This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
ย
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
This document summarizes the floral biology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical name (Solanum lycopersicum) and family (Solanaceae). It then describes the plant's roots, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower morphology including calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses anthesis, self-pollination, cross-pollination techniques including emasculation, pollen collection, and artificial pollination. It also covers fertilization, fruit set, seed structure and composition, economic importance as a major global crop and model plant for research.
The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
ย
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
This document summarizes the floral biology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical name (Solanum lycopersicum) and family (Solanaceae). It then describes the plant's roots, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower morphology including calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses anthesis, self-pollination, cross-pollination techniques including emasculation, pollen collection, and artificial pollination. It also covers fertilization, fruit set, seed structure and composition, economic importance as a major global crop and model plant for research.
The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
ย
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
ย
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
This document discusses training and pruning methods for apple trees. It describes the objectives of training as developing a framework that displays the tree canopy and supports heavy crop loads. Pruning removes portions of the tree to correct structure and improve airflow. Two main training systems are described: open center and modified central leader. Dormant pruning is done in winter while summer pruning removes upright shoots. Techniques like spreading, tying and weighting are used to position limbs at a 45-60 degree angle for optimal fruit production. The document provides details on various pruning and training methods used for different apple tree planting densities and forms.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
Wheat is a staple food for 35% of the world's population. It has important growth stages from emergence to physiological maturity including germination, tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and grain filling. Phenological studies observe the timing and duration of these growth stages, which can vary depending on genotype, temperature, day length, and sowing date. Understanding wheat development and growth stages is important for agronomic management practices.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
1. The document discusses various factors that can cause deterioration of crop varieties and loss of genetic purity during seed production, including developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, genetic drift, influence of diseases, and issues during breeding and certification.
2. It provides examples of each factor and recommends various techniques to maintain genetic purity, such as isolation, rouging of fields, seed certification processes, and periodic testing.
3. Key aspects that can impact genetic purity include the seed source and class, preceding crops, isolation distances, rouging practices, certification standards, and grow-out testing. Proper controls and procedures are necessary to preserve variety integrity during seed multiplication and distribution.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
ย
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
ย
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
This document discusses training and pruning methods for apple trees. It describes the objectives of training as developing a framework that displays the tree canopy and supports heavy crop loads. Pruning removes portions of the tree to correct structure and improve airflow. Two main training systems are described: open center and modified central leader. Dormant pruning is done in winter while summer pruning removes upright shoots. Techniques like spreading, tying and weighting are used to position limbs at a 45-60 degree angle for optimal fruit production. The document provides details on various pruning and training methods used for different apple tree planting densities and forms.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
Wheat is a staple food for 35% of the world's population. It has important growth stages from emergence to physiological maturity including germination, tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and grain filling. Phenological studies observe the timing and duration of these growth stages, which can vary depending on genotype, temperature, day length, and sowing date. Understanding wheat development and growth stages is important for agronomic management practices.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
1. The document discusses various factors that can cause deterioration of crop varieties and loss of genetic purity during seed production, including developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, genetic drift, influence of diseases, and issues during breeding and certification.
2. It provides examples of each factor and recommends various techniques to maintain genetic purity, such as isolation, rouging of fields, seed certification processes, and periodic testing.
3. Key aspects that can impact genetic purity include the seed source and class, preceding crops, isolation distances, rouging practices, certification standards, and grow-out testing. Proper controls and procedures are necessary to preserve variety integrity during seed multiplication and distribution.
Deterioration of crop varieties and methods to prevent them.NSStudents
ย
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Deterioration of crop varieties and methods to prevent them.
This document outlines principles of seed production aimed at producing genetically pure, high-quality seeds. It discusses genetic principles like preventing developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossings, and more. It also discusses important agronomic principles for seed production like selecting suitable regions and varieties, isolating seed crops, applying proper nutrition, and following best practices for sowing, inspection, rouging, harvesting and storage. Maintaining genetic purity and quality is crucial and requires carefully following these outlined genetic and agronomic principles during the seed production process.
The document discusses the requirements for producing high quality pedigree seed, which requires technical skills and financial investment. Strict attention must be given to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities in order to develop superior crop varieties. Seed production must be carried out under standardized, well-organized conditions to select for desirable traits and avoid contamination.
