Functional groups and haloalkanes power point presentation
•Download as PPT, PDF•
7 likes•5,249 views
Haloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are organic compounds that contain functional groups. Haloalkanes contain halogen functional groups where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, or bromine. Examples include chlorofluorocarbons which were formerly used as refrigerants but deplete the ozone layer when broken down by UV light in the stratosphere. The loss of ozone increases harmful UV radiation reaching Earth and has negative effects on human health, air quality, and agriculture.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Chapter 4 carboxylic acid
The document summarizes key information about carboxylic acids from their general formula of RCOOH to their characteristic properties and reactions. It discusses (1) the nomenclature and structures of carboxylic acids, (2) their higher boiling points and water solubility compared to similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding, (3) their acidity stemming from ionization of the carboxyl group, and (4) several important reactions including preparation by oxidation, esterification, and formation of derivatives like acid chlorides, anhydrides, salts, and amides.
Organic chemistry ii
This document discusses bifunctional compounds and heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining bifunctional compounds as organic molecules containing two different functional groups. It then covers the nomenclature of multifunctional compounds and bifunctional compounds. The document primarily focuses on heterocyclic compounds, including their preparation through various reactions as well as common reaction types of three-membered, four-membered, and five-membered heterocyclic rings.
Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Halides
This document discusses alkyl halides, which are organic compounds containing carbon-halogen bonds. It classifies alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded. The document explains how to name alkyl halides using IUPAC or common names based on parent chains and substituents. Examples of common alkyl halides are given along with their uses as solvents, anesthetics, refrigerants, and pesticides.
Basic Organic chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
Carboxylic acids and their Derivative
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are introduced. Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group (COOH) and are planar in structure. They are weak acids that form hydrogen bonds between molecules, giving them higher boiling points than similar mass compounds. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives react through the carbonyl carbon, undergoing reactions such as esterification, reactions with alcohols to form esters, and reactions with amines to form amides. Acyl chlorides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl group with chlorine and are much more reactive than the parent acid.
Introduction to organic chemistry Foundation In science
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The four main types of hydrocarbons are saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, and aromatic. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds and their general formula is CnH2n+2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds and include alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene or benzene-like rings. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are largely responsible for the chemical behavior of organic compounds. Common functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. Organic compounds can exhibit isomerism when they
Alkenes part 3 polymerization
Alkenes undergo addition polymerization to form polyalkene polymers. The reaction conditions used to polymerize ethene affect the structure and properties of the resulting polyethene. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is formed at high pressure and temperature and has a branched structure, while high-density polyethylene (HDPE) forms with a catalyst at lower pressure and temperature and has a denser structure with little branching. Other common polyalkenes include polypropylene and polychloroethene, each of which are used to make various rigid and flexible containers and other molded products.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptx
The document discusses the classification of organic compounds. Organic compounds can be classified based on their structure as open chain (acyclic) or closed chain (cyclic) compounds. They can also be classified based on functional groups. Cyclic compounds include homocyclic compounds containing only carbon and heterocyclic compounds containing heteroatoms like nitrogen. Functional groups include carbon-carbon multiple bonds, carbon-oxygen double bonds, and carbon bonded to other atoms. Common functional groups are alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, amines, and nitriles. Overall, the document provides an overview of how organic compounds can be systematically classified based on their structure and functional groups.
Recommended
Chapter 4 carboxylic acid
The document summarizes key information about carboxylic acids from their general formula of RCOOH to their characteristic properties and reactions. It discusses (1) the nomenclature and structures of carboxylic acids, (2) their higher boiling points and water solubility compared to similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding, (3) their acidity stemming from ionization of the carboxyl group, and (4) several important reactions including preparation by oxidation, esterification, and formation of derivatives like acid chlorides, anhydrides, salts, and amides.
Organic chemistry ii
This document discusses bifunctional compounds and heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining bifunctional compounds as organic molecules containing two different functional groups. It then covers the nomenclature of multifunctional compounds and bifunctional compounds. The document primarily focuses on heterocyclic compounds, including their preparation through various reactions as well as common reaction types of three-membered, four-membered, and five-membered heterocyclic rings.
Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Halides
This document discusses alkyl halides, which are organic compounds containing carbon-halogen bonds. It classifies alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded. The document explains how to name alkyl halides using IUPAC or common names based on parent chains and substituents. Examples of common alkyl halides are given along with their uses as solvents, anesthetics, refrigerants, and pesticides.
Basic Organic chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
Carboxylic acids and their Derivative
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are introduced. Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group (COOH) and are planar in structure. They are weak acids that form hydrogen bonds between molecules, giving them higher boiling points than similar mass compounds. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives react through the carbonyl carbon, undergoing reactions such as esterification, reactions with alcohols to form esters, and reactions with amines to form amides. Acyl chlorides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl group with chlorine and are much more reactive than the parent acid.
Introduction to organic chemistry Foundation In science
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The four main types of hydrocarbons are saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, and aromatic. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds and their general formula is CnH2n+2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds and include alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene or benzene-like rings. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are largely responsible for the chemical behavior of organic compounds. Common functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. Organic compounds can exhibit isomerism when they
Alkenes part 3 polymerization
Alkenes undergo addition polymerization to form polyalkene polymers. The reaction conditions used to polymerize ethene affect the structure and properties of the resulting polyethene. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is formed at high pressure and temperature and has a branched structure, while high-density polyethylene (HDPE) forms with a catalyst at lower pressure and temperature and has a denser structure with little branching. Other common polyalkenes include polypropylene and polychloroethene, each of which are used to make various rigid and flexible containers and other molded products.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptx
The document discusses the classification of organic compounds. Organic compounds can be classified based on their structure as open chain (acyclic) or closed chain (cyclic) compounds. They can also be classified based on functional groups. Cyclic compounds include homocyclic compounds containing only carbon and heterocyclic compounds containing heteroatoms like nitrogen. Functional groups include carbon-carbon multiple bonds, carbon-oxygen double bonds, and carbon bonded to other atoms. Common functional groups are alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, amines, and nitriles. Overall, the document provides an overview of how organic compounds can be systematically classified based on their structure and functional groups.
