The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including cosmetic factors like face shape, fitting factors for issues like high prescriptions, healthy factors like material and bridge design, and visual factors. It provides guidance on choosing frames that balance aesthetics, health, function, and the individual's prescription needs. Frame selection is presented as an important process that requires understanding both medical and cosmetic considerations.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Frame Selection
From an aesthetic point of view ,
glasses are of no small importance
to the person wearing them.
The patient needs to received help,
not only with sizing ,but also with
the cosmetic aspects of a frame.
4. Frame Selection
Despite continuous changes in frame
styles, there are still certain basics
that can be used to arrive at an
aesthetically pleasing and
comfortable frame.
The wearer ultimately has the final
choice of what he will wear , but he
/she should not be allowed free rein in
selecting his frames.
10. Cosmetic consideration
Well-selected frame shape tends
to :
Exaggerate and emphasize facial lines are
complementary (more desirable aspects) to
the person and make face more attractive.
Disparage and deemphasize facial lines are
uncomplementary (less desirable aspects) to
the person.
11. Cosmetic consideration
Complementary lines should be
emphasized through repetition ,
usually by the upper and/or lower eye
wires. (make face more attractive)
Reciprocally , uncomplementary lines
should not repeated by the frame
lines. (make face unattractive)
12. Cosmetic consideration
Few faces meet the artistic ideal in bone
structure and conformity.
The line of the frame selected should create
the effect of balancing facial planes that are
not components of idealized proportions.
The idea is the same as using vertical stripes
to enhance the appearance of a short or a fat
person.
20. facial types
Diamond: the central
section of the face is
wider, with the upper
and lower extremities
of the face narrowing
.down considerably
21. Cosmetic consideration
To simplify the face shapes for the purpose
of aiding in the choice of frame width and
depth , the seven shapes can be condensed
down to the following five shapes.
22. A Basic Guide to Face
Shapes
Three Keys:
Frame shape should contrast with face shape
Frame size should be in scale with face size
Eyewear should balance personal proportion
23. Theoval faces can wear any kind
of shapes, big, small, strict, as
.it suit you
24. OVAL - oval-shaped faces tend to
suit many different styles
Your goal should be to keep the oval's natural balance. Look for frames that a
,as wide as, or wider than, the broadest part of the face (1
almond or walnut-shaped frames that are neither too deep nor too narrow so (
that they do not upset facial balance
25. If you have around face you can
go for a round shape or correct
the line of the face with a
square shape
Your goal should be to make the face appear longer and thinner. Look for
,angular, narrow frames that will lengthen the face (1
,high or mid-height temples, which help create a longer profile (2
,a clear bridge that widens the eyes (3
frames that are wider than they are deep, such as an octagonal shape (4
26. ROUND- a round face tends to suit quite
angular stylesand geometric shapes,
which give definition to the face.
Round or large eye shapesare less
suitable as they will exaggerate the
round shape of the face
27. Choose frames that are distinctive, angular,
almost square, with designs that accentuate the
upper part of the face. Look for frames with high
temples and
up-swept "cat's eye" styles.
28. If you have asquare face, you
can go in the same shape as the
face, or on the contrary to go to
oval shape
.Your goal should be to make the face look longer and soften the angles
: Look for
,curvilinear, narrow styles that soften facial angles (1
,frames that are wider than the widest part of the face (2
frames that have more width than depth, and (3
.narrow ovals, which are an excellent choice (4
29. SQUARE - soft, oval shapes work
well. Thin, angular styles are
less flattering
30. If you have along face, you should
go for a frame which cut the length of
the face and enlarged the face, in
respect to the interpupillary
.distance
The long shape can benefit from enhancing the width of the face so
try wide, large framed glasses in oval or round styles
31. long face
look for softer shapes with some width; anything small
and angular will tend to be less flattering
Choose frames that are deep to shorten the face. Frames
can be slightly wider than the face
33. Heart or Triangular shaped
Frame shapes to try Choose angular frames with
strong vertical lines. Avoid frame shapes which
mirror the angle of the jaw and in doing so draw
.attention to it
34. Triangular shaped
Triangular shaped– Try to select narrow,
round or square eye shapes for these faces,
which are a wider and more rounded shape
than triangular ones
35. BASE-UP TRIANGLE FACES
Base-Up shaped faces have a very wide top third and small
bottom third. Your goal should be to minimize the width of
the top half of the face. Look for
1) frames that are wider at the bottom half of the frame,
2) very light colored materials are effective, and uniform in
colour
3) rimless styles are an excellent choice.
37. Frame color
Effective factors in frame color selection:
2. Hair color
3. Skin color
4. Feature size
5. Eye color
38. Hair color
Gray hair : frames in pale tints of blue or rose
are suitable.
Pure white or partially gray hair : plain gray
frames are better.
Red hair: green frames is better( browns or
reds should be avoided).
39. (Skin color (facial tone
Yellow or olive skin tones: colors to
be avoided would be green-brown ,
green , yellow, or yellow-brown,
because emphasize the yellow or
olive tones already sufficiently
present.
The recommended colors are those
that draw out the colors desired, i.e.
,reds, pinks, red-browns.