This document discusses best practices for maintaining genetic purity and quality in seed production. It identifies seven main causes of variety deterioration: developmental variation, mechanical mixture, mutation, natural crossing, minor genetic variation, influence of diseases, and issues from plant breeding techniques. Key recommendations include growing seeds in adapted regions, rogueing fields to remove off-type plants, providing adequate isolation between varieties, and certifying seeds according to generation to limit deterioration to four generations. Proper agronomic practices like seed treatment, isolation, and weed control are also important to maintain high quality seeds.
Seed technology involves the development, production, processing, storage, and distribution of high quality seeds. It aims to rapidly multiply and supply new crop varieties to farmers in a timely manner while maintaining genetic purity, high germination rates, and reasonable prices. Factors like natural crossing, mechanical mixtures, mutations, and diseases can lead to the deterioration of crop varieties during seed production if not properly controlled. Key aspects of seed technology include isolating seed fields, rouging off-type plants, multi-generation seed classes (nucleus, breeder, foundation), and seed certification to ensure genetic purity and quality are maintained throughout the multiplication process. The goals of seed technology are to increase agricultural production and food security by disseminating improved seeds
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability characteristics. Maintaining genetic purity during seed production requires controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, certification, and grow-out tests. Key steps in quality seed production include selecting suitable regions and seed plots, proper land preparation, recommended varieties, treatments, planting methods, weed/pest control, irrigation, and timely harvesting and drying. This ensures high-quality seeds that perform well and retain desirable traits.
The document discusses the principles of vegetable seed production. It covers genetic principles like variety deterioration, natural crossing, and maintaining genetic purity during seed production. It also discusses agronomic principles such as selection of the production region, isolation of seed crops, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing time and method, irrigation, harvesting, drying and storage. Following appropriate seed production techniques can help farmers produce quality seeds for their own use or sale to generate income and boost overall vegetable production.
Seed are the propagators of plant species and ensure future crop growth. There are various types of seeds classified based on their quality and intended use. The highest quality seeds are Breeder or Nucleus seeds, which are directly controlled by plant breeders. Foundation, Registered and Certified seeds are progressively lower in quality but suitable for commercial crop production. Seed quality is determined by testing for characteristics like viability, purity, and freedom from pests. Proper production and storage help maintain high seed quality over time.
The document discusses pulses production globally and in India. It notes that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It then discusses several key aspects of pulses seed production including maintaining genetic purity, proper isolation distances, hybridity and varietal purity tests, seed enhancement techniques, and proper storage conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of quality seed for increasing pulses productivity through a formal seed supply system.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
ย
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
Characteristics Improvement in Plant BreedingDev Hingra
ย
Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
An orchard is a land area intentionally planted with fruit-bearing trees or shrubs. A seed orchard is a plantation of specially arranged trees used for mass producing genetically improved seeds to create new forests. There are two types of seed orchards - seedling seed orchards which use seedlings from selected parents, and clonal seed orchards which use clones propagated through grafting or other methods. Maintaining genetic purity in seed production is important and involves practices like isolation of seed fields, removal of off-type plants, periodic testing, and restricting seed production to certain generations.
The document discusses the importance of seed quality and nutritional quality of seeds. It states that seed is the first determinant of future plant development and quality seed is a vital input for crop production [1]. It then provides details on seed quality parameters like physical, physiological, and genetic attributes as well as storability [2]. Finally, it outlines procedures for maintaining genetic purity in seed production like isolation distance and rouging [3].
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Principles and methods of breeding in cross pollinated cropsTEJU C M
ย
This document discusses principles and methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It begins by defining cross-pollination and listing several mechanisms that promote it, such as dicliny, dichogamy, heterostyly, herkogamy, and self-incompatibility. Characteristics of cross-pollinated plants are provided, as well as an overview of various breeding methods used for these crops, including plant introduction, mass and progeny selection, recurrent selection, heterosis breeding, backcross method, synthetic and composite breeding, mutation breeding, and polyploidy breeding. Each method is described in one to two paragraphs.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
ย
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
ย
Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
ย
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
ย
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. Presented by:
Dr. Amita Sharma
Assistant Professor
Deptt. of Plant Breeding & Genetics
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Madhya Pradesh
2. Genotypic purity is simply defined as true to type plants /
seeds conforming to the characteristics of the variety as
described by the breeders.
