Pastoralists are among the most politically and economically marginalized communities in the world. Marginalized in the context of limited access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend, and very limited access to basic socio-economic services and infrastructure. Limited or uncertain resource tenure and access to, or ownership of land, water and other resources is a long-term fundamental constraint for pastoralism. These challenges account for the poverty and lack of essential services thus categorized as; climate change, political and economic marginalization, inappropriate development policies, and increasing resource competition. Pastoral communities increasingly shift away from the areas that are no longer viable, into areas that are less dry with more predictable rainfall patterns. This form of human migration induced by demographic pressure and environmental stressors is often accompanied by conflict between customary and statutory land tenure arrangements and services which in turn fuels tensions among multiple resource users.

1. LAND TENURE IN PASTORALIST SOCIETY
Presentation to the District stakeholders: On Land use and Natural
resource Access for pastoralist
By: Loupa Pius
For DADO and ELLA
Land Into Action

2. BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Dodoth Agro-Pastoralist Development Organization (DADO) is a local, non-
Governmental, non-political non-profit making organization founded in July 1996 by
the agro-pastoralist communities in Kaabong district.
DADO in partnership and funding from practical Action (PAC) is implementing a five
month pilot project of designing the land use grazing plans and establishing temporal
access rights. The project targets pastoralist communities along the Eastern pastoral
zones of Kaabong –Kenya border in target of the sub counties of Loyoro , Kamion and
Kaabong East which are identifies as the host and hot spot grazing corridor of two
pastoral societies of East Africa (Turkana and Karamojong).
Vision
 DADO envisages prosperous and sustainable agro-pastoral communities with
access to enough food and livelihood options to fulfill their potential in harmony.
Mission
 To improve food and nutritional security; animal health, including natural resources
rights to reduce poverty and conflict through building community resilience and
capabilities, securing better lives and sustainable livelihoods

3. Project Goals and Objectives
The main goal:
 Promote sustainable access to land, which is
critical in providing pasture and water to
pastoral communities
Objectives:
 Engage pastoralist on land tenure
governance in the eastern pastoral corridors
 To enhance pastoral mobility through access
rights establishment

4. PROJECT LOCATION AND SCOPE
 Target location: Hot spot areas include
 Loyoro rangelands
 Kaabong East Rangelands

5. Description of Scope
 Loyoro sub county is located in the Eastern Part of
Kaabong District, bordering Moroto and Kotido from the
South, Kenya republic from the East, internally borders
Sidok sub county from the West and Lodiko, Kamion from
the North.
 Currently the largest hotspot and host of Turkana
pastoralists in Kaabong.
 Also hosts the wildlife reserve at least in the Eastern part
of district.
 Also the mining zones for local people.
 Loyoro is also the pastoralisst livelihood zone shared by
three pastoralists communities (Turkana, Dodoth, and
Jie).
 The vegetation cover over there is expected or it is
deteriorating because of un managed grazing and kraal
and homestead construction.

6. Main Activities
 Mobilization and sensitization of the kraal leaders and
CLAs on grazing planning
 Participatory mapping of wet season and dry season
grazing areas in the shared cattle corridor
 Participatory Land use grazing planning and access
rights
 Review of maps and grazing plans with the District
and pastoralist stakeholders
 Validation of the grazing plans and access rights
 Dissemination of the plans and access rights to the
pastoral communities.

7. Issues to Tackle
 Land tenure security: As a result of under
utilization of customary land
 Over grazing: As a result of unplanned
grazing
 Deforestation: As a result of kraal
construction
 Conflicts: As a result of struggle to share
resources
 Trans boundary resource sharing

8. Expected Outcomes
 Land use grazing plans designed and
developed
 Customary led bylaws on Natural resource
management
 Sensitization of pastoralists
 Drafts and Sketch maps of the community
seasonal and non seasonal grazing zones
 Recommendations to the district

9. Pastoralism and Economic Development
PRESENTATION,
WHY NOW PASTORALISM?

10. PASTORALISM IN UGANDA
Can pastoralism be a viable way
of life for future generations?
 Broadly, Pastoralism refers to
symbiotic relationship between
local ecology, domesticated
livestock and people in resource-
scare and highly variable
conditions (??).
In short, pastoralism is extensive
livestock production in the
rangelands (IUCN & UNEP)
 Cattle corridor (Mbarara to
Kaabong) is specialized for
pastoral production, covering
approx. 42 percent of Uganda’s
land mass (11% is karamoja

11. KEY QUESTIONS, ISSUES AND CONCERNS
This project presentation seeks to
address the following concerns:
 The ecological, economic, social and political
context of pastoralism
 Pastoralism in the development context
 Harnessing Pastoralism for climate resilient
and land tenure in green growth
 Strengthening pastoralism to support
transition to a middle income country status

12. INTRODUCTION
 Pastoralists are People whose livelihoods
depends mainly on raising of domestic animals
–
 cattle,
 camels,
 goats,
 sheep, horses & donkeys.
 These are mainly kept for:
 Milk
 Meat
 skin and hides
 Transport and Trade.