IUPAC Nomenclature_Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
The document discusses various methods of classifying and naming organic compounds according to IUPAC rules. It outlines main types of classifications including aromatic vs aliphatic, saturated vs unsaturated, and classification based on functional groups. It then explains general rules for naming compounds including writing the parent name, naming substituents, and combining all parts of the name. Specific examples are provided for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines, cycloalkanes and more. Naming of isomers and handling of multiple functional groups are also covered.
Ethers and epoxide
1. Ethers have the general structure R-O-R' and are classified as symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Common ethers include diethyl ether and anisole.
2. Ethers can be synthesized via Williamson ether synthesis using sodium alkoxides and alkyl halides or via acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols.
3. Epoxides are cyclic ethers with a 3-membered ring. They react with acids and bases via SN1 and SN2 mechanisms respectively to open the ring.
Amines
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
Strong weak acids and bases
Acids are divided into two categories based on the ease with which they can donate protons to the solvent: i) strong acids and ii) weak acids
Strong acids are acids that completely dissociate in water. The reaction of an acid with its solvent (typically H2O) is called an acid dissociation reaction.
Weak acids are acids that dissociate partially in water. The extent of dissociation is given by the equilibrium constant.
Note:
A measure of the relative strength of an acid is: i) the equilibrium constant ka of the dissociation reaction of the acid in water (depends on temperature) ii) the degree of dissociation α of the acid in water (depends on the concentration of the acid an on temperature).
Solubility 7 Ideal & Non Ideal solutions
Ideal & Non Ideal solutions, Comparison between Ideal & Non Ideal Solutions, Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Organic Chemistry Year 2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
CH264 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
Undergraduate Year 2 module on shape and reactivity of mostly organic molecules.
Structural isomerism.
Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties due to variations in how atoms are arranged along the carbon skeleton. There are several types of structural isomerism: chain isomerism, which involves differences in how carbon atoms are linked to the main chain; position isomerism, where functional groups are attached at different positions on a carbon chain; and functional isomerism, where different arrangements of atoms lead to different functional groups and properties. The document provides examples and figures to illustrate each type of structural isomerism.
Classification of organic compounds
This document classifies organic compounds into two main categories: acyclic (open chain) compounds and cyclic (closed chain) compounds. Acyclic compounds contain open chains of carbon atoms, while cyclic compounds contain closed rings of carbon atoms. Within cyclic compounds, there are homocyclic compounds containing rings of only carbon atoms, and heterocyclic compounds containing rings with other atoms like nitrogen or oxygen in addition to carbon. Homocyclic compounds are further divided into alicyclic compounds resembling aliphatic properties and aromatic compounds containing alternating double and single bonds in rings.
Epoxide
The document discusses epoxides, including their structure, nomenclature, preparation methods, and reactions. Epoxides contain an oxygen atom as part of a three-membered ring and have angle strain, making them reactive. They can be prepared by epoxidation of alkenes using peroxy acids or from vicinal halohydrins using an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Epoxides undergo ring-opening reactions with strong nucleophiles or acids via SN2-like mechanisms at one carbon, controlled by substituent effects.
Esters
Ethyl ethanoate is an ester with a boiling point of 77.1°C. Esters have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids with the same number of carbon atoms due to their inability to form hydrogen bonds. Esters are soluble in water, with solubility decreasing with increasing chain length. The hydrolysis of esters can occur through acid or base mechanisms, involving nucleophilic attack of the hydroxide or hydronium ion on the carbonyl carbon and the formation of an intermediate. Ethyl ethanoate is used as a solvent and in artificial flavors, glues, and cigarette production.
Ethers
Ethers are named based on the groups bonded to oxygen, with the common system naming the two groups followed by "ether". The IUPAC system names the larger alkyl group as a suffix and the smaller group with oxygen as a prefix like "methoxy". Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis using alcohols and alkyl halides, by reacting alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydrating two alcohols with sulfuric acid. Ethers are colorless, inflammable compounds that are good solvents and lighter than water. They react with acids like HI and HBr, with HI cleaving the ether bond to form an alcohol and alkyl iodide.
Alkynes -HYDROCARBONS class 11
Alkynes can be prepared through several methods:
1. From calcium carbide by reacting calcium carbide with water to produce acetylene.
2. From vicinal dihalides by treating them with alcoholic potassium hydroxide to undergo dehydrohalogenation and form alkyne.
3. Alkynes readily react with hydrogen in the presence of catalysts like nickel, platinum or palladium through a reaction called hydrogenation.
Sulphur & its compounds
Viewers can Able to know few more knowledge about Sulphur and its compounds used as Anti-microbial agents.
Acid base concept
An acid is any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes blue litmus paper to red, reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and promotes chemical reactions (acid catalysis).
A base is a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions. Most bases are minerals that react with acids to form water and salts.
Salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, including acids and bases, and how to identify strong and weak acids/bases. It also discusses calculating pH and pOH values.
2. It explains how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on whether the cation or anion comes from a strong or weak acid/base.
3. For sparingly soluble salts, it discusses using Ksp expressions and concentrations to determine if a precipitate will form from mixing solutions of ions.
