The document discusses the taxonomy, origin, evolution, and breeding of tomatoes. It notes that tomatoes originated in South America and were domesticated from wild cherry tomatoes. Important tomato breeding objectives include increasing yield, improving fruit quality and shelf life, and developing resistance to diseases and abiotic stresses. Breeding methods discussed are introduction, selection, hybridization, and biotechnology. The first genetically modified tomato, Flavr Savr, was developed to have increased shelf life but did not significantly improve firmness.

1. Tomato

2. Botanical classification
 In 1753, Linnaeus placed the tomato in the genus
Solanum (alongside the potato) as Solanum
lycopersicum.
 However, in 1768 Philip Miller moved it to its own
genus, naming it Lycopersicon esculentum.
 This name came into wide use but was in breach of
the plant naming rules.
 Technically, the combination Lycopersicon
lycopersicum (L.) H.Karst. would be more correct, but
this name (published in 1881) has hardly ever been
used (except in seed catalogs, which frequently used
it and still do).

3. Scientific Classification
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
Order:Solanales
Family:Solanaceae
Genus:Solanum
Species:S. lycopersicum
Binomial nameSolanum lycopersicum L
Synonyms Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Lycopersicon esculentum

4. The word "tomato" comes from the Spanish word
“tomate”, meaning "the swelling fruit".

5. Importance
Second most consumed vegetable after potato in the
world
First in terms of total contribution of nutrients to human
diet among vegetables
Consumed in fresh form and various processed forms like
soup, sauce, ketchup, paste, puree, canned etc.
Tops the list of processed vegetables
Also an ideal model plant for physiological, biochemical,
cytological and molecular investigations
Tomato has very few competitors in the value addition
chain of processing. it is rich in citric acid and mallic acid and
contains minerals like Na,P, K,Ca,Mg.

9. In India, tomato grown in an area 4.58 lakh
ha. And 74.62 lakh tonns respectively with a
productivity of 16.29 tonns / ha.
The leading producing states are UP,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujrat, Punjab,
Haryana and Bihar.

10. Origin and Evolution
Originated in the New World (South America)
specifically to the Andean region encompassed by
parts of Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
Immediate ancestor : L. esculentum var.
cerasiforme (wild cherry tomato)
The tomato was spread around the world
following the Spanish colonization of the Americas,
and its many varieties are now widely grown, often
in greenhouses in cooler climates.
Gradual evolution of the large fruited types and
shift from allogamy to autogamy under
domestication.

11. The tomato domestication in the world

14. The cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.,
is a member of the small section Lycopersicon along
with its 12 wild relatives.
Solanum lycopersicum is the only domesticated
species
An additional four species from sections
Juglandifolia and Lycopersicoides are traditionally
considered as tomato wild relatives.
These species are all endemic to South America,
but the cultivated tomato itself has achieved
worldwide distribution with the help of human
populations.

15. Origin: Peru and Mexico
Distribution: Europe, USA, India, Japan and China. In
India it is grown in all the states
Other species:
S. pimpinellifolium - Fusarium wilt, early blight
resistant
S. peruvianum - Leaf curl virus resistant
S. cheesmanii - Salt resistant
S. hirsutum - Fruit borer resistant
S. pennellii - Drought and salinity tolerant
S.chilense - Gemini virus resistant
S.habrochaites - Cold tolerance and Insect resistance

17. Species
1. Eu lycopersicon.
2. Erio persicon.
Eu lycopersicon is characterized by red fruited edible
species with carotinoid pigmentation and they are annuals.
Cultivated tomato is included in this. The species included
are
1. Cultivated tomato - Licopersicon esculentum
2. Small fruited tomato- Licopersicon pimpinellifolium
Eriopersicon is characterized by green fruited species,
anthocyanin pigmentation. The species included are
peruvianum, hirsutum, persicae and glandulosum,
cheesmanii.

18. Breeding objectives
Breeding for earliness
Breeding for increased fruit yield
Fruit quality like large round, uniform
size, deep red colour and increased shelf
life etc.
Breeding for disease resistance
Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, Late
blight, Early blight, Septoria leaf spot,
Anthracnose, Bacterial wilt, Bacterial
canker, Tomato mosaic virus, Root knot
nematode.

19. Breeding for insect resistance (fruit
borer, whitefly etc).
Breeding for abiotic stresses (cold
tolerant, drought tolerant, salt tolerant,
low temperature tolerant, herbicide
tolerant).
To breed varieties for prolonged
storage and transportation
To breed varieties suitable for
processing
Indeterminate cultivars for greenhouse
production

22. Breeding procedures
 Introduction: Seeds of improved varieties are
introduced from one ecological area to another
and evaluated. E.g., Sioux and Marglobe from
USA.
 Pureline selection:
-Arka vikas(Rainfed),
-Arka saurab
- Arka Abha (bacterial wilt)
- Arka Alok (bacterial wilt)
- Arka Ahuti (processing),

