Genetic Engineering By, Monika K Snehal V. Jadhav

1. Genetic engineering

2. what IS gene?
 A gene is a fundamental,
physical and functional
unit of heredity.
 It is responsible for the
physical and inheritable
characteristics of an
organism.

3. Definition:
 Genetic engineering:
It is manipulation/alteration of
structure of gene to create a
desired characteristic in an
organism.

4. Genetic engineering
 If genetic material from another
species is added to the host, the
resulting organism is called
transgenic.
 Genetic engineering can also be used
to remove genetic material from the
target organism, creating a knockout
organism.

5. History:
 The term “Genetic Engineering” was first
coined by Jack Williamson in his 1941
science fiction novel Dragon’s Island.
 James Watson and Francis Crick showed
that the DNA molecule has double helix
structure in the year 1953.
 The first trials of genetically engineered
plants occurred in France and the USA in
1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be
resistant to herbicides.

6. PROCESS:
DNA carrying a
gene of interest
is taken from a
cell (ex: a
human)
The gene is
inserted into
the DNA of
another
(host) cell.
The host cell
now contains
recombinant
DNA.
The host cell
multiplies.
The desired
protein is
produced.

8. Recombinant DNA:
 The DNA made from two different organisms.
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is an artificially made
DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two
or more gene sequences.
 Genetic scientists can do this to create unique DNA
strand for different purposes, using several types of
techniques.

9. BENEFITS:
 MEDICINE:
1. To prepare vaccines (Hepatitis B, rabies virus, polio virus, FMDV,
smallpox)
2. To make insulin for the use by diabetic persons.
3. To make growth hormone to treat dwarfs.
4. Gene Therapy
 AGRICULTURE:
1. To improve the quality of the plant
2. To make plants resistant to disease.
3. Crop protection and improvements.

10.  POULTRY:
1. To make pigs, cows or fish grow faster.
2. Higher production of milk by cows.
3. To make pigs with less fat – leaner meat.
 DNA PROFILING (FINGERPRINTING)

11. DOLLY – the sheep
 Was a female domestic sheep,
and the first mammal cloned
from an adult somatic cell,
using the process of nuclear
transfer.
 Cloned by Sir Ian Wilmut,
Keith Campbell and other
colleagues.
 Born on 5 July 1996
 Died on 14 Feb 2003
 Birth Place: Scotland

12. Zorse
Frog
Dolion

13. FRUITS AND PLANTS:
 In plants, we have blue rose which is a genetically
modified rose.
 Bt-cotton is genetically modified cotton which is
resistant to pests.

14.  The Flavr Savr tomato was a tomato engineered to
have a longer shelf life.
 In fruits, transgenic fruit obtained from pear and
apple.

15.  Golden rice: is genetically modified rice which
contains beta carotene (a source of vitamin A)

17. Thank you