13. PASTORALISM AND ECOLOGICAL ENV”T
Ecological context
 Drylands/rangelands;
 characterized by wide rainfall variability and
unpredictability (500-1000mm) per year
 crop production is extremely risky and only
adaptable grasses, shrubs and tree can grow with
certainty
 concentrated in the ‘cattle corridor’ which occupy
51% of total land area of Uganda
 degraded land areas
 Vulnerability of pastoralists to climate change

14. PASTORALISM AND ECONOMIC ENVT
Economic context
 Pastoralism is the dominant activity
 Abundant but declining natural endowments e.g.,
livestock, wildlife, woodlands, medicinal plants,
minerals, scenic landscapes
 low investment in drylands/rangelands, limited social
and economic infrastructure
 Poor marketing infrastructure for pastoral products,
 Low value addition to products from rangelands
 limited integration of pastoralists into the national
economy

15. PASTORALISM AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
Social Context
 Changing land ownership from common
property system to individualization leading
to;
 Increasing incidences of resource use conflicts
e.g.
 water conflicts and conflicts with protected area
management e.g. Game parks, forest and wetland
reserves.
 Inadequate access to socioeconomic services

16. THREATENING TRENDS ON LAND TENURE IN KARAMOJA
• Threat to land
security e.g
UWA, NFA and
Mega projects
State led initiatives
• Mismanagement of
customary land,
• Inequality in land
access and use
Land boards/CLAs,
ALCs
• Change and
intensification
of land use
• Proximity to
Urban areas
Urban Planners ,
land boards
• Individualization
of communal
(Customary
land)
• Grabing
Elites • Privatization and
Investors and
developers
Investors and mine
companies

17. 17
Competing Land Uses
Pastoralism, Agriculture, Mining, Conservation or
Settlement?
62 percent of total land area of Karamoja is licensed for
mineral exploration and exploitation activities (HRW, 2014)
Pastoralists constitute approx. 22 percent of the population
(2006)
Agro-pastoralism is the dominate livelihood for the region but
continues to encounter problems of restriction in mobility since
extensive acreage is devoted to exploration.
More so, mining is depriving communities vast amounts of
scare water and posing pollution risks.
Interesting to note is that approx. 50% of land in Karamoja is
under conservation (both wildlife +forest areas) (MLHUD,
2013)

18. 18
Subsistence
and
opportunistic
farming; by the
Agro-
pastoralists and
Ex pastoralists
Small scale
mining;
By the ex-
pastoralists
Livestock
keeping; by the
pastoralists.
Main
source
(rangeland)
Kaabong Pastoralists income sources

19. Land tenure matters to pastoralism
 Food and Nutrition improves
 Environmental protection
 Mitigation of land conflicts
 The growing population poses a threat
.

20. PASTORALISM CONTRIBUTION
Design of ICUN; Multiple benefits of sustainable rangelands management.

21. 21
At Cross roads: Sedentarise OR Mobility
Should the Karamojong sedentarise and change their livelihoods towards crop farming?
Pastoralism, once sustainable, can:
 Maintain soil fertility and soil carbon,
 Promote water regulation, pest and disease regulation, biodiversity conservation and fire management
 Grazing lands sequester between 0.2-0.5t of carbon per hectare per year, playing a leading role in
climate change mitigation.

22. 1.7billion people defend on livestock for a living
among which 1 billion poor, and over 1million
people live in Karamoja
A large proportion of poor livestock keepers are
highly exposed to climate change risks and some
are in Karamoja region.
Only economic activity in the ASALs/ Drylands
Low capital inputs required
Less labour intensive
Resilient to pastoralist livelihood systems
Pastoralism Maters to us

23. GRAZING PLAN, ACCESS RIGHTS MATTER PASTORALISM AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 Climate change
 Million tones of wood used for
kraal construction
 Grazing land is diminishing
 Pastoral Land individualization
 Desertification is now the
bottleneck for both Pastoralists and
farmers
 Food insecurity situation is worst in
the arid lands of Kaabong
 Rangelands degrading taking
place
 Conflicts for pasture and water is
now the bottle neck for pastoralists
 Conflict Mitigation
 Trans-boundary Natural resources
Mgt
 Livestock diseases mgt.
‘Nomadic cattle farmers are one of the most
vulnerable communities, because their lifestyle
is not productive from an industrial perspective.