40. (Skin color (facial tone
Overly pink skin:
good colors: cool brown, greens,
and ambers.
Avoided colors : shades of blue,
violet, and magenta
41. (Skin color (facial tone
Ageing skin :
The same colors as yellow or olive skin tones
are suitable. Warm brown-red tones.
Avoided colors : gray, black, metallic frames,
which only emphasize shadows caused by
wrinkles.
42. (Skin color (facial tone
Skin irregularities:
A black color frame will
emphasize skin irregularities.
43. (Skin color (facial tone
The smaller and more delicate the features,
the lighter (thinner ) the frame should be.
The larger and broader the features, the
heavier (thicker) the frame should be.
For children and women with child-like
features, a light weight frame is suitable.
Using a frame too thick create a puny
appearance.
44. Temple design
Basically temple style is indicated more by its
relation to appropriate function than by
appearance.
Broad temples tend to decrease the facial
length.
Thin temples tend to increase the facial
length.
46. High-power Myopes
Small, round frame shapes are best to
reduce lens thickness
Angular frames with sharp corners will
accent the thickness of the lenses
Frames that look good with plano
lenses may be very unattractive
with high minus lenses
47. Fitting high plus lenses
.Small, round frames
.Fitting with high index aspheric lenses
. Fit with a short vertex distance
49. Fitting
consideration
General rules
Sturdy construction for high power lenses
Frames with excessive curved front is not
suitable for fitting.
Frames with excessive flat front is not
suitable for fitting.
Frames with excessive eye size is not suitable
for small PD
When the previous glasses are used frame
selection is function of the old frame.
50. For high minus lenses
1. Small eye size
2. Frame with rounded corners
3. A wide frame should be avoided.
4. Excessive decentration should be avoided
(outer edge Vs inner edge)
5. Wider bridge (more DBL)
Thus : less effective diameter
a 50 □ 20 instead of a 52 □ 18
51. For high minus lenses
6.High index of refraction for reducing the edge
thickness.
7.Plastic lenses for reducing the weight in the
sensitive nose.
8. Using a flat bevel rather than the usual 40 º
reduces reflection rings (also edge coating)
9. Thick rim of demi-amber or brown plastic is
suitable. (a crystal or black frame is not
suitable)
52. For high minus lenses
10.Front curves less than 2.00 D will result in a
high reflection of light from the front.
11.Using a pink tint or antireflection coating
will reduce lens reflections.
12.Minus lens and eye make up
53. For high plus lenses
1. Smaller eye size
2. Rounded shapes
3. Effective diameters ≤ eye size + 2mm
4. Shapes with small “frame differences”
54. For high plus lenses
5. Sturdy construction
6. Short vertex distances
7. Adjustable nosepads (for regulate BVD)
8. Cable temples
55. For cylindrical lenses
Rounded shapes is not suitable (rotating
cylinder axis)
Frame dimension should be short in along
thickness direction of the lens when it is
possible.
56. Fitting consideration
the bridge
The appropriate bridge is determined by:
Bridge width
Position of its pads
Frontal angle of the bridge at the pads
Splay angle (transverse angle)
Vertical angle (crest angle)
60. Healthy
consideration
As a healthy point of view ,
properties that frame materials
required can be listed as:
61. Healthy
consideration
1. They must not injure –cause dermatitis
2. They must take and hold a good polish
3. They must be resist attack from skin acids
(cellulose nitrate becomes yellow and crazed
with time)
4. They must be light (neurotic problems)
62. Healthy consideration
agents cause
dermatitis have a poor quality
1.Metal frames that
nickel alloy base metal (common)
2. Coloring agents
3. Even gold can cause dermatitis
63. Healthy
consideration
There is two type of contact dermatitis:
2. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD)
3. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)
64. Healthy consideration
children bridges
The investigations have shown that splay angle
decreases from 28.2 º at ages “3 to 5” to 23 º at
ages “ 16 to 18” .
The depth of the nasal bridge also changes : it
increases from 14.2 mm at age 3 to 5 to 19.2 mm
at age s 16 to 18.
65. Healthy consideration
children bridges
Thus in children:
A larger pad splay angle
A larger pad area
More soft pad that does not inhibit nasal
development.
Using different types of nasal pads.
66. Healthy
consideration
Selection of the wrong nasal pad can causes
deformity and malformation of child's nose.
An uncomfort bridge can cause neurotic
problems for wearer.
A non-suitable bridge can cause injury of the
skin.
A bridge pad with no good material (no skin
acid resistance ) can cause contact
dermatitis.
67. Healthy
consideration
In wearers with surgical process on nose or
other facial parts, a light weight frame with a
good adjustable pad should be used.
With age there are pronounced physiological
changes to the elasticity and fat content of
the skin and therefore , the bridge fitting is
important.
69. Visual consideration
Half-eye frame for near vision
Suitable eye size for size of patient's eyes
Suitable field of view
No excessive change in eye size
70. Visual consideration
Gradually variation in frame mode (important
as both visually and habitually – suppression
of the old frame components)
suitable frame for bifocals and progressive
corrections
No too small eye size for children ,specially in
accommodative esotropia.