Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Oxygen administration is the process of delivering oxygen to a person who has a medical condition that results in low oxygen levels in their blood. Adequate oxygenation is essential for the proper functioning of the body, and oxygen therapy is a common medical intervention to ensure that the body receives sufficient oxygen. Indications: Oxygen therapy is used in various medical situations, including respiratory disorders (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pneumonia), heart conditions, trauma, and other conditions that result in low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia). Delivery Methods:
Nasal Cannula: A thin tube with two small prongs is inserted into the nostrils, delivering oxygen from a portable oxygen source. It's comfortable and allows the patient to talk and eat while receiving oxygen.
Oxygen Mask: Oxygen masks cover the nose and mouth, delivering a higher concentration of oxygen. They are used when a higher flow rate is required.
The polarity of a molecule is determined by its molecular structure and the distribution of electrons within that structure. Polarity arises from differences in electronegativity between the atoms in a molecule. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons. When two atoms with different electronegativities bond together, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally, leading to an uneven distribution of charge within the molecule.
Polar Molecules: When there is an uneven distribution of charge within a molecule due to differences in electronegativity, the molecule is said to be polar. This results in a separation of charges, with one end of the molecule having a partial positive charge (δ+) and the other end having a partial negative charge (δ-).
Nonpolar Molecules: Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of charge, meaning there are no significant differences in electronegativity between the atoms. As a result, there is no separation of charges within the molecule.
Electronegativity: The electronegativity of an atom is determined by the periodic table, and elements with higher electronegativities tend to attract electrons more strongly. The electronegativity difference between atoms in a bond is a key factor in determining the molecule's polarity.
Symmetry: In some cases, a molecule may have polar bonds but still be nonpolar overall due to its molecular geometry. If the polar bonds are arranged symmetrically so that the dipole moments cancel each other out, the molecule is nonpolar.
Dipole Moment: The dipole moment of a molecule is a measure of its polarity. It is a vector quantity that points from the positive end (δ+) to the negative end (δ-) of the molecule. A larger dipole moment indicates a more polar molecule.
Examples:
Water (H2O) is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating a significant dipole moment.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a nonpolar molecule even though it has polar C-Cl bonds because the tetrahedral arrangement of the chlorine atoms results in cancellation of the dipole moments.
Solubility and Intermolecular Interactions: The polarity of a molecule plays a crucial role in its interactions with other molecules. Polar molecules tend to be soluble in polar solvents, while nonpolar molecules are more soluble in nonpolar solvents. Additionally, polar-polar interactions (dipole-dipole interactions) and nonpolar-nonpolar interactions (Van der Waals forces) are significant in determining the physical properties of substances.
Understanding the polarity of molecules is important in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and materials science, as it helps explain and predict the behavior of substances in chemical reactions and physical processes.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
A safety workplace, also known as a safe and secure work environment, is a setting where employees can carry out their duties without fear of harm or injury. It is characterized by a commitment to protecting the well-being of all individuals within the workplace, including employees, visitors, and contractors. Here's a description of what a safety workplace entails:
A safety workplace is a haven where people can work, learn, and thrive without compromising their health, well-being, or personal security. It is a testament to an organization's unwavering dedication to the welfare of its employees and the broader community.
Key Features of a Safety Workplace:
Risk Mitigation: In a safety workplace, potential hazards are meticulously identified and assessed. Comprehensive safety measures are then put in place to mitigate these risks. Regular safety audits and assessments are conducted to ensure ongoing compliance.
Employee Training: Employees are provided with the necessary training and resources to understand safety protocols and best practices. This empowers them to make informed decisions and take proactive steps to ensure their safety and that of their colleagues.
Safety Culture: A safety workplace fosters a culture of safety where everyone is encouraged to actively participate in maintaining a secure environment. Open communication channels exist for reporting safety concerns and near-miss incidents without fear of reprisal.
Safety Equipment and Gear: The workplace is equipped with appropriate safety gear and equipment, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency evacuation plans. Regular maintenance and inspections are conducted to ensure their reliability.
Emergency Response: A safety workplace has well-defined emergency response protocols. Employees are trained to respond calmly and effectively in the event of accidents, fires, natural disasters, or other crises.
Health and Wellness Programs: Organizations often provide wellness initiatives to promote the physical and mental well-being of employees. This includes access to healthcare, stress management programs, and resources for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
Compliance with Regulations: The workplace adheres to all relevant local, state, and federal safety regulations. Compliance is monitored, and any necessary adjustments are made to ensure that the workplace remains in line with the latest safety standards.