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions, cumene oxidation, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction,Fries Rearrangement Williamson Synthesis
Acidity of phenols
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Chapter 21.1 : Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
This document defines functional groups and discusses various classes of organic compounds organized by their functional groups, including alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. It provides the general formulas and properties of each class and describes their naming conventions based on the functional group present. Key points covered include that functional groups determine properties, common uses of each class, and relationships between structure and reactivity.
Introduction, Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes..pdf
The document provides an introduction to basic organic chemistry concepts taught by Dr. Nabaz Abdulmajeed. It covers the definition of chemistry and matter, properties of matter including physical and chemical properties, types of matter such as elements, compounds, and mixtures. It also discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, isotopes and electron configuration. Finally, it introduces chemical bonds including ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
Esters, all properties
A general view of all chemical and physical properties of esters. Ass well as their daily use and structure ;)
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes are chemical compounds derived from alkanes that contain one or more halogen atoms. Examples include chlorofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. They can be named according to the halogen atom and carbon to which it is attached. Halogenoalkanes are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the carbon bearing the halogen is bonded to one, two, or three alkyl groups. They undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with nucleophiles like hydroxide, forming alcohols. The mechanism depends on whether the halogenoalkane is primary, secondary, or tertiary, following either an Sn1 or Sn2 pathway. Re
Haloalkanes and haloarenes notes by rawat sir
This document contains notes on haloalkanes and haloarenes. It discusses the nature of the C-X bond in alkyl halides and how haloalkanes and haloarenes are prepared through various reactions like Sandmeyer's reaction, Wurtz reaction, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. The physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes are described, including their solubility, density, polarity, and boiling points. The document also outlines several chemical properties and reactions of haloalkanes like nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and reactions with metals. Important reactions for conversions of functional groups are also listed.
More Related Content
What's hot
IUPAC Nomenclature_Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
The document discusses various methods of classifying and naming organic compounds according to IUPAC rules. It outlines main types of classifications including aromatic vs aliphatic, saturated vs unsaturated, and classification based on functional groups. It then explains general rules for naming compounds including writing the parent name, naming substituents, and combining all parts of the name. Specific examples are provided for naming alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines, cycloalkanes and more. Naming of isomers and handling of multiple functional groups are also covered.
Ethers and epoxide
1. Ethers have the general structure R-O-R' and are classified as symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Common ethers include diethyl ether and anisole.
2. Ethers can be synthesized via Williamson ether synthesis using sodium alkoxides and alkyl halides or via acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols.
3. Epoxides are cyclic ethers with a 3-membered ring. They react with acids and bases via SN1 and SN2 mechanisms respectively to open the ring.
Amines
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
Strong weak acids and bases
Acids are divided into two categories based on the ease with which they can donate protons to the solvent: i) strong acids and ii) weak acids
Strong acids are acids that completely dissociate in water. The reaction of an acid with its solvent (typically H2O) is called an acid dissociation reaction.
Weak acids are acids that dissociate partially in water. The extent of dissociation is given by the equilibrium constant.
Note:
A measure of the relative strength of an acid is: i) the equilibrium constant ka of the dissociation reaction of the acid in water (depends on temperature) ii) the degree of dissociation α of the acid in water (depends on the concentration of the acid an on temperature).
Solubility 7 Ideal & Non Ideal solutions
Ideal & Non Ideal solutions, Comparison between Ideal & Non Ideal Solutions, Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Organic Chemistry Year 2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
CH264 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
Undergraduate Year 2 module on shape and reactivity of mostly organic molecules.
Structural isomerism.
Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties due to variations in how atoms are arranged along the carbon skeleton. There are several types of structural isomerism: chain isomerism, which involves differences in how carbon atoms are linked to the main chain; position isomerism, where functional groups are attached at different positions on a carbon chain; and functional isomerism, where different arrangements of atoms lead to different functional groups and properties. The document provides examples and figures to illustrate each type of structural isomerism.
Classification of organic compounds
This document classifies organic compounds into two main categories: acyclic (open chain) compounds and cyclic (closed chain) compounds. Acyclic compounds contain open chains of carbon atoms, while cyclic compounds contain closed rings of carbon atoms. Within cyclic compounds, there are homocyclic compounds containing rings of only carbon atoms, and heterocyclic compounds containing rings with other atoms like nitrogen or oxygen in addition to carbon. Homocyclic compounds are further divided into alicyclic compounds resembling aliphatic properties and aromatic compounds containing alternating double and single bonds in rings.
Epoxide
The document discusses epoxides, including their structure, nomenclature, preparation methods, and reactions. Epoxides contain an oxygen atom as part of a three-membered ring and have angle strain, making them reactive. They can be prepared by epoxidation of alkenes using peroxy acids or from vicinal halohydrins using an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Epoxides undergo ring-opening reactions with strong nucleophiles or acids via SN2-like mechanisms at one carbon, controlled by substituent effects.
Esters
Ethyl ethanoate is an ester with a boiling point of 77.1°C. Esters have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids with the same number of carbon atoms due to their inability to form hydrogen bonds. Esters are soluble in water, with solubility decreasing with increasing chain length. The hydrolysis of esters can occur through acid or base mechanisms, involving nucleophilic attack of the hydroxide or hydronium ion on the carbonyl carbon and the formation of an intermediate. Ethyl ethanoate is used as a solvent and in artificial flavors, glues, and cigarette production.
Ethers
Ethers are named based on the groups bonded to oxygen, with the common system naming the two groups followed by "ether". The IUPAC system names the larger alkyl group as a suffix and the smaller group with oxygen as a prefix like "methoxy". Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis using alcohols and alkyl halides, by reacting alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydrating two alcohols with sulfuric acid. Ethers are colorless, inflammable compounds that are good solvents and lighter than water. They react with acids like HI and HBr, with HI cleaving the ether bond to form an alcohol and alkyl iodide.
