Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.
Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
BT corn, insulin - scientists have harnessed DNA from bacteria and humans to make new organisms and products. This is a good slideshow presentation for middle school and high school.
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
BT corn, insulin - scientists have harnessed DNA from bacteria and humans to make new organisms and products. This is a good slideshow presentation for middle school and high school.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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2. • Genetic engineering: Changing the DNA in
living organisms to create something new.
• This organisms are called Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO)
• Example:
• Bacteria that produce human insulin
• Genetically Modified organism are called
transgenic organism; since genes are
transferred from one organism to another.
3. Some genetic engineering techniques are
as follows:
1. Artificial selection
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
2. Cloning
3. Gene splicing
4. Gel electrophoresis: analyzing DNA
4. 1. artificial selection: breeders choose which
organism to mate to produce offspring with
desired traits.
• They cannot control what genes are passed.
• When they get offspring with the desired traits,
the maintain them.
Three types of artificial selection:
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
5. A. Selective breeding: when animals with
desired characteristics are mated to
produce offspring with those desired traits.
• Passing of important genes to next
generation.
• Example: Champion race horses, cows
with tender meat, large juicy oranges on a
tree.
6. • For example people breed dogs for specific
purposes.
• Dachshund were once bred to hunt badgers
and other burrowing animals.
• They must be small to fit into the animals hole
in the ground.
7. • Selective breeding occurs when you choose the
best male and female to breed.
• This allows you to fine tune and control the
traits
• The offspring or babies will then have the best
traits.
• Then you continue to breed those organism
with the best traits, those traits will be
maintained.
8. • Examples of
selective breeding:
• Angus cows are bred to
increase muscle mass so
that we get more meat,
• Egg-Laying Hen-
produces more eggs
than the average hen
9. • B. Hybridizations: two individuals with unlike
characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both
organisms.
• Example: Luther Burbank created a disease resistant
potato called the Burbank potato.
• He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that had
a large food producing capacity.
• Result: disease resistant plant that makes a lot of
potatoes.
11. 2. Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit
tastes like grapes and looks like apple.
12. C. Inbreeding breeding of organism that
genetically similar to maintain desired
traits.
• Dogs breeds are kept pure this way.
• Its how a Doberman remains a Doberman.
• It keeps each breed unique from others.
• Risk: since both have the same genes,
the chance that a baby will get a recessive
genetic disorder is high.
13. • Variation: difference between
individuals of a species.
• The differences are in the
genes but we see the
physical differences.
• For example: Some humans
have blond hair and some
have brown. This is a
variation among humans.
• Some finches have short
beaks, some have long
beaks.
• Inbreeding decreases
variations.
14. 2. Cloning: creating an organism that is an
exact genetic copy of another.
• There are human clones in our school.
• identical twins are naturally created
clones.
• Clone: group of cells or organisms that
are genetically identical as a result of
asexual reproduction
• They will have the same exact DNA as the
parent.
15. How is cloning done?
► A single cell is removed from a
parent organism.
► An entire individual is grown from
that cell.
► Remember one cell has all the DNA
needed to make an entire organism.
► Each cell in the body has the same
16. Dolly:
• Dolly was the first
mammal cloned.
• She had the same exact
DNA as her mother and
had no father.
• Cloning is a form of
asexual reproduction.
• Only one genetic parent.
http://content.tutorvista.com/biology_11/content/media/cloning.swf
17. • Since Dolly, cats and other organisms have
been cloned.
• The cat that was cloned had the same
exact DNA but different color fur than the
mother.
• How can this be?
• Environment plays a huge part in the way
organisms develop.
18. • Eggs are haploid
• Haploid: half the
chromosomes, 23 in
humans
• Body cells are diploid:
• Diploid: two sets of
chromosomes, one from
mom and one set from
dad 46 in humans.
19. How could you clone
a human?
• Step 1: An egg is
removed from a female
human
• Eggs are haploid: 23
chromosomes.
• The nucleus of the egg
is removed and is
thrown away.
23
EGG CELL
20. • Step 2: A body cell is
removed from another
person.
• The nucleus of the
body cell is removed
• Body cells are diploid:
46 chromosomes.
46
Body Cell
21. • Step 3:
• The nucleus of the
diploid body cell is put
into the egg.
• This egg no longer
needs to be fertilized
since it has all 46
chromosomes.
46
EGG CELL
22. • Step 4: The egg is then
charged with electricity to
start mitosis.
• Step 5: Its then put into a
surrogate mother so it can
grow.
• Its going to be genetically
identical to the parent of the
body cell.
• But it will be a baby.
• Plants and animals can be
cloned.
23.
24. Click and clone
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloni
ng/clickandclone/
25. Benefits of cloning:
1. you can make exact
copies of organisms
with strong traits.
2. Increase food supply
3. Medical purposes:
clone organs for
transplants.
4. Bring back or Stop
species from going
extinct.
Saber Tooth Tiger extinct
26. Risks of cloning:
1. Decreases genetic
diversity
2. If one of your clones
gets a disease, they all
get it: same immune
system.
3. Inefficient: high failure
rate: 90%+
4. Expensive
27. 3. Gene splicing: DNA is cut
out of one organism and put
into another organism
• A trait will be transferred from
one organism to another.
• For example: the human
insulin gene can be removed
from a human cell.
• It can be put into a bacterial
cell.
