Presentation of the management of the Engaresero Maasai Pastoralist Heritage Area, Tanzania. © FAO: http://www.fao.org

1. Pastoral System and Ecosystem Services-Context:
Engaresero GIAHS Site - Lake Natron
Ngorongoro-District-TANZAIA
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Arpakwa. M. Ole Sikorei
Community Conservation and Culture
And Student at St. Augustine University of Tanzania-
Arusha Campus
sarpakwa@gmail.com

2. CASE STUDY Engaresero L. Natron: TANZANIAIncentives for Ecosystem Services in Agriculture (IES)
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INCENTIVES REQUIRED
• What incentives are needed to support these best practices?
Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)
BEST PRACTICES
• What practices would be
needed to address these
threats?
• How could better planning
support this? E.g. zoning of
land to secure corridors for
pastoralists through land
owned by tourism
companies
• Improved access to water
supplies OR WHAT?

3. GIAHS of Tz, Context – L.Natron ES– Engaresero & Pinyinyi,
Ngorongoro-District-Overview
• District - pioneering, for pastoralism & conservation, covers an area of 14,036 km²
 Diverse-Ecosystems-Forest, shrubby, Rangelands, 59% -Designated as Ngorongoro Conservation Area
(NCA), multiple land use area & WHS
• Loliondo & Sale division -Game Controlled Area, -Hunting and photographic safaris. Divisions-for
agriculture, pastoralism, tourism, and hunting- & business and community forest conservation.
• Lake Natron (Engaresero and Pinyinyi wards), is a unique ecosystem, WHY?
• mountains -Oldoinyolengai and Mosoni & the Lake Natron itself- Ramsar site,
• breeding ground for the lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor.
• Engaresero and Pinyinyi, the main rivers Suply H20-L Natron - crucial to pastoralist and wildlife - dry
season, when water is scarce on the other side of the Engaresero escarpment.-Wet Season Pasture
• The Lake Natron ecosystem is crucial - both pastoralism and conservation/Tourism. WHY?
• The landscape co-evolved with the pastoralists’ cultural practices, resulting in a rich habitat for wildlife
and biodiversity.
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4. Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania
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Background-Ngorongoro -District
•Still today is an abundant reservoir of
IK/TP on livestock rearing, health, and
ecology.
•Remarkable resilience and a capacity to
adapt to climatic & other environmental
fluctuations.
•Maasai pastoralism, traditionally,
provides an outstanding example of
pastoralism in East Africa and continues
to have relevance for the sustainable
management of its rangelands.
•The ecosystems of Engaresero and its
pastoral systems -Designated as GIAHS
site by FAO in 2011.
• They would -probably also conform to the criteria of
a cultural landscape -WH Convention.
• Pastoralism -effective and sustainable way of
exploiting natural resources provided by different
habitats -landscape where and when available in a
highly unpredictable environment.
• Policies and programs that have sought to develop
high potential areas within these landscapes (for
cropping, mining, logging, tourism) have taken
critical habitats for rotational grazing away from both
people and wildlife, reducing the economic value and
environmental sustainability of more marginal
habitats, which cannot sustain all year around use for
livestock, cropping or wildlife.
• This is because the very sustainability of livestock
production and wildlife management depends on
temporal access to the full pallet of habitats within
the wider landscape.

5. Pastoral systs- Villages and Traditional Leaders
TL:
Villages
• Kiserian Village Kenya-
• Oldoinyookie Village-Kenya-
• Engaresero Village-Tanzania
• Gilai Bomba Kilai-Tanzania-
TL
Philip Kisoyan –TK
Staliine Kibete-Tk
Oscar Simanto
John Nderito, Richard Mulwa-
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It has Rain enough in Tanzania, Gilai and Engaresero, very Drought in Kenya two villages?
All TL? What to do?

6. Ecosystem services provided by Maasai Pastoralism, General
Engaresero & Elsewhere
Pastoralism Pillars (IIED)
Herds,
Income
Ecosystem- Provisioning-To Pastoralists
• Food, nutrition, , clean water, shelter and raw
materials for our basic needs, livelihoods-Direct
others include even
• indirect services-Some time ignored- E.g. nutrient
cycling, Regulate weather conditions.
• Is the key response to variable, unpredictable and
dispersed pasture and weather uncertainty, Never
done haphazardly –it is carefully planned and
organized
• Facilitate Reciprocity –Feed/grassing land at
different-lAND
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Natural Resources:
Traditional and Mngt & NRs Protection
Tank of T.P
People and
Traditions,
Social Systmes, Tk
Mangt –Land
Mobility
Mostly, not Understood-Decision
Makers, Conservationists, Politicians