Alkynes -HYDROCARBONS class 11
Alkynes can be prepared through several methods:
1. From calcium carbide by reacting calcium carbide with water to produce acetylene.
2. From vicinal dihalides by treating them with alcoholic potassium hydroxide to undergo dehydrohalogenation and form alkyne.
3. Alkynes readily react with hydrogen in the presence of catalysts like nickel, platinum or palladium through a reaction called hydrogenation.
Sulphur & its compounds
Viewers can Able to know few more knowledge about Sulphur and its compounds used as Anti-microbial agents.
Acid base concept
An acid is any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes blue litmus paper to red, reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and promotes chemical reactions (acid catalysis).
A base is a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions. Most bases are minerals that react with acids to form water and salts.
Salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, including acids and bases, and how to identify strong and weak acids/bases. It also discusses calculating pH and pOH values.
2. It explains how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on whether the cation or anion comes from a strong or weak acid/base.
3. For sparingly soluble salts, it discusses using Ksp expressions and concentrations to determine if a precipitate will form from mixing solutions of ions.
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions
Phenols -Acidity, Synthesis & Reactions, cumene oxidation, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction,Fries Rearrangement Williamson Synthesis
Acidity of phenols
Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols
Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions,
What are phenols?
what about acidity of phenols?
factors affecting acidity of phenols?
Pka of phenols?
Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible.
Online Ustaad
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
you can also see
Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA
How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk
Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg
independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY
how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc
How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk
Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box.
if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos.
FOLLOW ME AT
dailyreviewz4@gmail.com
FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4
INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad
TWITTER : @onlineustaad4
#pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials
Chapter 21.1 : Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
This document defines functional groups and discusses various classes of organic compounds organized by their functional groups, including alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. It provides the general formulas and properties of each class and describes their naming conventions based on the functional group present. Key points covered include that functional groups determine properties, common uses of each class, and relationships between structure and reactivity.
Introduction, Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes..pdf
The document provides an introduction to basic organic chemistry concepts taught by Dr. Nabaz Abdulmajeed. It covers the definition of chemistry and matter, properties of matter including physical and chemical properties, types of matter such as elements, compounds, and mixtures. It also discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, isotopes and electron configuration. Finally, it introduces chemical bonds including ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
Esters, all properties
A general view of all chemical and physical properties of esters. Ass well as their daily use and structure ;)
What's hot (20)
IUPAC Nomenclature_Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
IUPAC Nomenclature_Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Year 2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
Organic Chemistry Year 2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 1
Chapter 21.1 : Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
Chapter 21.1 : Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
Viewers also liked
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes are chemical compounds derived from alkanes that contain one or more halogen atoms. Examples include chlorofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. They can be named according to the halogen atom and carbon to which it is attached. Halogenoalkanes are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the carbon bearing the halogen is bonded to one, two, or three alkyl groups. They undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with nucleophiles like hydroxide, forming alcohols. The mechanism depends on whether the halogenoalkane is primary, secondary, or tertiary, following either an Sn1 or Sn2 pathway. Re
Haloalkanes and haloarenes notes by rawat sir
This document contains notes on haloalkanes and haloarenes. It discusses the nature of the C-X bond in alkyl halides and how haloalkanes and haloarenes are prepared through various reactions like Sandmeyer's reaction, Wurtz reaction, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. The physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes are described, including their solubility, density, polarity, and boiling points. The document also outlines several chemical properties and reactions of haloalkanes like nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and reactions with metals. Important reactions for conversions of functional groups are also listed.
Chapter 10 haloalkanes and haloarenes
This document contains questions from Class XII Chemistry Chapter 10 on haloalkanes and haloarenes. The questions ask students to name organic halogen compounds using IUPAC nomenclature, write structures, identify physical properties, predict reaction products, and describe multi-step synthesis reactions. The document tests students' understanding of naming conventions, structural features, reactivity patterns and reaction mechanisms of haloorganic compounds.
Important reactions for conversions xii chemistry
Inorganic conversions can be broadly classified into aliphatic and aromatic. For aliphatic conversions, stepping up the series involves converting the reactant to an alkyl halide then cyanide then the desired product, while stepping down uses conversion to an amide then Hoffmann degradation. Grignard's reagent allows versatile conversions including formation of carboxylic acids, primary/secondary/tertiary alcohols, and alkylation of nitriles. Aromatic conversions either involve functional groups containing carbon or not containing carbon.
Halogenoalkane lesson
This document summarizes halogenoalkanes, which are hydrocarbons where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. It describes the different types of halogenoalkanes based on the position of the halogen. The document also summarizes two main reactions of halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and elimination. In nucleophilic substitution, a nucleophile such as hydroxide replaces the halogen. In elimination reactions, hydroxide removes a hydrogen next to the halogen, expelling the halogen and forming a double bond.
Haloalkanes & arenes part 1
The document provides guidelines for units 10-13 of a syllabus covering nomenclature, reasoning, name reactions, reaction mechanisms, and word problems involving properties and reactions of functional groups. It discusses the naming and nature of alkyl halides, haloarenes, and their methods of preparation including from hydrocarbons, alkenes, alcohols, thionyl chloride, halide exchange, silver salts, and direct halogenation of aromatic rings. Bond dissociation energy decreases with increasing halogen size as C-Cl > C-Br > C-I.
Halogeneted compounds ppt,Dr.Mangesh Pawale
Halogenated compounds contain one or more halogens, which include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Halogens are highly reactive due to their high electronegativity. Halogenated compounds have many industrial uses such as solvents, paints, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. However, they can also be toxic to humans depending on the type of compound, exposure, and concentration. Proper safety precautions and equipment are needed when working with halogenated compounds.