23. Single plant selection: single plant selection is used to
select chance variants, off types, superior types from
mixed homozygous population in self pollinated
vegetable crops. This is one of effective method to make
maximum use of germplasm. Eg: Earliana, Greater
Baltimore and Bonny Best.
Mass selection: Massing of IIHR-674 from VC-82 line from
USA developed in to Arka Ashish (processing).
Pedigree Method : Eg: Arka Meghali of tomato PS (F8 ) of
Arka Vikas x IHR 554 Pusa Ruby selection from Improved
Meeruti x Sioux
Single seed decent method

24.  Heterosis breeding : Though, tomato a self pollinated
crop has a tremendous potential for heterosis breeding.
 The commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour in tomato
has received greater importance on account of several
advantages of hybrids over pure line varieties with
response to marketable fruit yield and its component
traits as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
 Released F1 Hybrids:
 Arka Vishal (IHR-837 X IHR-932)
 Arka Vardan: IHR-550-3 X IHR-932
 Arka Shreshta: 15-SBSB X IHR-1614
 Arka Abhijit: 15-SBSB X IHR-1334

25. Interspecific Hybridization:
S. peruvianum – Source of Resistance to Verticillium wilt,
Tomato leaf curl virus, Nematodes and Salinity.
S. pimpinellifolium – Source of Resistance to bacterial wilt,
Fusarium wilt. Source of carotene and Vit-C content.
S. hirsutum - Source of Resistance to Fusarium wilt,
Helicoverpa insect and Virus.
S. cheesmani - Good source for salinity resistance.
S. pennelli - Drought resistance and salinity resistance.
Mutation Breeding: S12 (Pusa S12) – Sioux variety is
exposed to mutation. Pusa Lal Meeruti – From Improved
Meeruti.

26. Breeding for Storage life and Processing type
 Fruits with high acidity, uniform intense red colour, high
TSS (Total soluble solids), resistance to cracking, elongated
fruits with high yield.
Plants should be adopted to mechanical harvesting with
determinate habit, concentrated fruit set for once
harvesting only and jointless pedicel on fruit etc.
Varieties – Roma, Punjab Chuhara, Arka Ahuti, Arka
Ashish
Juice and Canning purpose: Roma, Son Marzano, Red
Top, HS-110
Paste and Ketchup: HS 101, HS 110.

27. Breeding for Resistance to Diseases
Bacterial wilt: Arka Abha, Arka Alok, PI 127805-A
(L.pimpinellifolium)
Leaf Curl Virus : L. peruvianum & L. hirsutum. Resistant
Varieties: Nandi, Vaibhav, Sankranthi.
Nematodes: PI 128657 (L.peruvianum), Neematex (not
infected by all three races of RKN), Arka Vardan (F1 hybrid),
NTDR-1, PNR-7, Pusa-120 etc.
Hybrids :
Determinate type: ARTH-3, Pusa Hybrid-2, NARF-101,
Swarna-12, NDTH-6, Nath Amruth-501, DTH-4
Indeterminate type: ARTH-4, FM-2, KT-4, MTH-6,FM-1,
Nath Amruth-601, NDTH-2.

28. Other hybrids
Pusa Divya – Indeterminate type
Pusa Sadabahar- It can set fruit at wide
range of temperature (6-30⁰C).
Kashi Hybrid-1 and Kashi Vishesh (H-86) –
from IIVR, Varanasi
Pusa Hybrid-8: Determinate hybrid from
IARI, New Delhi.
Arka Ananya: Semi-determinate and
resistant to leaf curl virus.

29. Biotechnological methods:
(i)Antisense RNA for Polygalactourinase (PGU) enzyme. (The cell
wall degrading enzyme. Activity appears at the onset of
ripening and in ripe fruit it is one of the major cell-
wallbound proteins.) Eg. FLAVR SAVR Variety available in
market.
(ii) Viral Coat Protein – Introduced gene which can synthesize the
protein which coats the virus material. Eg. Avinash-1 and
Avinash-2 varieties.
(iii) Herbicide Resistance:- Gene which can resist that herbicide.
Means variety should not be affected but weeds should be
cleared.
(iv) Insect Resistance: Eg. ‘Bt’ for Helicoverpa(fruit borer)
resistance.

30. Flavr Savr, a genetically modified tomato, was the first
commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a
license for human consumption.

31. Flavr Savr (pronounced "flavor saver"), was produced by the
Californian company Calgene.
Characteristics
Through genetic engineering, Calgene hoped to slow down
the ripening process of the tomato and thus prevent it
from softening, while still allowing the tomato to retain its
natural colour and flavour. This would allow it to fully ripen on
the vine and still be shipped long distances without it going soft.
The Flavr Savr was made more resistant to rotting by adding
an antisense gene which interferes with the production of
the enzyme polygalacturonase.
The enzyme normally degrades pectin in the cell walls and
results in the softening of fruit which makes them more
susceptible to being damaged by fungal infections.
Flavr Savr turned out to disappoint researchers in that respect,
as the antisensed PG gene had a positive effect on shelf life,
but not on the fruit's firmness, so the tomatoes still had to
be harvested like any other unmodified vine-ripe tomatoes.