Principle
Genetic purity or genuiness of the cultivar is tested by
means of heritable characters (morphological,
physiological or chemical) of seeds, seedlings or plants.
3. ๏To increase crop production at national level.
๏To increase farmers income and standard of living.
๏To make IPR (plant breederโs right and plant variety
protection) part strong.
๏For distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS) test.
๏Quality control of grains for processing.
๏Documentation of genetic resources.
4. The genetic purity of a variety or trueness to its type
deteriorates due to several factors during the production
cycles.
Kadam (1942) listed the following important factors
responsible for deterioration of varieties.
1. Developmental variations
2. Mechanical mixtures
3. Mutations
4. Natural crossing
5. Minor genetic variations
6. Selected influence of pest and diseases
7. The technique of the plant breeder
8. Breakdown of male sterility
5. 1. Developmental Variations
When seed crops are grown under environments with
different photoperiods, or at different elevations for
several consecutive generation's developmental
variations may set in as differential growth responses. It
is therefore, preferred to grow the varieties of crops in
the areas of their developmental shifts.
6. 2. Mechanical Mixtures
๏ Most important reason for varietal deterioration.
๏ Two varieties growing next to each otherโs field is
usually mixed during harvesting and threshing
operations.
7. The threshing equipment is often seeds of other varieties.
Similarly, the gunny bags, seed bins and elevators are
also often contaminated, adding to the mechanical
mixtures of varieties. Roguing the seed fields critically
and using utmost care during seed production and
preferably avoid such mechanical contamination.
8. 3. Mutations
๏ Mutations do not seriously deteriorate varieties. It is
often difficult to identify or detect minor mutations
occurring naturally.
๏ Mutants such as 'fatuoids' in oats or 'rabbit ear' in
peas may be removed by roguing from seed plots to
purify the seeds.
9. 4. Natural Crossing
๏ An important source of varietal deterioration in
sexually propagated crops.
๏ In self-fertilized crops, natural crossing is not a serious
source of contamination unless variety is male sterile and
is grown in close proximity with other varieties.
10. 5. Selected Influence of Pest and Diseases
๏ Selectively influence deterioration.
๏ The vegetatively propagated stock also can
deteriorate quickly if infected by virus, fungi or bacteria.
๏ Seed production under strict disease free conditions
is therefore essential.
11. 6. Minor Genetic variation
๏ It is not of much importance.
๏ Periodic testing of the varieties must be done from
breederโs seed and nucleus seed in self pollinated crops.
๏ Minor genetic variation is a common feature in often
cross-pollinated species; therefore care should be taken
during maintenance of nucleus and breeder seed.
12. 7. The Techniques of the Plant Breeder
๏ Improper assessments in the release of new varieties.
๏ Premature release of varieties, still segregating for
resistance and susceptibility to diseases or other factors.
๏ Other heritable variations due to recombinations and
polyploidization may also take place in varieties during
seed production.
13. 8. Breakdown of Male Sterility
Generally in hybrid seed production if there is any
breakdown of male sterility in may lead to a mixture of
F1 hybrids and selfers.
14. 9. Improper seed certification
It is not a factor that deteriorates the crops varieties, but
is there is any lacuna in any of the above factors and if it
has not been checked it may lead to deterioration of
crop varieties.
15.
16. Horne (1953) had suggested the following methods for
maintenance of genetic purity:
1. Use of approved seed in seed multiplication.
2. Inspection of seed fields prior to planting.
3. Field inspection and approval of the crop at critical
stages for verification of genetic purity, detection of
mixtures, weeds and seed borne diseases.
4. Sampling and sealing of cleaned lots.
5. Growing of samples with authentic stocks or Grow-out
test.
17. Various steps suggested by Hartman and Kestar (1968)
for maintaining genetic purity are as follows:
1. Providing isolation to prevent cross fertilization or
mechanical mixtures.
2. Rouging of seed fields prior to planting.
3. Periodic testing of varieties for genetic purity.
4. Grow in adapted areas only to avoid genetic shifts in
the variety.
5. Certification of seed crops to maintain genetic purity
and quality.
6. Adopting generation system.
18. Safe guards for maintenance of genetic purity:
The important safe guards for maintaining genetic purity
during seed production are;
1. Control of seed source
2. Preceding crop requirement
3. Isolation
4. Rouging of seed fields
5. Seed certification
6. Grow out test
19. 1. Control of Seed Source
The seed used should be of appropriate class from the
approved source for raising a seed crop.
a. Nucleus Seed: It is handful of seed maintained by
concerned breeder for further multiplication. The nucleus
seed will have all the characters that the breeder has
placed in it and it is of highest genetic purity. The quantity
of nucleus seed is in kilograms.