Haloalkanes & haloarenes part 2
Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the attack of a nucleophile on an electrophilic carbon atom in a carbon-halogen (C-X) bond, displacing the halide ion. There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN1 and SN2. SN1 reactions are first order and involve the formation of a stable carbocation intermediate. SN2 reactions are second order and occur in a single step through a transition state without the formation of an intermediate. The reactivity order depends on the stability of carbocation for SN1 and the sterics of the transition state for SN2. Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes towards nucleophilic substitution due to resonance stabilization of the
Functional groups and chemical reactions in food
This document discusses functional groups and chemical reactions that are commonly found in foods. It describes the hydroxyl, amino, aldehyde, and carboxyl functional groups and provides examples of foods that contain each one. Common enzymatic reactions mentioned are hydrolysis and oxidation/reduction. A non-enzymatic reaction discussed is the Maillard reaction, which is responsible for browning in cooked foods. A list of references is included at the end.
Cape unit 2 chemistry reactions of halogenoalkanes cram sheet
Everything you'll ever need to know to answer any CAPE chemistry question on halogenoalkanes.
Print double sided for one sheet that will solve all your problems.
Ideal for a five minute revision session just before the exam, or for a first time student wanting to know what's really important in this section of the syllabus.
Chapter 8 Alkyl halides
Halogenoalkanes, also known as alkyl halides, contain carbon-halogen bonds. They can be synthesized through free radical substitution or electrophilic addition reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes produce alcohols or other products depending on the solvent. In aqueous solutions, hydroxide acts as a nucleophile to form alcohols via SN1 or SN2 mechanisms. In alcoholic solutions, hydroxide acts as a base to eliminate halogens and form alkenes. Both substitution and elimination reactions occur simultaneously but the solvent influences which pathway dominates.
Alkyl halides
Full study material of Alkyl and aryl halides, preparation, properties, polyhalo compounds, their uses with complete explanation with the relevant examples.
Polymer Ppt
Soccer equipment has evolved over the years through the use of polymers. Cleats have improved to better grip grass and turf surfaces through shaped metal or plastic spikes. Goals now use plastic posts and crossbars instead of wood, and all include protective netting. Fields can be constructed from turf, grass, or rubber track materials, with turf utilizing polyethylene fibers.
Organic reaction mechanism full
The document provides an overview of organic reactions, describing common reaction types like addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement. It explains that organic reactions can be described in terms of their mechanisms, which involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions occur through the attack of electron-rich nucleophiles on electron-deficient electrophilic sites, while radical reactions proceed through the formation, reaction, and termination of free radicals. Curved arrows are used to indicate the flow of electrons between reagents in reaction mechanisms.
Elie saab final
This case study analyzes Elie Saab's competitive positioning in the luxury fashion industry. Elie Saab primarily competes in the haute couture and high-end luxury segment against other luxury fashion houses. It targets super wealthy customers, especially celebrities and royalty. While haute couture is its core business, Elie Saab has expanded into ready-to-wear, accessories, and other luxury products. It uses various modes of entry internationally including licensing, partnerships, and company-owned stores. The growing Asian luxury market, especially China, presents opportunities for future growth. Elie Saab must balance maintaining its luxury brand image while expanding into more accessible and higher volume product lines.
Effects of melting glaciers
Glacial melting contributes significantly to various global issues. As glaciers shrink due to climate change, they no longer help regulate the planet's temperature and provide fresh water. This leads to fresh water shortages, reduced agricultural production, electricity shortages from lack of hydroelectric power, excessive flooding, sea level rise that displaces coastal communities and destroys habitats, and the release of toxic pollutants that were stored in glacial ice. If glacial melting continues unabated, its effects will further exacerbate climate change in a dangerous feedback loop.
Esters (Functional Group)
Ester is one of the functional groups in organic chemistry. It is formed by combining alcohols and carboxylic acids in a process called esterification.
Organic Chemistry: Introductory Topics
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
P block elements
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS,Boron Family (Group 13 Elements )
Compounds of Boron,Orthoboric acid (H3BO3),Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2O,Diborane,Compounds of Aluminium,Aluminium Oxide or Alumina (Al2O3),
Aluminum Chloride AlCl3,Carbon Family (Group 14 Elements):
Compounds of Carbon,Carbon Monoxide,Carbon di-oxide,
Carbides, Nitrogen Family (Group 15 Elements),
Ammonia (NH3),Phosphorus,Phosphorous Halides,Oxides of Phosphorus,Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus,Oxygen Family (Group 16 Elements) , Allotropes of Sulphur,Halogen Family ( Group 17 Elements,Inter halogen compounds,
Hydrogen Halides,Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens,Some important stable compound of Xenon
Introductory Chemistry Chapter 1 Power Point
Power point slides for my Introductory Chemistry course, Spring 2007, corresponding to chapter 1 in the textbook.
Viewers also liked (20)
Cape unit 2 chemistry reactions of halogenoalkanes cram sheet
Cape unit 2 chemistry reactions of halogenoalkanes cram sheet
Similar to Functional groups and haloalkanes power point presentation
haloalkane halo alere ncert.pdf
The document discusses the preparation, properties, and applications of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes are alkyl halides containing halogen atoms attached to sp3-hybridized carbon atoms of an alkyl group. Haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common methods for preparing haloalkanes include reacting alcohols with halogen acids or phosphorus halides. Haloarenes can be prepared by electrophilic halogenation of aromatic compounds. Haloalkanes and haloarenes find wide use as solvents, starting materials for synthesis, and in medicines and industrial applications.
