Presented by Ma Hwan-Ok of ITTO at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1. 3rd ASIA-PACIFIC RAINFOREST SUMMIT
Rethinking about Site-level
Restoration Strategies for
Degraded Tropical Forests
Ma Hwan-Ok, ITTO
3rd ASIA-PACIFIC RAINFOREST SUMMIT
23-25 April 2018, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2. Outline of the Presentation
 Tropical Forest Landscapes
 Degraded forests – ecological context
 Site-level Restoration Strategies for
Degraded Forests
 Accelerating natural recovery - Conservation of Shorea
spp Genetic Diversity in Kalimantan, Indonesia
 Assisting natural regeneration - Dipterocarp planting in
Indonesia
 Promoting community-based rehabilitation – teak
plantations in West Java, Indonesia
 Some messages

3. 250 mm ha 800 – 1,000 mm ha 110 mm ha 700-800 mm ha
Non-accessible
old-growth forest,
Effectively Protected
Areas
Openly accessible Forest Area:
Opened-up forests,
Degraded old-growth forests,
Secondary forests,
Degraded forest land
Timber production
forests,
with or without
concessions
“Forest areas” in a
multiple landscape,
tree plantations,
agrofor, small
wood lots
Tropical Forest landscape:
A variety of forest-land use options
Source: Blaser and Sabogal (2002): ITTO Guidelines for Forest Restoration and Secondary Forest Management
Global Forest Area: 4033 million ha
One third of the world’s land area is forest

4. Source: Blaser and Sabogal (2002): ITTO Guidelines for Forest Restoration and Secondary Forest Management
Authors’ estimates. Based on FAO (1982, 1990, 1995, 2001); Sips (1997); Wadsworth (1997); WRI-World Bank (2000).
In tropical America, about 38 million ha are classified as secondary forests (second-growth forests). For the other regions
it is not possible to distinguish between degraded primary forests and secondary forests
Extent of degraded forest
Only rough estimates exist, no thresholds
Laestadius and Potapov (2009): More than 1 billion ha
ITTO (2002): about 850 million ha
WRI (2014): 104 million ha (more than 8 percent) of the world’s Intact forest
landscapes (IFLs) have been degraded since 2000
http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/09/8-percent-worlds-remaining-pristine-forests-degraded-2000
WRI (2014): More than two billion hectares worldwide offer opportunities
for restoration an area larger than South America. Most of these lands are in tropical and temperate areas
http://www.wri.org/resources/maps/atlas-forest-and-landscape-restoration-opportunities.

5. “Primary/
Managed
Forest”
Secondary
Forests
(Regrown
forests)
Degraded
Primary
forests
Degraded
Forest Lands
Planted
forest
,Forest fire, extreme events
Harvesting
Non sustainable
Forest mgtm.
The forgotten middle ground in the
past: Degraded forest ecosystems:
Natural forests “Forested area
Outside natural forest
areas
Degraded forests – ecological context
Progressive over-use

6. Rehabilitation of deforested
or degraded forest lands
Reforestation of degraded forests
with commercial plantations
Reforestation with
commercial plantations
Assisted natural
regeneration
Natural
regeneration
Stage of degradationHigh Low
High
HighLow
Low
Biodiversity
&
Ecosystem
Services
Time
&
Cost
Adopted from APFNet
Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)
FLR: A process that aims to regain
ecological integrity and enhance
human well-being in deforested or
degraded forest landscapes
(GPFLR)

7. ITTO Restoration Projects in Indonesia
Forest Degradation
of Tropical Peatland
in South Sumatra
ITTO Budget: USD 149,493
EA: Regional Research
Center of South Sumatra
Lake Toba
Catchment
Rehabilitation
ITTO Budget: USD
549,974
EA: FORDA, MOF
Cempaka Tree
Species in North
Sulawesi
ITTO Budget: USD
435,187
EA: MFRI,FORDA,MOF
Conservation of
Tengkawang
Genetic Diversity
in Kalimantan
ITTO Budget: USD
414,104
EA: Dipterocarps
Research Center,
FORDA, MOF
Rehabilitation
of RAMIN in
Sumatra and
Kalimantan
ITTO Budget: USD
507,903 EA: FORDA
Plantation of
Bali Indigenous
Species
ITTO Budget: USD
597,512
EA: Bali Provincial
Forestry Service
Model
Development
Plantation of
Dipterocarps
ITTO Budget: USD
461,212
EA: FAHUTAN, UGM
Sandalwood in
East Nusa
Tenggara Province
ITTO Budget: USD
593,163
EA: Forestry Service of
East Nusa Tenggara
Province
Community-based
Plantation Forest
in Indonesia
ITTO Budget: USD
465,151
EA: Directorate of
Plantation Forest
Management, MoF
Reduced impact
logging in Indonesia
ITTO Budget: USD 611,863
EA: CFET, MOF with TFF
Rehabilitation
of Degraded
Forest land in
West Java
ITTO Budget: USD
493,236
EA: FORDA, LRSF
Strategy for
Developing
Plantation Forest
ITTO Budget: USD
508,234 EA: Directorate
of Plantation Forest
Management, MOF
Ex-situ
Conservation
of Shorea
leprosula
ITTO Budget: USD
710,400
EA: Faculty of
Forestry, UGM

