1) The document discusses domestication syndrome in crop plants, which refers to the suite of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild progenitors, such as larger fruits/grains, loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, and changes to growth patterns.
2) Domestication occurred as humans selectively bred wild plants starting around 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, resulting in crops dependent on human cultivation. Artificial selection for desirable traits changed plant evolution, similar to natural selection.
3) Methods to identify genes responsible for domestication traits include QTL mapping, association studies, and screening for signatures of selection in resequenced genomes. Several genes controlling key domestication traits have been identified in crops
The presentation was done as part of the course STAT 504 titled Quantitative Genetics in Second Semester of MSc. Agricultural Statistics at Agricultural College, Bapatla under ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh
Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes to genotypes.Varioius strategey involved in association mapping is discussed in this presentation
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
The presentation was done as part of the course STAT 504 titled Quantitative Genetics in Second Semester of MSc. Agricultural Statistics at Agricultural College, Bapatla under ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh
Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes to genotypes.Varioius strategey involved in association mapping is discussed in this presentation
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Power Point is deals with the different aspects of Quantitative genetics in plant breeding it converse Basic Principles of Biometrical Genetics, estimation of Variability, Correlation, Principal Component Analysis, Path analysis, Different Matting design and Stability so on
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
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Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Power Point is deals with the different aspects of Quantitative genetics in plant breeding it converse Basic Principles of Biometrical Genetics, estimation of Variability, Correlation, Principal Component Analysis, Path analysis, Different Matting design and Stability so on
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
What is genetic diversity? What is a gene? How is genetic diversity measured? Types of genetic variation, Evolutionary processes, Loss of genetic Variation, etc.
Green revolution in wheat was brought through the "Dwarfing genes". This document describes all relevant information about major dwarfing genes in wheat and the mechanism how they cause dwarfism.
Horizantal gene transfer in evolution of nematodespriyank mhatre
This is a presentation on Horizontal gene transfer(HGT) in evolution of nematodes which gives us idea about importance of HGT in evolution of nematode parasitism. Here I have covered the historical events about HGT as well.
This is my First seminar in Div of Nematology.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. • Neolithic revolution/Agriculture
revolution: 12000 to 10000 years
ago
• Changes:
– The transition from hunting-
gathering to plant agriculture
– The formation of villages
– One of the key technological
elements of the transition to
agriculture was DOMESTICATION.
Introduction
4. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 4
Plant domestication is the genetic
modification of a wild species to create a
new form of a plant altered to meet human
needs(Doebley et al., 2006)
The process by which humans actively
interfere with and direct crop evolution.
What is domestication..?
Continuum of increasing codependence
between plants and people
5. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 5
Incidental- Didn’t happen on purpose. Hunter/gatherers dropped
seeds, scared off natural herbivores, disrupted natural environments
so that plants could grow.
Directed- Humans and plants became dependent on each other, so
better plants helped people get healthier, planting more (and maybe
improved) plants, etc.
Types of Domestication
Agriculture- Human intervention in crop
Husbandry, Cultivation and Selection.
6. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 6
Where did it happen….??
(Balter, 2007)
Africa
Meso-America
Near East China
South-America
South-East Asia
Gepts, P., 2004
6
7. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 7
How did it happen…???
Is Artificial Selection
Analogous to Natural
Selection?
Unconscious selection: ‘‘that which
follows from men naturally preserving
the most valued and destroying the less
valued individuals, without any thought
of altering the breed.’’ (Darwin, 1868)
It was no different from natural selection
Humans change the conditions in which cultivated species live
and reproduce,
The phenotypic changes associated with domestication are
likely to have arisen via unconscious selection
(Harlan, 1992)
Natural
selection
Domestication
10. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 10
What made domesticates to differed from wild….??
• There is a common suite of traits that
distinguishes most seed and fruit crops
from their progenitors (Hammer, 1984)
These distinct suite of traits later termed the
“domestication syndrome” would likely be
selected for during the initial stages of
domestication (Harlan et al., 1973)
Domestication syndrome:
It is the subset of traits that collectively
form the morphological and
physiological differences between crops
and their wild progenitors.
11. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 11
‘Domestication Syndrome’ traits
A variety of physiological
changes are also involved.
a loss of seed dormancy,
a decrease in bitter
substances in edible
structures
changes in photoperiod
sensitivity
synchronized flowering
Compared to their progenitors,
food crops typically have
larger fruits or grains,
more robust plants
more determinate growth or
increased apical dominance
a loss of natural seed dispersal
often have fewer (although
larger) fruits or grains per plant
than their progenitors.
15. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 15
Diversification genes ..
‘Diversification’ genes are the target of selection for phenotypic variation
among varieties of a crop, such as different types of starch or flavor
Glutinous or sticky phenotype of cooked cereal grains, reflecting the
absence (or near absence) of the starch amylose in the endosperm - the
glutinous phenotype is favored in select varieties of rice (primarily a subset
of japonica varieties of O. sativa), maize and foxtail millet, and is
controlled by unique mutations at the Waxy gene in all these crops.
Rice BADH2 gene (2-Acetyi 1-Pyrrlione) - the aromatic phenotype has also
been generated via a variety of mutations at the same gene
(Gross and Olsen, 2010)
16. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 16
Methods for identifying domestication genes
Biparental QTL mapping
Association Mapping Using Unrelated Individuals
QTL Mapping Using Advanced Intercross
Populations
Genomic scans
Genome Resequencing and Screening for
Selection Signatures
17. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 17
Classical Examples…
Teosinte branched 1 (tb1) QTL of maize controls the difference in apical dominance in maize
and teosinte
tb1, it acts as transcriptional regulators, a class of genes involved in the transcriptional
regulation of cell cycle
Teosinte glume architecture1 (tga1) was identified as a QTL controlling the formation of the
casing that surrounds the kernels of the maize ancestor, teosinte
tga1 is a member of the squamosa-promoter binding protein (SBP) family of transcriptional
regulators
Fruitweight2.2 (fw2.2) was identified as a large effect QTL controlling 30% of the difference
in fruit mass between wild and cultivated tomato
fw2.2 acts as a negative regulator of cell division in the fruit, perhaps via some role in cell-to-
cell communication
Q is a major gene involved in wheat domestication that affects a suite of traits, including
The tendency of the spike (ear) to shatter,
The tenacity of the chaff surrounding the grain, and
The spike is elongated as in wild wheat or compact like the cultivated forms
18. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 18
shattering4 (sh4) is a major QTL controlling whether the seed fall off the plant
(shatter) as in wild rice or adhere to the plant as in cultivated rice
sh4 encodes a gene with homology to Myb3 transcription factors.
A single amino acid change in the predicted DNA binding domain converts plants
from shattering to non-shattering
Rc is a domestication-related gene required for red pericarp in rice
Two independent genetic stocks of Rc revealed that the dominant red allele differed
from the recessive white allele by a 14-bp deletion within exon 6 - originated in
japonica cultivar and spread into indica cultivars.
19. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 19
Super-domestication
The processes that lead to a domesticate with dramatically increased yield that
could not be selected in natural environments without new technologies.
The array of genome manipulations enable barriers to gene exchange to be
overcome and have lead to super-domesticates with
– dramatically increased yields,
– resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses, and with
– new characters for the marketplace.
Hybrid rice can be considered a super-domesticate
Conversion of a crop from C3 to C4 photosynthesis
would certainly be a super-domesticate.