04_01_04.ppt
This chapter introduces reactions that produce alkyl halides, specifically substitution reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides and alkanes with halogens. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature for alcohols and alkyl halides, including functional class and substitutive nomenclature. Alcohols and alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbons attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl or halogen group.
Alcohol chemistry
The document discusses several topics related to chemistry:
1) The voltage needed to create an electron is about one million volts, the same voltage as lightning. This high voltage accelerates electrons from the sky to the ground.
2) Alcohols are derivatives of hydrocarbons where an –OH group replaces a hydrogen. They can act as both acids and bases.
3) Phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded directly to a benzene ring. They are named based on the carbon the hydroxyl group is bonded to, such as phenol itself or cresols which are methyl phenols.
organic cemstry
This document provides information about medicinal chemistry I course details and an introduction to hydrocarbons. It discusses the general formulas and types of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It also covers the physical properties, nomenclature, and synthesis of alkanes and cycloalkanes. The document concludes with discussing the classification of carbon and hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons and the relative reactivity of alkanes.
Alcohol, phenol ,and ethers
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are organic compounds with different structures and physical properties. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl group and have general formula R-OH. Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring. Ethers have an oxygen atom connected to two hydrocarbon groups. These compounds differ in their solubility, boiling points, and medical and industrial applications due to their varying abilities to form intermolecular bonds like hydrogen bonds. Their structures also determine IUPAC nomenclature rules for systematic naming.
Chapters 24,25
The document discusses organic chemistry topics including:
- Classes of organic compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and functional groups.
- Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and contain only single bonds. Cycloalkanes contain carbon atoms joined in rings.
- Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the general formula CnH2n. Alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds and have the formula CnH2n-2.
- Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings, and their naming involves indicating substituted groups on the ring.
alkohol-eter.ppt
This document discusses the functional groups of alcohols and ethers. It explains alcohol and ether naming conventions and provides examples. Key reactions of alcohols and ethers are also summarized, including nucleophilic substitution reactions where the C-O bond breaks. Alcohols can be oxidized to carbonyl groups or converted to better leaving groups like sulfonates prior to substitution reactions. Epoxide rings will open when treated with nucleophiles.
Unit 10
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, and properties of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp3 or sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common preparation methods include the reaction of alcohols, hydrocarbons, alkenes, and aromatic amines with halogen acids, halogens, or diazonium salts.
Functional Groups & Alkenes
This document discusses haloalkanes, which are organic compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. It provides examples of haloalkanes such as chloromethane and bromobutane. The document also discusses how some haloalkanes such as halothane are used as anesthetics and how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer when broken down by ultraviolet light. Loss of the ozone layer increases ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface, which can harm humans, animals and plants.
Ibdp organic introduction
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, focusing on hydrocarbons. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon-based compounds, particularly hydrocarbons rather than metal carbonates or oxides. There are four main classes of hydrocarbons discussed: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. Alkanes contain only single bonds, while alkenes contain double bonds and alkynes contain triple bonds. Functional groups are discussed, which determine the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds. Homologous series are introduced as families of compounds that differ by CH2 units and have similar properties.
Chapter 6 hydroxyl compounds
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 in Organic Chemistry, which covers hydroxyl compounds (alcohols and phenols). It discusses the nomenclature, classification, physical properties, acidity, and common reactions of alcohols and phenols. Specifically, it describes how to name alcohols according to IUPAC rules and classify them based on the type of carbon to which the hydroxyl group is bonded. It also explains that alcohols have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding, and how their solubility in water depends on factors like chain length. The chapter then covers the acidity of alcohols and phenols, and some major reaction types
26sec1
The document discusses functional groups and substitution reactions in organic chemistry. It defines functional groups as specific arrangements of atoms that are capable of characteristic chemical reactions. It notes that organic compounds are best classified by their functional groups. It provides examples of common functional groups like alkyl groups and halogen substituents. It also describes substitution reactions where one atom or group replaces another, such as a halogen replacing hydrogen to form a halocarbon.
00000000lech202.pdf
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of alcohols, phenols, and ethers according to IUPAC rules. It states that alcohols and phenols can be classified as mono-, di-, tri-, or polyhydric depending on the number of hydroxyl groups. Ethers are classified as simple/symmetrical if the alkyl groups are the same, or mixed/unsymmetrical if they are different. The document then provides examples of common and IUPAC names for some representative alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
Oc 02 Functional Groups Handout
This document discusses common functional groups found in organic compounds. It defines functional groups as atoms or groups of atoms that confer similar chemical properties and reactivity. The document then lists and provides examples of common functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides. It emphasizes that functional groups are important for classifying organic compounds, identifying sites of chemical reactions, and naming organic compounds.
S 1 alcohols
This document discusses different types of alcohols including their classification, nomenclature, and methods of preparation. It describes how alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on if the hydroxyl group is attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon. It also discusses allylic and benzylic alcohols. Common methods for preparing alcohols include hydration of alkenes, hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds, reduction of carboxylic acids and esters, and using Grignard reagents.
Chapter 2 carbon compound notes
This document summarizes key concepts about carbon compounds and organic chemistry. It discusses the classification of carbon compounds as organic or inorganic, and the properties and examples of important organic compound classes like hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters. It also covers isomerism, naming conventions, characteristic reactions, and industrial production methods for compounds like ethanol.
ethers, thiols and chirality
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups.
Chapter 1 alcohols
This chapter discusses alcohols, which are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. It covers the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alcohols, including cyclic alcohols, alcohols containing multiple functional groups, diols, and phenols. The chapter also discusses the classification, physical properties, acidity, and preparation of alcohols. Alcohols can be prepared through Grignard synthesis or hydrolysis of alkyl halides. Common alcohols include ethanol, used in alcoholic beverages, and methanol, an important industrial solvent.