Continuous Improvement: A safety workplace is committed to continuous improvement in safety practices. Feedback is solicited from employees, and safety measures are refined based on lessons learned and emerging best practices.
In essence, a safety workplace is a sanctuary where individuals can dedicate their talents and skills to their tasks without worry, knowing that their well-being is a top priority. It stands as a testament to an organization's commitment to its people, reflecting not only responsible business
Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.
Unifying Themes in Life Science
These six general themes are levels of organization, the flow of energy, evolution, interacting systems, structure and function , ecology, and science and society.
This sense of empowerment is much more heightened these days with social media that is capable of making a local news a viral sensation.
Other Definitions:
The gathering and reporting of news by people who are not trained as professional journalists
The act in which a citizen, or group of citizens play an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information with the intention of providing independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant information that is required for democracy and development
The instance when the people, otherwise known as the audience, employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another.
defines a citizen watchdog as any citizen who documents an injustice or other wrongdoing and shares that evidence.
Speech act is a tool in engaging to a conversation. speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
It is how you express yourself to communicate your wants and needs, to achieve a desired goal. We are attuned in everyday conversation not primarily to the sentences we utter to one another, but to the speech acts that those utterances are used to perform such function.
speech acts are giving opinion, offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Engaging in a conversation is not just a simple process of talking and listening. Cohen (1990) states that it is bound by implicit rules that requires strategies to be able to start and maintain conversation.
Nomination is usually employed at the beginning of interaction to set the purpose of conversation.
avoid questions that are too personal : asking about how much money the person or his parents are earning, politics and religion should also be avoided
Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. Social science seeks to understand the evolving human systems across our increasingly complex world and how our planet can be more sustainably managed. It’s vital to our shared future.
Social science includes many different areas of study, such as how people they organise and govern themselves, and broker power and international relations; how wealth is generated, economies develop, and economic futures are modelled; how business works and what a sustainable future means; the ways in which populations are changing, and issues of unemployment, deprivation and inequality; and how these social, cultural and economic dynamics vary in different places, with different outcomes.
rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes. Rocks are commonly divided into three major classes according to the processes that resulted in their formation. These classes are (1) igneous rocks, which have solidified from molten material called magma; (2) sedimentary rocks, those consisting of fragments derived from preexisting rocks or of materials precipitated from solutions; and (3) metamorphic rocks, which have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks under conditions that caused changes in mineralogical composition, texture, and internal structure. These three classes, in turn, are subdivided into numerous groups and types on the basis of various factors, the most important of which are chemical, mineralogical, and textural attributes.
Creative Writing is a mega-genre. It’s a cluster of genres including poetry, fiction, drama, screenwriting, creative, memoir, and travel writing.
Creative Writing tends to be expressive, imaginative, and literary. People read, watch and listen to creative writing for pleasure, entertainment and the pursuit of knowledge.
The main kinds of literary genre that you might be familiar with are fiction, poetry, and nonfiction. But those are the biggest categories we can think of, really. For example, non-fiction can encompass everything from a memoir, to a to a biography, to an instruction manual. All are kinds of non-fiction writing – the only thing that ties them together is that they’re not made up. The same is true for fiction and poetry, too, and when we read poetry or prose fiction, we, as the audience, have some expectations as to what should be included. That is, when we read fiction, we expect the narrative to be made up, and when we read poetry, we expect that the each line of a poem match with other lines in a particular way, or it rhyme in the manner of a sonnet, or break rules of punctuation, or simply take us through a lot of figurative language in a very short amount of time.
Earth was hot when it formed. A lot of Earth’s heat is leftover from when our planet formed, four-and-a-half billion years ago. Earth is thought to have arisen from a cloud of gas and dust in space. Solid particles, called “planetesimals” condensed out of the cloud. They’re thought to have stuck together and created the early Earth. Bombarding planetesimals heated Earth to a molten state.
Earth makes some of its own heat. Earth is cooling now – but very, very slowly. Earth is close to a steady temperature state. Over the past several billion years, it might have cooled a couple of hundred degrees. Earth keeps a nearly steady temperature, because it makes heat in its interior.
In other words, Earth has been losing heat since it formed, billions of years ago. But it’s producing almost as much heat as it’s losing. The process by which Earth makes heat is called radioactive decay. It involves the disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside Earth – like uranium, for example. Uranium is a special kind of element because when it decays, heat is produced. It’s this heat that keeps Earth from cooling off completely.
Many of the rocks in Earth’s crust and interior undergo this process of radioactive decay . This process produces subatomic particles that zip away, and later collide with surrounding material inside the Earth. Their energy of motion is converted to heat.
