This presentation discusses genetic engineering and was presented by a group of 4 students in the Environmental Science department. It defines genetic engineering as manually adding new DNA to an organism. It provides examples of genetically engineered plants and discusses the history and basic concepts of genetic engineering. The presentation explains the process of genetic engineering including extracting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses applications like transgenic organisms and cloning.

2. Department:
Environmental Science
(5th
semester)
Presentation Of Biotechnology

3. Group:
8
Group Members
• SidraQayyom
• (11011561-048)
• Mussarah Saman
• (11011561-033)
• Memoona Syeda
• (11011561-027)
• Sultana jamil
• (11011561-012)

4. GENETIC
GENETICENGEENIRNG
ENGEENIRNG

5. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of manually
adding new DNA to an organism.
Examples of genetically engineered organisms
include:
plants with resistance to some insects,
 plants that can tolerate herbicides
 crops with modified oil content

6. History
• The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by
jack williamsonjack williamson in his science fiction novelscience fiction novel Dragon'sDragon's
IslandIsland,, published in 1951
• 1972 ….Invention of Recombinant DNA
• 1973…..First Transgenic Organism
• 1974…..Transgenic Mouse

7. Basic Concepts
Concept 1:Concept 1:
What is DNA?
 Concept 2:Concept 2:
Why are proteins important?
. Concept 3:Concept 3:
How is DNA important in genetic
engineering?

8. What is DNA
• DNA is a molecule found in the
nucleus of every cell and is
made up of 4 subunits
represented by the letters A, T,
G, and C.

9. Why are proteins important?
• Proteins do the work in cells.
• They can be part of structures
(such as cell walls, organelles,
etc).
• They can regulate reactions
that take place in the cell

10. How is DNA important in genetic
engineering?
• DNA is a ‘universal language’,
‘universal language’,meaning the genetic code means thesame thing in all organism. Thischaracteristic is critical to the
success of genetic engineering.

11. How is Genetic Engineering done?
• Genetic engineering, also called
transformation, works by
physically removing a gene
from one organism and inserting
it into another, giving it the
ability to express the trait
encoded by that gene.

12. Process
1)First, find an organism that
naturally contains the
desired trait.
2)The DNA is extracted from
that organism. This is like
taking out the entire
cookbook

13. 3)The one desired gene (recipe) must be
located and copied from thousands of genes
that were extracted. This is called gene
cloning.
4)The gene may be modified slightly to work
in a more desirable way once inside the
recipient organism.

14. Conti…..
• 5) The new gene(s), called a transgene is delivered
into cells of the recipient organism. This is called
transformation.
• The most common transformation technique uses a
bacteria that naturally genetically engineer plants
with its own DNA.

15. 6) Once a transgenic organismhas been created, traditionalbreeding is used to improvethe characteristics of the finalproduct. So geneticengineering does not eliminatethe need for traditionalbreeding. It is simply a way toadd new traits to the pool.
6) Once a transgenic organismhas been created, traditionalbreeding is used to improvethe characteristics of the finalproduct. So geneticengineering does not eliminatethe need for traditionalbreeding. It is simply a way toadd new traits to the pool.

16. Comparison of genetic engi. toComparison of genetic engi. to
traditional breedingtraditional breedingGenetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering
manually moves genes from
one organism to another.
• Genetic engineering, on the
other hand, physically
removes the genes from one
organism and places them
into the other.
Tradional Breeding
• Traditional breeding movesgenes through mating, orcrossing.
• Breeding relies on theability to mate twoorganisms to move genes,trait improvement isbasically limited to thosetraits that already existwithin that species.

17. Conti…..Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering ismore precise.• Genetic engineering,allows for themovement of a single,or a few, genes.
Tradional Breeding
• Breeding is also less
precise than genetic
engineering.
• In breeding, half of the
genes from each parent
are passed on to the
offspring.

18. Slective Breeding
• Breed only those plants or
animals with desirable traits
• People have been using
selective breeding for
1000’s of years with farm
crops and domesticated
animals.

19. Recombinant DNA
• The ability to combine
the DNA of one
organism with the DNA
of another organism.
• Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970’s with
bacteria.

20. Applications
• Transgenic Organisms
• Cloning

21. Transgenic Organisms
A genetically modified organism is an
organism whose genetic material has
been altered using genetic engineering
techniques. Organisms that have been
genetically modified include micro-
organisms such as bacteria and yeast,
insects, plants, fish, and mammals. ..

22. Creating Dolly

23. Stage 1
Cell collected from a sheep’s udder.

24. Stage 2
Nucleus is removed from
unfertilized egg of second
sheep.

25. Stage 3
Udder cell is inserted into egg
with no nucleus.

26. Stage 4
Insertion is successful.

27. Stage 5
Electrical charge is supplied.

28. Stage 6
Cells begin to divide.

29. Stages 7 & 8

30. Advantages
• Disease could be prevented by
detecting people/plants/animals that
are genetically prone to certain
hereditary diseases, and preparing for
the inevitable.

31. • Animals and plants can be 'tailor
made' to show desirable
characteristics. Genes could also be
manipulated in trees for example, to
absorb more CO2 and reduce the
threat of global warming.

32. Genetic Engineering could increase
genetic diversity, and produce
more variant alleles which could
also be crossed over and implanted
into otherIt is possible to alter the
genetics of wheat plants to grow
insulin

33. Disadvantages
• Nature is an extremely complex inter-related
chain consisting of many species linked in the
food chain. Some scientists believe that
introducing genetically modified genes may
have an irreversible effect with consequences
yet unknown.

34. • Genetic engineering borderlines on many moral
issues, particularly involving religion, which
questions whether man has the right to manipulate the
laws and course of nature.