Alcohols, alkyl halides and ethers
This document discusses alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, and epoxides. It describes their structures, naming conventions, physical properties, industrial sources, and common reactions. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group and are classified by the carbon it is attached to. Common reactions include cleavage of the C-OH and O-H bonds. Alkyl halides have the general formula R-X and are prepared by halogenation or addition of hydrogen halides. Ethers have the formula R-O-R and are named by identifying the two groups attached to oxygen. Epoxides contain a three-membered ring with an oxygen atom.
Similar to Functional groups and haloalkanes power point presentation (20)
chapter oganic.pptx documents of international students
chapter oganic.pptx documents of international students
More from suresh gdvm
Thermodynamics objective
1. The document contains a practice exam with 37 multiple choice questions covering concepts in thermodynamics and chemistry. The questions cover topics like ideal gases, enthalpy, entropy, spontaneity of reactions, and more.
2. For each question there are 4 possible answers labeled a-d. The correct answers are not provided.
3. The questions are intended to test understanding of fundamental thermodynamic concepts and calculations involving things like heat, work, internal energy, and state functions.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work, and state functions. Energy exists in various forms including heat, light, electrical, and kinetic and potential. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Chemical reactions can be exothermic or endothermic depending on the direction of heat transfer. The total energy in a chemical system is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy. Changes in potential and kinetic energy account for temperature changes in chemical processes.
Thermodynamics notes
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
state of matter gases and liquids
States of matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Gases have no definite shape or volume, are highly compressible, and their molecules are far apart with weak intermolecular forces. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape, while solids have both a definite shape and volume. The behavior of gases is explained by gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion, and the ideal gas law. Gases can be liquefied under high pressure and low temperature due to intermolecular attractions that cause real gases to deviate from ideal behavior.
Gaseous state
Gases are composed of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion. Three properties of gases are pressure, volume, and temperature. The kinetic molecular theory and gas laws describe the relationships between these properties. The ideal gas law combines earlier gas laws relating pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature into a single equation.
gaseous state - theory
The document discusses the characteristics and properties of gases. It defines the gaseous state as the state where intermolecular forces are at a minimum. Some key characteristics of gases include having low density, high compressibility, diffusibility, and filling their container uniformly. The document also discusses various gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, and the ideal gas equation. It provides the mathematical relationships and graphical representations for each gas law.
gaseous state
The document contains multiple choice questions about gas laws, kinetic molecular theory, and properties of gases.
1) Questions ask about calculating properties like density and pressure given temperature, volume, amount of gas, and other variables.
2) Other questions relate to concepts like effusion rates, van der Waals constants, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, volume, and number of gas molecules.
3) Graphs and diagrams are included that must be interpreted in the context of gas behavior and equations of state.
Chemical bonding
This document discusses chemical bonding and dipole moments. It contains questions about the units of dipole moment, molecules with zero dipole moment, factors that determine whether a molecule has a dipole moment, and bond properties like bond length, bond energy, and hybridization.
Bonding
Chemical bonding results from the attraction between nuclei and electrons. There are three main types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Metallic bonding occurs between metal atoms through delocalized valence electrons. The type of bonding determines the physical properties of the substance.
Chapter04
This document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It begins by explaining that atoms combine through chemical bonds to form molecules and different theories have sought to explain why certain combinations are possible and what determines molecular shapes. It then summarizes Kössel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, which proposed that atoms achieve stability by gaining or sharing electrons to attain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. Covalent bonds are formed by shared pairs of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures use dots to represent valence electrons and predict molecular geometry.
Chembond
This document discusses the structure of atoms and the types of chemical bonds. It begins by defining the atom and its components like protons, electrons, and electron shells. It then explains the three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds formed between ions through electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and metallic bonds in metals involving delocalized electrons. Some key points about each bond type are given, like ion formation and electron configuration changes. Examples of each bond type are provided. Formulas for ionic compounds and determining formula weights are also covered.
Chap1
This document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. It describes the formation of ionic bonds between metals and nonmetals and how ionization energy, electron affinity, and lattice energy contribute to the energetics of ionic bonding. Covalent bonding is explained as the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Factors that determine bond polarity like electronegativity are also covered. The document provides details on writing Lewis structures, accounting for valence electrons and formal charges. Exceptions to the octet rule for molecules with odd numbers of electrons, incomplete octets, and expanded octets are explained.
01 chemical bonding-theory-final-e
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds to achieve stable electronic configurations. There are several types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Coordinate bonds form through the interaction of a Lewis acid and base where one species provides a pair of electrons. Chemical bonds provide stability and determine many properties of substances.
01 chemical periodicity-theory-final-e
The document discusses the evolution and development of the periodic table. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's law of triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then focuses on Mendeleev's periodic table from 1869, which was the first significant classification based on atomic mass. The modern periodic table is based on atomic number rather than mass, resolving anomalies in Mendeleev's table. It discusses periodic trends in properties like atomic radius and how the periodic table is structured into blocks, periods and groups.
Periodic trends
The document discusses periodic trends in elemental properties. It explains that Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to organize elements in a periodic table based on their properties. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their valence electrons. Atomic radius generally decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a group due to electron shielding. Ionization energy increases as atomic radius decreases. Electron affinity is exothermic when gaining electrons fills an orbital. Metallic character decreases and electronegativity increases moving from left to right. Cations are smaller than their parent atoms while anions are larger.
09. classification2 (1)
This document provides information on the classification of elements and various periodic properties like atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity. It discusses the trends in these properties across periods and groups and exceptions to trends. It also explains concepts like ionic size, isoelectronic species, ionization energies, electron affinities, Pauling and Mulliken scales of electronegativity and valency. Sample problems are provided at the end to test the understanding of these concepts.