(Vaughan et al. 2007)
PLANT
BREEDERS
GENOMIC
SCIENTISTS
SUPER
DOMESTICATION
leads to
20. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 20
Effect of selection during domestication
Selection is expected to reduce diversity at domestication related genes and
tightly linked loci
One common feature of the domesticated genomes is the reduction of
genetic diversity in crops relative to the wild progenitors
This reduction has two causes:
Genetic bottleneck
Selective sweep
(Tang et al., 2010)
21. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 21
It depends on
The bottleneck population size
The duration of bottleneck
The loss in diversity was not experienced equally by all genes in the genome
(Tang et al., 2010)
22. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 22
Effect of Artificial Selection on Genetic Diversity of
Maize Genes.
Bottleneck
effect
(Yamasaki et al., 2005)
23. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 23
A selective sweep is the reduction or elimination of variation among
the nucleotides in neighboring DNA of a mutation as the result of recent and
strong positive natural selection
A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the
positively selected haplotype (the mutated allele and its neighbours) is
essentially the only one that exists in the population, resulting in a large
reduction of the total genetic variation in that chromosome region.
Selective sweep
Size of
selective
sweep
Time of selection
Strength of selection
Recombination rates
(Tang et al., 2010)
25. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 25
Case study:1
Aim of the study:
• Attempt identify gene responsible for prostrate growth
and erect growth habit
• Mapping the gene on to chromosome
29. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 29
Linkage analysis : F2 derived from cross between YIL 18 and Teqing showed that
prostrate growth was completely controlled by a single semi-dominant gene, PROG1
(PROSTATE GROWTH 1), located between SSR markers RM298 and RM481 on
short arm of chromosome 7
Output of the study
Positional cloning study: demonstrate that in the O. rufipogon genome was a
key gene (PROG1) controlling prostrate growth.
Tissue specificity study: they followed GUS reporter gene method
• detected GUS expression in the tiller base, leaf-sheath pulvinus and lamina
joint, but not in the root, leaf blade and culm
30. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 30
Case study:2
Preamble:
Why did a crop domestication gene hinder breeding with a
modern breeding gene responsible for the beneficial ‘‘jointless’’ trait
in tomato, and how can this genetic interaction be overcome and
exploited?
33. 16-Dec-17 PG seminar 33
Understanding crop domestication- Implications
Up- and down-regulation of transcription factors
Application of selection screens to identify genes contributing
to the success of best varieties
QTL cloning for key agronomic genes
Screening wild relatives and unimproved varieties to recover
superior alleles (allele mining) that failed to pass through the
domestication and improvement bottlenecks
Since their origin, hunting and gathering had been the primary mode of subsistence for modern humans. But around 12,000 years ago, humans switched from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle. This transition in human behavioural ecology is known as ‘‘the Neolithic revolution’’. The Neolithic revolution has marked one of the most profound changes in human evolution.
Domestication can be described as a set of consecutive stages that begins with the onset of domestication followed by an increase in the frequency of a set of desirable traits (the domestication traits), and which culminates with the emergence of cultivated populations adapted to both human needs and a cultivated environment.
this change exerts selection on the population even in the absence of a choice or predetermined goal by the cultivator.
Oasis: Symbiotic association between human animal and plants due to gathering around few oasis and water resources.
Hilly flank: Agriculture began in upland location with frequent rainfall so that crop can grown Without supplemented irrigation.
Population pressure: Population increases in near East area/ South West Asia upset the balance between People and food , forcing people to turn to an agricultural way of life .
Maize
Wild
Multiple stalks and long branches
Teosinte ear has its grains enclosed in the triangular casing that comprises the ear
cultivated
Single stalk
Maize ear bears its grain naked on the surface of the ear
Rice
Wild rice has a panicle that shatters…………….Cultivated rice has a solid panicle of grains
challenging task is to define a domestication syndrome, which is the subset of traits that collectively form the morphological and physiological differences between crops and their wild progenitors.
Transforming plant breeding into crop engineering to meet the human need for increased crop yield with the minimum environmental impact. We consider this to be ‘super-domestication
Early farmers used only a limited number of individuals of the progenitor species, much of the genetic diversity in the progenitor was left behind
A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing
This evidence suggests that mutation of a single gene can improve plant architecture and yield in crop domestication;