24. MAJOR TRANSFORMATION FACING PASTORALIST
Pastoralist
Restricted
livestock
Mobility
Commoditization
of livestock
economy
Social
service
delivery
Restriction
of land
rights

25. THE CHALLENGE VIEW
 Studies on the economic value of pastoral production and livelihood
systems, and their development potential, show that they usually make a
substantial contribution to GDP, and in many countries supply most of
livestock exports.
 A recent study from the International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFPRI) found that ‘pastoralism is still the dominant source of income and
employment [and] undoubtedly a sector of comparative advantage in the
semi-arid lowland regions of the Horn [of Africa].’
 The Karimojong are livestock keepers; livestock is more likely to survive
on dry lands than crops. When rains fail, one can move livestock in
search for water and pasture but you cannot move crops in search of
water.
 The African Union Policy Framework on Pastoralism re-affirms this by
stating that “pastoralist communities are not static and resisting change
but they are adapting to change based on available socio-economic.
 Pastoralism makes a significant contribution to gross domestic product
(GDP) in many East African countries (around ten per cent in Kenya); it
provides the majority of meat consumed in those countries; and provides
a livelihood for tens of millions of people who live there (Oxfam, briefing
paper-2008).

26. CONT’N
 Pastoralists are the custodians of dryland environments,
providing services through good rangeland management
including biodiversity conservation, and wildlife tourism.
 As Minority Rights Group states, “pastoralists are made to
fit into services, instead of services made to fit into the
pastoralists livelihood system’ (MRG, 2013).
 Rural or urban, rich or poor, keeping livestock in pastoral
systems is often the best investment option for drylands
populations.
 The highest concentration of vulnerable rural people is
believed to live in the drylands and most are pastoralists.

27. PICTORIALS RELATED TO THIS
Land tenure and pastoralism

28. Cattle dip constructed later neglected
belonging to the Agro-pastoralist
community of Kawalakol .

29. Who is accountable to this destruction? heavily fenced with
tones of wood homestead fencing, the village in Kamion
sub county, Nawadou

31. Bush Burning
Bush burning is too dangerous to any
ecosystem, affects lives of many species
etc
 Bush burning all in such of fresh grass
for animals mostly towards the end of
dry season.

32. Than using wood for kraal fencing why not
encourage use of any other materials, such
as this which has taken now 20 years in
Namibia.

33. Narengepak Parish, Kathile sub county
heading into a desert. The cattle striving
for the dry grasses

34. A thousands of people in Kaabong depend on
livestock for their livelihoods even in dry
situations, The pastoral herdsmen in Kaabong
East sub county (Morulem/Lodwar parish)

36. Timu forest reserve also a dry season grazing area for
pastoralist in Kalapata, Kaabong East and Lodiko, at risk of
destruction as the charcoal, brick layers and institutions
such as schools hunt for firewood.

37. Some technical measures such as this on
here can arrest water shortages and
supports several livelihood activities. If
shared in the national development plans.

38. A mobile abattoir in Namibia, operated by
licensed company to assist pastoralist who
are on grasslands to participate in the beef
marketing

39. RECOMMENDATION TO KAABONG DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Assist pastoralists develop sustainable land use grazing plans for the
betterment of the natural ecosystems.
 Establish a global development framework for sustainable
pastoralism
This framework should reinforce existing commitments, address sub-
national development disparities, and respond to the current under-
representation of pastoralism in the global discourse, whilst protecting
against harmful investments, such as land grabbing for biofuel production.
 Connect pastoralists to domestic and international livestock
markets
Policies and investments are needed to connect pastoralists to markets.
Greater investment is needed in local-level processing and value addition,
both to improve local revenue capture and to provide employment
opportunities in pastoral areas.
 Capitalize on the environmental benefits of pastoralism and expand
green niche markets
Genetically diverse livestock raised on natural rangelands produce goods
that cannot be replicated by intensive production systems. Growing
consumer demand for such goods has created niche marketing
opportunities that can be capitalized upon.

40. CONT’N
 Strengthen property rights and governance over
rangeland resources
Rights and governance over rangeland resources should
be strengthened through capacity building and
awareness-raising for better application of national laws,
building institutions for natural resource management,
and empowering pastoralists through knowledge sharing
and respect for Free, Prior and Informed Consent.
 Integrate pastoralists into the development
mainstream
Pastoralists should be integrated into the development
mainstream by improving representation in decision
making and promoting innovation in the provision of basic
services—including education, health, communications,
safe water, and renewable energy.

42. THANKS FOR LISTENING
Loupa Pius

43. DISCUSSIONS