros Colomn, Bhokri,
Bharat Early, Pusa Seedless, Black Muscat and Pearl of Casaba
cultivars to develops seedless, sweet and high yielding varieties
Muscat flavour.
Later on Mukherjee et al. (1970) reported ten hybrids from parental
combination of Hur x Pusa Seedless ( 62-6,62-56,62-80,62-109)
Bharat Early x Bhokri ( 62-20, 62-54) Hur x Bharat Early (62-
36,63-76, 63-65) and Bhokri x Pearl- of – casaba ( 63-12).
39. In 1996 cultivars Pusa Navrang (Madeleine
Angevine x Rubired) and in 1997 Pusa Urvashi
( Hur x Beauty Seedless ) was released from
IARI, New Delhi.
At IIHR, Bangalore, grape breeding programme
has been in progress since 1968. the promising
hybrid developed at this centre are
40. Hybrids Parents
Arkawati Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Kanchan Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of vineyards
Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue X Black Champa
Arka Hans Anab-e -Shahi x Bangalore Blue
Arka Shweta Anab-e- Shahi x Thompson Seedless
Arka Majestic Angur Kalan x Black Champa
Arka Neelamani Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Chitra Angur Kalan x Anab- e-Shahi
Arka Soma Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of vineyards
Arka Trishna Bangalore Blue X Convent Large Black
Arka Krishna Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
41. At Punjab Agriculture University, a number of hybrids are
under evaluation. They include Portan, Deibron, Chasan-b,
Muscat Hamburg, H-27 And H-516.
At Agharkar research Institute, Pune, 70 hybrids and 16
mutants were evaluated.
Out of these ARI-27 (Diamond Jubilee x Rubi Red), ARI-
144 (Cheema Sahebi x Catawba) and ARI-516 (Catauba x
Beauty Seedless)
42. Breeding for resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses
Very little work has been done in India on breeding
cultivars showing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Species like V.berlandieri, V.riperia, V.candicans, V.longii,
V.champini tolerate excessive salt in the soil and thus can
be used in the improvement programmes oriented to breed
salt resistant types.
Dog Ridge and Salt Creek impart nematode and
salt resistance to the grafts.
43. V.berlanderii, V.arizonica, V.tiliefolia highly suitable for
inducing drought tolerance.
Muscadine grape (M.rotundifolia) a species adapted to a
humid, warm climate is resistant to many diseases and pests.
Hybridization between Vitis sp. And M.rotundifolia has been
carried on for more than a century to combine the pest and
warm climate resistance of M.rotundifolia with the large
cluster and desirable berry qualities of V. vinifera.
44. Mutation
It may be attempt as a complementary tool in grape
breeding or one / more important characters, without
altering the whole genetical setup.
The important mutagens used in grape breeding are
physical mutagens ( X-ray and ϒ ray) and chemical
mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate, N-Nitroso-N-
Methyl Urethane , and diazomethane) ( Das and
Mukherjee, 1968).
45. Induced mutation have resulted in a few improved varieties , New Perlette (Loose
Perlette) evolved with X-rays(2.5 kR) treatment,
Red Niagara (red fruited type from Niagara) and
Robin Cardinal (early-maturing type from Cardinal)
Kishmish Rozavis White
A white mutant selection from Kishmish Rozavis has been identified for raisins and table
purpose.
It is also a good yielder of quality fruits.
Duration of variety: 130-140 days after fruit pruning
Cane diameter: 8-10 mm
Berry diameter: 14-15 mm
Average bunch weight: 200-300 g.
Yield/vine: 16-20 kg
Leaf area: 170-180 cm2
TSS: 23-24o Brix.
Raisin recovery: 3.5 t/acre
The pulp is better than Thompson Seedless. It has high leaf area that may help for better
photosynthesis.
Loose Perlette
Kishmish Rozavis White
46. No. Situation / problem Rootstock
1. Water shortage 1103P, 140RU,110R, 420A, S04, 99R,
Dogridge.
2. Soil Ec more than 2 m mohs/cm and
water EC more than 1 m mohs/cm
Ramsey, 140RU, 99R, 110R
3. Soil ESP more than 15% & or water
SAR more than 8
140RU, Ramsey, 110R, 1103P
4. Free calcium content of soil is more
than 12%
Fercal, 140RU, S04, 420A.
5. Chloride content of water is more than 4
meq/ litre
Ramsey, Dogridge, 140 RV, Telekri 5-c,
110 R, 99 R.
Rootstocks improvements
47. 6. Poor vigor of the variety without
any soil/water problem
Dogridge, St. George, S04, 140 Ru
7. For increased nitrogen potassium
uptake
Dogridge, st. George, 34 EM, Ramsey.
8. For increased bud break 1613. 110 R
9. Nematode Dogridge, 1613, salt creek, Ramsey,
1616, Freedom, Harmony.
10. Phylloxera Riparian Gloried, st. George, coudera
1202, 99R, Teleki 5-A
48. • Ray ,P.K. (2002).Breeding tropical and
Subtropical Fruits, Narosa publishing House,
New Delhi. pp 291-297
• Radha,T and Lila Mathew.(2007).Fruit Crops,
New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi. pp
325-331
• Arun Kumar Shukla and Anil Kumar Shukla.
Fruit Breeding Approaches and Achievements
REFERENCES