Without this process of radioactive decay, there would be fewer volcanoes and earthquakes – and less building of Earth’s vast mountain ranges.
How hot is it inside Earth? No one has come close to exploring Earth’s interior directly. So not all geophysicists agree on how hot it is at Earth’s core. But the rate of travel of waves from earthquakes – called “seismic waves” – tells scientists a lot about what materials make up the planet. Seismic data also reveal whether these materials are liquid, solid or partially solid. Meanwhile, laboratory data indicate at what temperatures and pressures the materials inside Earth should begin to melt.
From this evidence, Earth’s core temperature is estimated to be around 5,000 to 7,000 degrees Celsius. That’s about as hot as the surface of the sun, but vastly cooler than the sun’s interior.
By the way, while the heat energy produced inside Earth is enormous, it’s some 5,000 times less powerful than what Earth receives from the sun. The sun’s heat drives the weather and ultimately causes erosion. So it’s ironic that – while Earth’s heat makes mountains – the sun’s energy tears them down again, bit by bit.
Twitter
Facebook
Pinterest
Buffer
Share
2
SHARES
Posted
September 6, 2010
in
Earth
Editors of EarthSky
VIEW ARTICLES
About the Author:
The EarthSky team has a blast bringing you daily updates on your cosmos and world. We love your photos and welcome your news tips. Earth, Space, Human World, Tonight.
Like what you read?
Subscribe and receive daily news delivered to your inbox.
Email Address
Your email address will only be used for Earth
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
NON-FICTION: real, factual, deals with actual people, places, and events
FICTION: unreal, not true, not factual, a made up story
Story of a real person’s life
Form of nonfiction (true)
Bios means life
Graphe means to write
Author must do research by interviewing the subject or those who knew the subject
Form of fiction (not true)
Accurately reflects life as it could be lived today
Everything in the story could happen to real people living in our natural physical world
The characters have normal human characteristics
Story may be set in real places, but the story is NOT based on history
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive chemical and physical properties, composition and atomic structure.
Rocks are generally made up of two of more minerals, mixed up through geological processes. For example granite is an igneous rock mostly made from different proportions of the minerals quartz, feldspar and mica as interlocked crystals; a sandstone is a sedimentary rock that can also contain quartz, feldspar and mica, but as grains compacted and cemented into each other.
Barriers to Communication
Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others.
Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s culture affect the way they communicate and relate to others
Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending on culture.
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds: External, Internal and Semantic noise.
External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.”
Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.”
Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.” This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students.
Common Barriers to Effective Communication
Dissatisfaction or Disinterest With One's Job. ...
Inability to Listen to Others. ...
Lack of Transparency & Trust. ...
Communication Styles (when they differ) ...
Conflicts in the Workplace. ...
Cultural Differences & Language.
he skills of Active Listening, Clarification and Reflection may help but the skilled communicator also needs to be aware of the barriers to effective communication and how to avoid or overcome them.
Read more at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/barriers-communication.html
Common Barriers to Effective Communication:
The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Taboo or difficult topics may include, but are not limited to, politics, religion, disabilities (mental and physical), sexuality and sex, racism and any opinion that may be seen as unpopular.
Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. (See our page Barriers to Effective Listening for more information).
Differences in perception and viewpoint.
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective. Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods that rely on technology are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false ass
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. • Genetic engineering: Changing the DNA in
living organisms to create something new.
• This organisms are called Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO)
• Example:
• Bacteria that produce human insulin
• Genetically Modified organism are called
transgenic organism; since genes are
transferred from one organism to another.
3. Some genetic engineering techniques are
as follows:
1. Artificial selection
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
2. Cloning
3. Gene splicing
4. Gel electrophoresis: analyzing DNA
4. 1. artificial selection: breeders choose which
organism to mate to produce offspring with
desired traits.
• They cannot control what genes are passed.
• When they get offspring with the desired traits,
the maintain them.
Three types of artificial selection:
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
5. A. Selective breeding: when animals with
desired characteristics are mated to
produce offspring with those desired traits.
• Passing of important genes to next
generation.
• Example: Champion race horses, cows
with tender meat, large juicy oranges on a
tree.
6. • For example people breed dogs for specific
purposes.
• Dachshund were once bred to hunt badgers
and other burrowing animals.
• They must be small to fit into the animals hole
in the ground.
7. • Selective breeding occurs when you choose the
best male and female to breed.
• This allows you to fine tune and control the
traits
• The offspring or babies will then have the best
traits.
• Then you continue to breed those organism
with the best traits, those traits will be
maintained.
