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Management of Congo Basin forest resources: The quest for sustainability
1. Management of Congo Basin
forest resources
The quest for sustainability
Sustainable
Forest
Management
in
Central
Africa
Yesterday,
today
and
tomorrow
Robert
Nasi
2. Contents
§ Evolution of the international
agenda and related paradigm
changes
§ Policies and practices
– Wood products
• Timber
• Domestic wood
• Wood energy
– Non wood products
– Environmental services
§ Policy recommendations
3. Agenda and paradigm changes
§ < 1960: ?
§ 1962: “Silent Spring”
§ 1972: Stockholm
§ 1983: AIBT
§ 1986: OIBT
§ 1987: “Our Common Future”
§ 1992: Rio
§ 1993: FSC
§ 1994: AIBT (2)
§ 1999: Yaounde
§ 2002: Rio +10
§ 2005-7: REDD
§ 2011: AIBT (3)
§ 2012: Rio +20
§ Segregation
§ Sustained timber
production
§ Sustainable timber
production
§ Sustainable
production of
multiple goods
§ Sustained provision
of ecosystem
services
§ Ecosystem approach
7. Impact
of
management
and
cer?fica?on
on
harvest
intensity
Ceru<
et
al.
2011
Managed and certified
concessions have a
significantly reduced
harvesting intensity
8. Logs
Sawn
wood
Plywood
Congo
Basin
7,815
(3
%)
1,524
(2
%)
117
(1
%)
Africa
out
of
Congo
Basin
10,248
3,077
290
Asia-‐Pacific
94,413
29,346
12,834
La?n
America
/
Caribbean
122,615
31,941
4,282
Total
produc?on
(ITTO)
235,091
65,888
17,523
State
of
Forests
2010
11. § Total ignorance till the
mid 90s
§ Initial studies
(1995-2005)
§ Empirical research by
CIFOR (2007 -
present)
§ Policy recognition but
inadequate legal
frameworks
13. 80
000m3
6
000m3
12
000m3
150 000m3
§ > 50,000 full time
jobs (more than the
formal sector)
§ Turn over of about 40
billion CFA/year ($80
million/year)
§ Affordable building
material for
populations (80%
cheaper than export
sawn wood)
15. § A non issue in the humid
part of the region
§ Early warnings (mid 70s;
CTFT)
§ Full blown but localized
problem (empirical
research in DRC; CIRAD,
CIFOR)
§ Still not really recognized
and remains a poor
people issue
16. § Kinshasa: 4,700,000 m3/yr
§ Kisangani: 200,000 m3/yr
§ Formal timber sector for
DRC: < 300,000 m3/yr
17,664
3,200
1,315
75,446
190
1,070
Cameroon
CAR
Congo
DRC
Equatorial
Guinea
Gabon
State
of
Forests
2010;
Makala
project
17. Before and after?
Luki
forest
reserve,
Bas
Congo
Degraded
lands,
Bas
Congo
In
28
years,
the
quan?ty
of
carbon
stored
in
the
vegeta?on
around
Kinshasa
has
decreased
by
29%
Makala
project
21. § Estimates of the
bushmeat trade range
from US$42 to US$205
million per year in West-
Central Africa.
§ Current harvest in
excess of 5 million
tonnes annually
§ 30 to 80% of the protein
intake of many rural
populations
§ Looming food security
issue
22. Gender issues
• NTFP play a disproportionately
important role in the livelihoods and
well-being of women (and children)
• The collection of fuelwood or other wild
products is often a task for women and
children
• Women play an important role in the
different value chains of these products
and derive crucial income from the
sales
• Women generally invest back their
income into household food and
wellbeing; men more into non essential
goods
23. § Regional guidelines for the sustainable management
of NTFPs developed for the 10 member countries of
COMIFAC).
§ Adopted by the Conference of Ministers of COMIFAC
– This in turn has resulted in raising the status of NTFPs within
the forestry administration in most countries.