8. Conservation of Shorea spp Genetic Diversity in
Kalimantan, Indonesia: accelerating natural recovery
• Tengkawang (Shorea spp) has important
role in ecology and economy for indigenous
people but it is threatening due to adverse
environmental condition, unsuccessful
conservation
• Dipterocarps Forest Research Center
implemented ITTO project (PD586/10) on
Tengkawang; established genetic diversity
conservation plots of T. (2 ex-situ plots in E.
Kalimantan, 2 in-situ plots in W. K. & 1 in-situ plot in S. K.)
• Lesson learned: Integrated strategy and
continuity of knowledge transfer of
Tengkawang issue, including its
identification, needs serious commitment
and good cooperation from government
agencies and related stakeholders;
increasing roles of village cooperatives
Fencing T. tree to facilitate harvesting
process In W Kalimantan
Marking a mother tree of
Tengkawang
Distribution of Tengkawang mother trees in Kalimantan

9. Dipterocarp planting in Indonesia: assisting natural
regeneration-enrichment planting
• Gadjah Mada University implemented ITTO
project [PD41/00]; screened 64 potential
dipterocarp species; selected the three best-
performing Shorea species as the basis for
producing planting materials
• Developed an innovative silvicultural system
and model for planting in logged-over forests
 3 m wide strips are cleared in a straight line,
which are separated by 17 m blocks of semi-
natural forests.
 The seedlings from the selected best species are
planted in line in the cleared areas at a stocking
rate of 200 stems/ha (thinned to 160 stems/ha)
• Revisit “The Kalimantan Forest Company
Model” incorporating the use of improved
indigenous species for rehabilitation of logged
over forests, integrated pest management and
organic soil nutrient enhancement techniques
Line-planting of dipterocarps in logged-
over forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

10. In Ciamis District: extensive area of degraded forest land
but most is in government land while private forests cover
32,000 ha; no tenure conflicts around private forests; well
developed “tree planting culture”
Forestry Services of Ciamis District with FORDA
implemented ITTO Project (PD 27/04):
• 10 farmers groups for special emphasis in building capacity -
“quality” of seedling production
• Application of silviculture techniques
• Development of a business model – leading to a village as a
SFM unit
Lesson learned:
• Support to motivated local leaders is effective in spreading
knowledge and information to improve productivity of private
forests.
• Improving marketing conditions for forest products from
private forests is a difficult challenge
• An enabling regulatory framework is more effective than an
enforcing one requiring farmers to plant tree seedling and
protect forests
Rehabilitation of degraded forest land in Ciamis
District, West Java, Indonesia
Motivated local community leader in
promoting quality teak seedlings in
Ciamis District
Furniture from plantation teak in
private forests in Ciamis District

11. Some messages
 Production forests with FMU management plans are
key to achieving sustainable forest management - strict
conservation measures (e.g. at least 10% area); social forest allocation;
improved productivity from production forests
 Urgency to restore degraded tropical forests with site-
level viable strategy accelerating natural recovery and
assisting natural regeneration – conservation of genetic
resources and production of quality planting materials; long-term local
research programs (good science) and motivated local leaders;
 Adaptation to support the restoration and sustainable
management of degraded forest lands - keeping forests
young, weed, pest and fires management, increased vulnerabilities of
forest dependent people, improving marketing forest products
 High level of investments in restoration of degraded
forests and forest ecosystem adaptation under the
Paris Agreement

12. Thank You!
ma@itto.int
http://www.itto.int