Atomic structure
This document summarizes key concepts in atomic structure:
1. It outlines the early theories of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr, which proposed that atoms are made of fundamental particles and have small, dense nuclei surrounded by orbiting electrons.
2. It describes experiments that discovered the electron and properties of cathode rays. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for a small, dense nucleus.
3. Quantum theory concepts like Planck's quantum hypothesis, Bohr's model of electron orbits, and de Broglie's matter waves are introduced along with equations relating wavelength, frequency and energy of photons.
Chapter01
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It begins by classifying matter as either mixtures or pure substances, with pure substances further divided into elements and compounds. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different types of atoms combined in fixed ratios. The three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - are described based on how tightly or loosely the particles are packed. Key concepts like the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas are also introduced. Measurement units commonly used in chemistry like grams, meters, and moles are defined according to the International System of Units.
01 chemical arithmatic-theory
Chemistry involves experimentally studying the physical and chemical properties of substances and measuring them precisely. Measurements have some uncertainty depending on the skill of the person and instrument used. Significant figures refer to the digits that convey the accuracy of a measurement based on the instrument's least count. Chemical quantities and reactions follow various laws including the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, and Gay-Lussac's law of gas volumes in chemical combinations. Dalton's atomic hypothesis provided a theoretical basis for these laws by proposing that elements are made of atoms that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groups
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
More from suresh gdvm (20)
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groups
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groups
Recently uploaded
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qspvswamcohjtbvbbhjad04lg65waylfHow to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
欧洲杯下注-欧洲杯下注押注官网-欧洲杯下注押注网站|【网址🎉ac44.net🎉】
【网址🎉ac44.net🎉】欧洲杯下注在体育博彩方面，不难发现，欧洲杯下注多为英式运动提供投注。欧洲杯下注为丰富多彩的体育项目提供投注，如足球、赛马、板球和飞镖，但这不是欧洲杯下注的唯一优势。在欧洲杯下注，全世界玩家都可以找到自己感兴趣的比赛进行投注。欧洲杯下注为网球和美式运动如棒球、美式足球、篮球、冰球开出的投注同样值得关注。在夏季或冬季奥运会方面，欧洲杯下注为玩家开出了丰富多彩的服务，是你的不二之选。你还可以投注水球、自行车和班迪球等小众体育项目，甚至可以为武术、拳击和综合格斗投注。欧洲杯下注为众多体育项目开出滚球投注。
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Diversity Quiz Prelims by Quiz Club, IIT Kanpur
Prelims of Diversity Quiz, conducted by Quiz Club, IIT Kanpur in collaboration with Unmukt on 22 June 2024.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
Aims and objectives of national policy on information and communication technology(ICT) in school education in india
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
220711130082 Srabanti Bag Internet Resources For Natural Science
Internet resources for natural science
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
Internet resources for social science
Recently uploaded (20)
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
220711130082 Srabanti Bag Internet Resources For Natural Science
220711130082 Srabanti Bag Internet Resources For Natural Science
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
Functional groups and haloalkanes power point presentation
- 1. Haloalkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Functional Groups Haloalkanes 1
- 2. Functional Groups Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take place Composed of an atom or group of atoms Replace a H in the corresponding alkane Provide a way to classify organic compounds 2
- 3. Some Types of Functional Groups Haloalkane -F, -Cl, -Br CH3Cl Alcohol -OH CH3OH Ether -OO CH3-O-CH3 C H CH3CH Aldehyde Ketone O O O C CH3CCH3 3
- 4. More Functional Groups Carboxylic acid -COOH CH3COOH Ester -COO- CH3COOCH3 Amine -NH2 CH3NH2 Amide -CONH2 CH3CONH2 4
- 5. Haloalkanes An alkane in which one or more H atoms is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) CH3Br 1-bromomethane Br (methyl bromide) CH3CH2CHCH3 2-bromobutane Cl chlorocyclobutane 5
- 6. Learning Check HA1 Name the following: Br Cl Cl 6
- 7. Solution HA1 Name the following: Br bromocyclopentane Cl 1,3-dichlorocyclohexane Cl 7
- 8. Substituents List other attached atoms or group in alphabetical order Br = bromo, Cl = chloro Cl Br CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH3 4-bromo-2-chloroheptane 8
- 9. Learning Check HA2 The name of this compound is: Cl CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 1) 2,4-dimethylhexane 2) 3-chloro-5-methylhexane 3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane 9
- 10. Solution HA2 The name of this compound is: Cl CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane 10
- 11. Haloalkanes as Anesthetics Halothane (Fluothane) F Cl F C C Br F H Fluothane is a haloalkane that is widely used as an anesthetic, which is a compound that decreases the ability of the nerve cells to conduct pain. 11
- 12. Ozone Layer Ozone layer Stratosphere (10-30 miles Above Earth) 12
- 13. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs and the Ozone Layer ozone O3 layer absorbs most of the sun’s harmful radiation. CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - are depleting that ozone layer. CFCs are used as Freons in refrigeration, air conditioning, and foam insulation. Their use in spray cans is no longer allowed. 13
- 14. Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer In the stratosphere, the CFCs react with the high-energy UV radiation from the sun CF2Cl2 Freon-12 UV light CF2Cl• + Cl• free radical 14
- 15. Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer To become stable, the Cl• acquires an electron from ozone O3 and produces ClO. Cl• + O3 ClO + O2 The presence of ClO in the atmosphere is an indicator of the disappearance of ozone. 15
- 16. Impact of Loss of Ozone Layer According to the National Academy of Sciences, each 1% loss of ozone increases by 2% the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth. More UV radiation means more skin cancer and cataracts in humans, more intense photochemical smog, and lower crop yields. 16