20. b. Breeder Seed: It is produced by the concerned breeder
or sponsoring institute or and which is used for
producing foundation seed. It is of 100% genetic purity.
c. Foundation Seed: It is produced from breeder seed and
maintained with specific genetic identity and purity. It is
produced on govt. farms or by private seed producers.
21. 2. Preceding Crop requirement :
This has been fixed to avoid contamination through
volunteer plants and also the soil borne diseases.
3. Isolation:
Isolation is required to avoid natural crossing with other
undesirable types, off types in the fields and mechanical
mixtures at the time of sowing, threshing, processing and
contamination due to seed borne diseases from nearby
fields.
22. 4. Rouging of Seed Fields:
The existence of off type plants is another source of
genetic contamination. Off type plants differing in their
characteristics from that of the seed crop are called as off
types. Removal of off types is referred to as roughing. The
main sources of off types are:
a. Segregation of plants for certain characters or
mutations,
b. Volunteer plants from previous crops or,
c. Accidentally planted seeds of other variety,
d. Diseased plants, Off type plants should be rouged out
from the seed plots before they shed pollen and
pollination occurs.
23. 5. Seed Certification:
Genetic purity in seed production maintained through a
system of seed certification. The main objective of seed
certification is to make available seeds of good quality to
farmers.
24. 6. Grow-out Test:
Varieties that are grown for seed production should be
periodically tested for genetic purity by conducting GOT
to make sure that they are being maintained in true form.
GOT test is compulsory for hybrids produced by manual
emasculation and pollination and for testing the purity of
parental lines used in hybrid seed production.
25.
26. Methods to assess genetic purity
Morphological (In Laboratory or in field):
Examination features of seeds such as length, width,
thickness, shape, weight, colour, seed coat colour etc. and
comparing them with those of authentic sample.
Which are examined with naked eye / with magnified hand
lens / with the help of scanning electron microscope.
28. ๏ The seed sample is sown in the controlled condition
with the authentic sample.
๏ Genetic purity is determined on the basis of
observation made on the plant morphological characters
with reference to authentic sample.
๏ Genetic purity is always expressed in percentage.
29.
30.
31. Limitations of morphological methods
๏ Environmental stress conditions often mask specific
morphological traits.
๏ Large amount of land required.
๏ Laborious.
๏ Time consuming.
๏ Unfavorable condition, i.e. disease and insect infestation
may limit GOT in field.
๏ Morphological markers are becoming limited in relation
to rapid increase in number of varieties, hybrids and
transgenics.
32. 2. Chemical tests
1. Phenol test
2. Modified phenol test
3. Potassium hydroxide
4. Ferrous sulphate test
5. NaOH test
33. Advantages of chemical tests
๏ They are quick.
๏ They require virtually no technical expertise or
training.
๏ Relatively inexpensive to conduct.
๏ No sophisticated equipments are required.
๏ The test permits detection of percentage admixture of
other type.
๏ Its results are usually distinct and easily interpretable.
34. 3. Biochemical methods / Electrophoresis
Migration of a charged particle through a medium
(agarose, polyacrylamide, starch) under the influence of
an electrical field. it is usually carried out in aqueous
solution.
A mixture of molecules of various sizes will migrate at
different velocities and will be separated.
The varieties are verified on the basis of banding pattern.
35. 4. Molecular Markers
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known
location on a chromosome that can be used to identify
individuals or species.
36. Advantages and Limitations of Molecular Techniques
๏ It has very large number of polymorphism development
as compared to the bio-chemical markers.
๏ It is reliable to all crops.
๏ Very fast method.
๏ Sophisticated instruments required.
๏ Very costly.
37. Advantages/Conclusion of Genetic Purity
1. It is helpful in plant variety protection, registration,
certification and patents.
2. To detect even the minute genetic differences between
cultivars visa-a-versa for existence of novelty among
essentially derived varieties.
3. Assurance of genetic purity for ensuring better
agronomic performance and predicted expectations.
4. Prevention of misappropriation and willful admixture of
seed/ cultivars at commercial or farmers level.