§ Gabon and Cameroon have now created directorates
within their forestry administration for the design and
implementation of all policies related to NTFPs
(FAO, ICRAF, CIFOR…)
§ Still lacking for bushmeat and fish as well as in terms
of gender equity…
Raised awareness
25. § Background noise since
Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment
§ Recognition: Biodiversity,
water, carbon (REDD)
§ Payment for Environmental
Services offers potential
§ Infancy stage in the region
and realization is unknown
26. Forest Good or
Service (in
discounted US$/ha
or in US$/ha/yr)
General
(Pearce &
Pearce 2001)
Cameroon
(Lescuyer
2007)
Gabon
(National
Park)
(Lescuyer
2006)
Cameroon
(community
forests)
(Akoa Akoa,
2007)
Timber
200
-‐
4,400
560
98
25-‐78
Fuelwood
40
61
NA
165
NTFPs
0
-‐
100
41
-‐
70
3
172
GeneUc
resources
0
-‐
3,000
7
1<
Na
RecreaUon
2
-‐
470
19
4
34
Watershed
benefits
15
-‐
850
54
-‐
270
0
998
Climate
benefits
360
-‐
2,200
842
-‐
2,265
211
632
OpUon
values
2
-‐12
3
NA
NA
Non-‐use
values
4,400
19
-‐
32
24
NA
28. § Conservation concessions:€ 13 million per year for
the Ngoyla Mintom forest (Karsenty, 2007); € 10
million for the forest reserve of Dzanga-Sangha
(Lescuyer, 2008)
§ Certification has yet to provide the expected
“premium” on the sensitive markets
§ REDD (Carbon) although the obvious candidate of
choice does not stand against opportunity costs of
agro-business development (e.g. oil palm or
plantain)
Economics are not good…
State
of
Forests
2010;
FORAFAMA
project
30. § The quest for a globally accepted definition of
sustainable forest management is pointless
§ Management should be:
– defined by societal demands
– designed across sectors at the landscape level imagining
new forms of land-uses
§ Outcomes should be monitored based on agreed
objectives; unrealistic, unachievable or vague targets
are of little use
§ Informal sectors should be recognized and proper
regulatory frameworks developed to manage these
resources
§ Private-public sector collaboration should become the
norm rather than the exception
31. OBSERVATOIRE
DES
FORETS
DE
L’AFRIQUE
CENTRALE
De
Wasseige
C.,
D.
Devers,
P.
de
Marcken,
R.
Eba’a
Atyi,
R.
Nasi,
P.
Mayaux,
Eds
(2009)
Les
Forêts
du
Bassin
du
Congo
–
Etat
des
Forêts
2008.
Office
des
publicaUons
de
l’Union
Européenne.
Luxembourg,
426
p.
Les
forêts
du
bassin
du
Congo
-‐
Etat
des
Forêts
2010.
(2012)
Eds
:
de
Wasseige
C.,
de
Marcken
P.,
Bayol
N.,
Hiol
Hiol
F.,
Mayaux
Ph.,
Desclée
B.,
Nasi
R.,
Billand
A.,
Defourny
P
et
Eba’a
R..–
Office
des
publicaUons
de
l’Union
Européenne.
Luxembourg.
276
p.
hWp://www.observatoire-‐comifac.net/
Editor's Notes
Excellences, Mesdames, Messieurs, cher collègues.Je me propose au cours des 30 prochaines minutes de vous offrir un panorama de l’évolution de la gestion des ressources forestières du bassin du Congo. Je n’ai pas la prétention d’etre exhaustif et je ne suis probablement pas complètement objectif mais je vous offre la compréhension et le sentiment de quelqu’un qui a commence sa carrière professionnelle au Cameroun en 1982 (dans l’inventaire forestier… entre Djoum et Mintom…) et n’a cesser de s’interesser au cas de la gestion durable des ressources forestières de la sous-région depuis près de 30 ans.Mon propos sera en français mais le support de présentation sera en anglais, ce qui me semblait un compromis acceptable pour une audience telle que la votre.