This document discusses alkyl halides, which are organic compounds containing carbon-halogen bonds. It classifies alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded. The document explains how to name alkyl halides using IUPAC or common names based on parent chains and substituents. Examples of common alkyl halides are given along with their uses as solvents, anesthetics, refrigerants, and pesticides.

1. CHAPTER 6
Presented By: Cyra Mae R. Soreda

2. COMMERCIALLYAND INDUSTRIALLY
IMPORTANCE OF HALIDES

3.  An organic compound containing at least
one carbon-halogen bond (C-X)
 X (F, Cl, Br, I) replaces H
 Can contain many C-X bonds
3

4. Hydrocarbons can also contain other atoms, such as
halogens (F, Cl, Br, I). Halogen atoms are treated
like branching alkyl groups.
Halogen Group Name
F fluoro
C chloro
Br bromo
I iodo

5.  An alkyl halide is classified according to the
kind of carbon that bears the halogen.
 Alkyl halides are classified into three classes:
 Primary Alkyl Halide (Iº RX)
 Secondary Alkyl Halide (2º RX)
 Tertiary Alkyl Halide (3º RX)

6.  When one hydrogen atom of methyl group is
replaced by an alkyl group, then the carbon of
the substituted methyl is called Primary
carbon atom.
CH3-CH2-I (Ethyl iodide)
For example:

7.  When two hydrogen atoms of methyl group
are replace by any alkyl group, then the
carbon atom of substituted methyl is called
secondary carbon atom..
For example:

8.  When three hydrogen atoms of methyl
groups are replaced by any alkyl group, then
the carbon atom of the substituted methyl is
calledTertiary carbon atom.
For example:

10. CH3 CH CH3
Cl
CH3CH2F
(CH3)3CBr

11.  The two that are most widely used are:
 SYSTEMATIC NAME (IUPAC name)
 ALTERNATIVE NAME (common names)
 Both types can be applied to alcohols and
alkyl halides.

12.  Find and name the parent chain. As naming alkanes,
select the longest chain as the parent chain.
 Number the parent chain. Always number the chain
beginning at the end nearer the first substituent,
regardless of whether t is alkyl or halo.
12

13.  If more than one of the same kind of
halogen is present, number each and use of
the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on. For
example,
1,3-dichloro-3-methylbutane

14.  If different halogens are present, number
each according to its position. List all
substituents in alphabetical order .

15.  Begin at the end nearer the substituent whose name
comes first in the alphabet
15

16.  Give names for the following:
16

17.  Give names for the following:
17
Iodobutane
1-chloro-3-methylbutane
1,5-dibromo-2,2-dimethylpentane
1,3-dichloro-3-methylbutane
1-chloro-3-ethyl-4-iodopentane
2-bromo-5-chlorohexane

18.  Treat halogen as parent with alkyl side
group
 Name as alkyl halide.
 Useful only for small alkyl groups.
18

19.  The family called alkyl halides does not have
a suffix.
 Halides are always named as prefixes.
 Fluorine is called “fluoro”
 Chlorine is called “chloro”
 Bromine is called “bromo”
 Iodine is called “iodo”

20. Name the alkyl group and the halogen as
separate words (alkyl + halide)
CH3F
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl
CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3
Br
H
I

21.  Give names for the following:
21
butyl iodide)
(isopentyl chloride)
CH3 CH CH2CH3
Cl
CH3 CH
CH3
CH2F

22.  CH2X2 called methylene halide.
 CHX3 is a haloform.
 CX4 is carbon tetrahalide.
 Examples:
 CH2Cl2 is methylene chloride
 CHCl3 is chloroform
 CCl4 is carbon tetrachloride.
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Chapter 6 22

23.  Geminal dihalide: two halogen atoms are
bonded to the same carbon
 Vicinal dihalide: two halogen atoms are
bonded to adjacent carbons.
C
H
H
H
C
H
Br
Br
geminal dihalide
C
H
H
Br
C
H
H
Br
vicinal dihalide

24.  Solvents - degreasers and dry cleaning fluid
 Reagents for synthesis of other compounds
 Anesthetic: Halothane is CF3CHClBr
 CHCl3 used originally (toxic and carcinogenic)
 Freons, chlorofluorocarbons or CFC’s
 Freon 12, CF2Cl2, now replaced with Freon 22, CF2CHCl,
not as harmful to ozone layer.
 Pesticides - DDT banned in U.S.

25.  Some uses:
Fire-resistant solvents
Refrigerants
Pharmaceuticals and precursors