Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020 Climate Crisis Inter-Network "Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"

1. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Phosiso Sola, PhD; World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in
refugee situations: a landscape approach
HNPW Climate Crisis Inter-Network
Wed 5 Feb - Session 1, 1100-1230,
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"

2. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Engaging in this space since 2015
Project Countries
Strengthening Self-Reliance of Refugees and Host Communities Ethiopia.
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Energy in the Refugee Context Uganda
Resilient Market system: ReHope Bridge Uganda
Opportunities for building nutrition-sensitive non-wood forest product value chains in Uganda Uganda
Reconnaissance Survey of Kalobeyei Settlement Scheme on Rainwater Harvesting Opportunities Kenya
Gender-responsive innovations for soil rehabilitation, alternative fuel and agriculture for resilient refugee
and host community settlements in East Africa
Kenya; Uganda;
Ethiopia
Fuel briquettes for Women Empowerment at Kalobeyei Refugee and Host Community Settlement, Uganda
Development of Guidance Notes to Put Forward Site Specific Forestry and Tree-Based Interventions in
Displacement Settings in East Africa
Ken, Uga; Eth, Som, S.
Sud
Governing Multifunctional Landscapes in Sub-Saharan Africa (GML): Managing Trade-Offs Between Social
and Ecological Impacts. (GML 6.3)
Ken, Zam, DRC, Cam,
Improving resilience of 280,000 settled and nomadic marginalized communities to climate and conflict-
related shocks and stresses
Chad, Sudan
Great Lakes Regional Integrated Agriculture Development Project DRC

3. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Partners
• BMZ, GIZ
• DFID
• EC DEVCO, CIFOR
• FAO
• Global giving
• IITA
• WFP
• Mercy corps
• DFID
• Mvule trust
• NRC
• Norway Embassy
• UN Habitat
• JIRCAS
• Penn State University (PSU)

4. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Background
• 70.8 million displaced people by the end
of 2018 (refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs)
• 80 % are forest dependent, for shelter,
fodder, nutrition, income and energy for
cooking and heating
• 2018, East and horn of Africa hosted
more than 4.3 million refugees and
asylum-seekers and more than 9 million
IDPs

5. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Implication on forest and tree resources
• Increased pressure on the environment
leading to degradation and depletion of
water, forests, woodlands
• Fuelwood and charcoal are the most
accessible and affordable energy source for
cooking and heating
• Sustainable natural resources management
crucial in these impacted areas
• Management beyond the camp situation
=>landscape

6. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Why landscape approach to forest and tree managment
• Forest and tree interventions have a huge potential to diversify and complement current
livelihoods
• Promoting sustainable utilisation, to maximise benefits derived from the environment
while enhancing the natural resource status, ecosystem services and ecosystem function
•
• A tree can provide shade, windbreak, building poles, fuel, food, fodder

7. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Fit for purpose?
County /Sites Supplied by humanitarian agencies Consumption levels
Ethiopia 34% of refugee households 100 tons of firewood per day
Kenya Dadaab
53% of households
Kakuma
15% of energy needs
935 ton per month
for the entire camp of Kakuma @$1 million per year for
2.3kg/per person/day
Uganda 30% of energy needs 1.1 million tonnes
which is 1.6kg per person/ day compared to 2.3 by host
community
South Sudan Only for the vulnerable Maban, consumed about 94,600 metric tonnes of wood
per year

8. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Fit for purpose?
• Energy access is a right
• No food security
without energy security
• Nutrition studies in
Africa show
• Protection issue
• collections distances
getting longer and
longer exposing
especially women to
SGBV
• Loss of productive time

9. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Status of forest and tree resources in refugee settings
Northern Uganda
• Conversion from woodland type of
vegetation to settlements over time
• 60% of the tree cover had been depleted in
and around the settlements between 2016-
2018
Kenya
• 1986, the area presently occupied by Kakuma refugee
camp was an Acacia tortilis riverine forest
• 2005, the original forest had been replaced by the camp
• Now 0-20 km range, degradation of the woody biomass is
very significant

10. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Status of forest and tree resources in refugee settings
Ethiopia
• deforestation due to agriculture
practice cutting of trees for
construction and fuel wood
South Sudan
• Deforestation mainly due agricultural
production, construction and charcoal making
• Charcoal production prohibited but happening
anyway

11. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Status of forest and tree resources in refugee settings
Population
structure/frequency
distribution of
dominant tree species
in Shimelba area

12. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Forest and tree management options
Uganda-Rhino camp

13. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Forest and tree management options -Kenya
Enclosure –
enrichment planting
-Kakuma
Enclosure assisted natural
regeneration –Dadaab

14. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Major challenges
• Most refugees have no access to land or rights to trees
• Displacement settings usually one of the most marginalised and or drought/ flood prone
with low agricultural potential, poor infrastructure
• Tree management is inherently unsuccessful due to the dry conditions resulting in water
scarcity and poor seedling survival
• Forest and tree management like environment not prioritised in terms of time and budget,
• adoption and follow up very low

15. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Learning from Development projects
• CRRF and devolved governance
systems
• Kakuma integrated
socioeconomic development
plan (KISDEP)
• Garissa integrated
socioeconomic development
plan (GISDEP)
• Some local economies
sustained by refugee
operations
Opportunities
Require clear land tenure, enduring
institutional mechanisms to
coordinate, facilitate, implement

16. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
Key literature
• Duguma L, Nzyoka J, Okia C, Watson C, Ariani C. 2019. Restocking woody biomass to reduce social and environmental pressures in refugee-hosting landscapes: Perspectives
from Northwest Uganda. Working Paper No. 298. World Agroforestry, Nairobi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP19032.PDF
• FAO & UNHCR, 2018. Managing forests in displacement settings: guidance on the use of planted and natural forests to supply forest products and build resilience in displaced
and host communities, by A. Gianvenuti, A. Guéret and C. Sabogal. Rome, 84 pp
• ICRAF, NRC and NCA, 2018. Baseline Assessment and Formative Research Report: for Strengthening Self-Reliance of Refugees and Host Communities through Enhancing
Livelihoods and Restoring Degraded Environments Project in Shire area, Northern Ethiopia
• Kariuki J.G., Machua J.M., Luvanda A.M. and Kigomo J. (2008). Baseline Survey of Woodland Utilization and Degradation Around Kakuma Refugee Camp. KEFRI/JOFCA project
technical report No.1. Print Maxim, Nairobi.
• Manji, Farah Noorali Mohan; De Berry, Joanna Peace. 2019. Desk Review on Livelihoods and Self-Reliance for Refugees and Host Communities in Kenya (English). Washington,
D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/685581553241680189/Desk-Review-on-Livelihoods-and-Self-Reliance-for-Refugees-and-Host-
Communities-in-Kenya
• UNHCR, 2019. Global Trends: Forced displacement in 2018, UNHCR Annual Report: https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf

17. Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees
World Agroforestry (ICRAF),
United Nations Avenue, Gigiri,
P.O Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Phone: +254 20 722 4000
Fax: +254 20 722 4001
Email: icraf@cgiar.org
Website: www.worldagroforestry.org
Thank you!
p.sola@cgiar.org