8. • Examples of
selective breeding:
• Angus cows are bred to
increase muscle mass so
that we get more meat,
• Egg-Laying Hen-
produces more eggs
than the average hen
9. • B. Hybridizations: two individuals with unlike
characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both
organisms.
• Example: Luther Burbank created a disease resistant
potato called the Burbank potato.
• He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that had
a large food producing capacity.
• Result: disease resistant plant that makes a lot of
potatoes.
11. 2. Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit
tastes like grapes and looks like apple.
12. C. Inbreeding breeding of organism that
genetically similar to maintain desired
traits.
• Dogs breeds are kept pure this way.
• Its how a Doberman remains a Doberman.
• It keeps each breed unique from others.
• Risk: since both have the same genes,
the chance that a baby will get a recessive
genetic disorder is high.
• Risks: blindness, joint deformities.
13. • Variation: difference between
individuals of a species.
• The differences are in the
genes but we see the
physical differences.
• For example: Some humans
have blond hair and some
have brown. This is a
variation among humans.
• Some finches have short
beaks, some have long
beaks.
• Inbreeding decreases
variations.
14. 2. Cloning: creating an organism that is an
exact genetic copy of another.
• There are human clones in our school.
• identical twins are naturally created
clones.
• Clone: group of cells or organisms that
are genetically identical as a result of
asexual reproduction
• They will have the same exact DNA as the
parent.
15. How is cloning done?
► A single cell is removed from a
parent organism.
► An entire individual is grown from
that cell.
► Remember one cell has all the DNA
needed to make an entire organism.
► Each cell in the body has the same
DNA, but cells vary because
different genes are turned on in
each cell.
16. Dolly:
• Dolly was the first
mammal cloned.
• She had the same exact
DNA as her mother and
had no father.
• Cloning is a form of
asexual reproduction.
• Only one genetic parent.
http://content.tutorvista.com/biology_11/content/media/cloning.swf
17. • Since Dolly, cats and other organisms have
been cloned.
• The cat that was cloned had the same
exact DNA but different color fur than the
mother.
• How can this be?
• Environment plays a huge part in the way
organisms develop.
18. • Eggs are haploid
• Haploid: half the
chromosomes, 23 in
humans
• Body cells are diploid:
• Diploid: two sets of
chromosomes, one from
mom and one set from
dad 46 in humans.
19. How could you clone
a human?
• Step 1: An egg is
removed from a female
human
• Eggs are haploid: 23
chromosomes.
• The nucleus of the egg
is removed and is
thrown away.
23
EGG CELL
20. • Step 2: A body cell is
removed from another
person.
• The nucleus of the
body cell is removed
• Body cells are diploid:
46 chromosomes.
46
Body Cell
21. • Step 3:
• The nucleus of the
diploid body cell is put
into the egg.
• This egg no longer
needs to be fertilized
since it has all 46
chromosomes.
46
EGG CELL
22. • Step 4: The egg is then
charged with electricity to
start mitosis.
• Step 5: Its then put into a
surrogate mother so it can
grow.
• Its going to be genetically
identical to the parent of the
body cell.
• But it will be a baby.
• Plants and animals can be
cloned.
23.
24. Benefits of cloning:
1. you can make exact
copies of organisms
with strong traits.
2. Increase food supply
3. Medical purposes:
clone organs for
transplants.
4. Bring back or Stop
species from going
extinct.
Saber Tooth Tiger extinct
25. Risks of cloning:
1. Decreases genetic
diversity
2. If one of your clones
gets a disease, they all
get it: same immune
system.
3. Inefficient: high failure
rate: 90%+
4. Expensive
26. 3. Gene splicing: DNA is cut
out of one organism and put
into another organism
• A trait will be transferred from
one organism to another.
• For example: the human
insulin gene can be removed
from a human cell.
• It can be put into a bacterial
cell.
• The bacterial will now make
human insulin.
27. • This picture represents gene splicing.
• However, DNA is much smaller.
• Its done with high tech lab equipment since
DNA, is too small to hold or see without a
microscope.
The red piece the woman
is holding is an insulin
gene from a human
being. It is being
combined with DNA from
a bacteria.
Creates recombinant
DNA, something that has
never existed before.
28. Benefits:
• insulin is cheaper
• There are no side
effects because it
is human insulin.
• We once used pig
insulin but there
are side effects
and it more
expensive.
29. How are genes cut for gene
splicing?
• A bacterial plasmid is used.
• Plasmid: circular DNA in a bacteria
cell.
• It is very simple and easy to
manipulate.
30. • A restriction enzyme: enzyme that cuts the
DNA at a specific code.