• The bacterial will now make
human insulin.
28. • This picture represents gene splicing.
• However, DNA is much smaller.
• Its done with high tech lab equipment since
DNA, is too small to hold or see without a
microscope.
The red piece the woman
is holding is an insulin
gene from a human
being. It is being
combined with DNA from
a bacteria.
Creates recombinant
DNA, something that has
never existed before.
29. Benefits:
• insulin is cheaper
• There are no side
effects because it
is human insulin.
• We once used pig
insulin but there
are side effects
and it more
expensive.
30. How are genes cut for gene
splicing?
• A bacterial plasmid is used.
• Plasmid: circular DNA in a bacteria
cell.
• It is very simple and easy to
manipulate.
31. • A restriction enzyme: enzyme that cuts the
DNA at a specific code.
• There are thousands of restriction enzymes.
• Each cuts DNA at a different sequence.
• Some look for GGCC and cut in between the G
and C.
• Every time GGCC is found in the DNA it is cut
by the restriction enzyme
DNA Code:
• TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
• AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
32. • TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
• AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
• TTATGG CCATACGG CCTT
• AATACC GGTATGCC GGAA
• This DNA segment was cut twice creating three
fragments.
• Since every one is different, we all have a
different amount of times GGCC is found.
• My DNA may be cut seven times
• Yours may be cut ten times.
34. How is gene
splicing done?
1. A restriction
enzyme cuts the
insulin gene out of
the human DNA.
2. A plasmid is
removed from a
bacteria and cut
with a restriction
enzyme
35. 3. The human gene is place into the bacteria
plasmid
4. The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria.
• The cell now has directions (DNA) to make
insulin.
• That's exactly what it does.
• Its human insulin, bacteria do not make insulin
on their own.
Plasmid with
insulin gene
36. • This is called transformation: when a gene
from one organism is transferred to different
organism.
• The organisms that have DNA transferred to
them are called transgenic organisms.
• trans: means different,
• genic: refers to genes
• Genetic engineering has given rise to a new
technological field called biotechnology
(technology of life).
37. 1. Transgenic (GMO) animals: genes
inserted into animals so they produce what
humans need.
• Why?: A way to improve the food supply:
A. Transgenic cows: gene inserted to
increase milk production.
38. B. Spider goat: gene from spider inserted
into goat.
• Goats makes silk of the spider web in their
milk.
• Flexible, stronger than steel. Used in
bullet proof jackets.
39. C. Glow-in-the-dark
cats
• Scientist used a
virus to insert DNA
from jellyfish
• The gene made the
cat produce a
fluorescent protein
in its fur.
40. 2. Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted
into bacteria so they produce things
humans need.
• For example: insulin and clotting factors
in blood are now made by bacteria.
41. 3. Transgenic plants: plants are given
genes so they meet human needs.
A. Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn
produces a natural pesticide.
Now they don’t have to be sprayed with
cancer causing pesticides.
• 25% of all corn is like this.
42. B. Venomous cabbage
• gene from a scorpion tails
inserted into cabbage.
• Cabbage now produces
that chemical.
• Why? Limit pesticide use
while still preventing
insects from damaging
crops.
• Corporations state the
toxin is modified so it isn’t
harmful to humans.
43. C. Banana vaccines
• virus is injected into a banana,
the virus DNA becomes part of
the plant.
• As the plant grows, it produces
the virus proteins — but not the
disease part of the virus.
• When people eat a bite, their
immune systems creates
antibodies to fight the disease —
just like a traditional vaccine
• Vaccines for hepatitis and
cholera
44. • A virus is often used to deliver DNA.
• In the movie “I Am Legend,” A healthy gene was
inserted into a virus.
• The virus invaded the cancer cells and inserts the
healthy gene to cure cancer.
• Worked at first but the virus mutated and became
deadly.
• This is being attempted in real life.
45. • Gene therapy: when disease causing
genes are cut out and good gene are
inserted.
• Restriction enzymes are used to cut out
bad genes.
• Viruses are used to insert good genes.
• Not approved for human use yet.
• Some possible side effects.
46. 4. Gel electrophoresis: a
technique used to compare
DNA from two or more
organisms.
Why compare DNA:
1. Find your baby’s daddy
2. Who committed a crime.
3. How closely species are
related.
47. How is
electrophoresis
done?
A. The DNA is cut into
fragments with a
restriction enzyme.
B. The cut DNA is then
put into the wells of a
machine filled with
gel.
• The gel is spongy and
the DNA squeezes
through the pores.
48. C. The machine is plugged in and the
fragments get separated based on their size.
• The smaller fragments move further than the
large.
50. • Electricity provides the energy
• Why does DNA move?
• DNA has a negative charge.
• When the machine is plugged it, its moves towards
the positive pole created by the electricity
52. Your DNA is so unique its considered to be a
DNA fingerprint.
Gel electrophoresis will separate your DNA
differently from anyone else.
Nova: who done it
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_i
nt_creatednafp2/
53. • Genetic engineering creates organisms with
recombinant DNA.
• Recombinant DNA: when DNA is combined
from at least two organisms.
Which techniques create recombinant DNA
1. Sexual reproduction: natural
2. selective breeding
3. Hybridization
4. Gene splicing
54. • Does cloning create organisms with
recombinant DNA?
• No, the DNA from one organism is
copied.
• DNA is not recombined.