• There are thousands of restriction enzymes.
• Each cuts DNA at a different sequence.
• Some look for GGCC and cut in between the G
and C.
• Every time GGCC is found in the DNA it is cut
by the restriction enzyme
DNA Code:
• TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
• AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
31. • TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
• AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
• TTATGG CCATACGG CCTT
• AATACC GGTATGCC GGAA
• This DNA segment was cut twice creating three
fragments.
• Since every one is different, we all have a
different amount of times GGCC is found.
• My DNA may be cut seven times
• Yours may be cut ten times.
33. How is gene
splicing done?
1. A restriction
enzyme cuts the
insulin gene out of
the human DNA.
2. A plasmid is
removed from a
bacteria and cut
with a restriction
enzyme
34. 3. The human gene is place into the bacteria
plasmid
4. The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria.
• The cell now has directions (DNA) to make
insulin.
• That's exactly what it does.
• Its human insulin, bacteria do not make insulin
on their own.
Plasmid with
insulin gene
35. • This is called transformation: when a gene
from one organism is transferred to different
organism.
• The organisms that have DNA transferred to
them are called transgenic organisms.
• trans: means different,
• genic: refers to genes
• Genetic engineering has given rise to a new
technological field called biotechnology
(technology of life).
36. 1. Transgenic (GMO) animals: genes
inserted into animals so they produce what
humans need.
• Why?: A way to improve the food supply:
A. Transgenic cows: gene inserted to
increase milk production.
37. B. Spider goat: gene from spider inserted
into goat.
• Goats makes silk of the spider web in their
milk.
• Flexible, stronger than steel. Used in
bullet proof jackets.
38. C. Glow-in-the-dark
cats
• Scientist used a
virus to insert DNA
from jellyfish
• The gene made the
cat produce a
fluorescent protein
in its fur.
39. 2. Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted
into bacteria so they produce things
humans need.
• For example: insulin and clotting factors
in blood are now made by bacteria.
40. 3. Transgenic plants: plants are given
genes so they meet human needs.
A. Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn
produces a natural pesticide.
Now they don’t have to be sprayed with
cancer causing pesticides.
• 25% of all corn is like this.
41. B. Venomous cabbage
• gene from a scorpion tails
inserted into cabbage.
• Cabbage now produces
that chemical.
• Why? Limit pesticide use
while still preventing
insects from damaging
crops.
• Corporations state the
toxin is modified so it isn’t
harmful to humans.
42. C. Banana vaccines
• virus is injected into a banana,
the virus DNA becomes part of
the plant.
• As the plant grows, it produces
the virus proteins — but not the
disease part of the virus.
• When people eat a bite, their
immune systems creates
antibodies to fight the disease —
just like a traditional vaccine
• Vaccines for hepatitis and
cholera
43. • A virus is often used to deliver DNA.
• In the movie “I Am Legend,” A healthy gene was
inserted into a virus.
• The virus invaded the cancer cells and inserts the
healthy gene to cure cancer.
• Worked at first but the virus mutated and became
deadly.
• This is being attempted in real life.
44. • Gene therapy: when disease causing
genes are cut out and good gene are
inserted.
• Restriction enzymes are used to cut out
bad genes.
• Viruses are used to insert good genes.
• Not approved for human use yet.
• Some possible side effects.
45. 4. Gel electrophoresis: a
technique used to compare
DNA from two or more
organisms.
Why compare DNA:
1. Find your baby’s daddy
2. Who committed a crime.
3. How closely species are
related.
46. How is
electrophoresis
done?
A. The DNA is cut into
fragments with a
restriction enzyme.
B. The cut DNA is then
put into the wells of a
machine filled with
gel.
• The gel is spongy and
the DNA squeezes
through the pores.
47. C. The machine is plugged in and the
fragments get separated based on their size.
• The smaller fragments move further than the
large.
49. • Electricity provides the energy
• Why does DNA move?
• DNA has a negative charge.
• When the machine is plugged it, its moves towards
the positive pole created by the electricity
52. Your DNA is so unique its considered to be a
DNA fingerprint.
Gel electrophoresis will separate your DNA
differently from anyone else.
Nova: who done it
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_i
nt_creatednafp2/
53. • Genetic engineering creates organisms with
recombinant DNA.
• Recombinant DNA: when DNA is combined
from at least two organisms.
Which techniques create recombinant DNA
1. Sexual reproduction: natural
2. selective breeding
3. Hybridization
4. Gene splicing
54. • Does cloning create organisms with
recombinant DNA?
• No, the DNA from one organism is
copied.
• DNA is not recombined.