7. For -The Lake Natron ES, Engaresero & Pinyinyi Wards
The Context of WET & DRY Seasons pastures
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Wet Season Pastures-Lerpakashi Plain

8. GIAHS-Concept VS Engaresero T.Systm
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Early dry season
grazingLate dry season
grazing
Wet season
grazing
Lake Natron
Sheep and
goats
Village
Reserved –Pasture
Livestock, Animals

9. Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania
Lake Natron –Engaresero
Threat to the ecosystem - Overview
• on
• Irrigation of agricultural land-Pinyinyi-Ward- reduces H2O-tables In &
around the lake and increases droughts
• Diversion of water to farms and tourism facilities
• Urban migration: Youth run away from their homes
• Marginalization: Prejudices about pastoral system of land
management,
• Survival of Flamingos: The lack of water threatens the survival of
flamingoes-.5-2.5 million Lesser Flamingo
• Tourism Investors: Go for prime land, offer villages money to build
lodges. Both wildlife and livestock suffer
• Traditional (Maasai) institutions slowly lose strength and legal
recognition, which causes more and more unsustainable
management of the land by pastoralists
• Contradicting policies, laws and practices: Tourism, investors, WMA,
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10. Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania
Best practices & Barriers to adoption
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BARRIERS TO ADOPTION:
Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)
• Drought and low productivity of livestock and farms products:
•Drought and low productivity of livestock and farms products:-
leads to poor food security, diseases of livestock and prices
fluctuations - cattle in markets at different period threaten the
pastoralists living.
•Poor institutional coordination, Lack-extension services:
Crossing cutting to all sectors involved, Conservation, pastoralism,
etc
•Lack of financing/capital: E.g on outbreaks of diseases,
progressive capacity building, hiring experts to lead..
•Poor communication network, technicalities and unsuitable
projects in the area: Especially on agricultural practices in
Pinyinyi, coexistence conservation of wildlife and livestock
management and sustainability on improving tourism as
alternatives source of income
•Land Alienations, break of customary laws, different land use
plans and broken of reciprocity: Causes cattle grazing cycle
incomplete and segregation of villages and different operationally
works in the same ecosystem.
Improving livestock, pastures,
productivity, conservation and SD-
ecosystem Mngt
•Improving water facilities:.
•Recognize/Value traditional land
management of resources:-Mobility
•Best agricultural practices and
conservation: terracing, Harvesting
Rain H2o for farms, etc
•TP-Land Management

11. Lake Natron , Tanzania: IES InitiativesIncentives for Ecosystem Services in Agriculture (IES)
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Program: Type: Financed by: Objective:
Conserv
ation –
LAKE
NATRO
N
Via
RAMSAR/Local
Gvnt
Public-
MNRT
MNRT –Less active Conserve Lake Natron
Ramsar site-,
LUP Via Project Local
Gvnt/NGO
-UCRT
Local Government-
Ngorongoro-District
Organize Land use plan for the
ecosystem for Livestock and Wildlife
Income
Diversif
ication
Tourism
activities
CBO, Local
Govement
Private/C
ommunity
Tourists-
(Challenging)
-More income to community
Wildlife
Magme
VIA District Public
Programm
Previous GIAHS,
NOW small from
-Wildlife Protected
- Habitants for Wildlife protected

12. Lake Natron Engaresero-Tanzania A: Incentives for Ecosystem Services
Package
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Improves access to
water supplies in the
area-especially wet
season pastures:
Mobility
-Water Suplies, Dams, Coordinations
Policies and legal
supports:
Increase awareness
• Influence Policies, Parliaments, Dimensions
Discussions
Capacity Buildings:
Across communities, local
and central government
Best practices: IES-added incentives from
programmes and investors
IES
Water
ML/A,
MNRT,
NRs-Mngt
IES
package
adds:Current
finance:
-
PES
Current
and
• Give incentives, Vikoba, loans, create
cooperative,
• Training, Guidelines , Advice on –Livestock
Issues
Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)
ML/A
Income Diversification
CBO,LGv
T
ML/A
ML/A

13. Peoples/pastoralists Kills Wildlife
Clanship VS Animals:
• Laizer Clan- Leopard- Nanete, David, Onyango
Kenney
• Mollel clan- Rhino- Clelia, Kennedy onyanyo
• Lukyumai Clan-Hyena: XU Ming, Abigael ontinga
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Liopard and Rhino is Killed Hyena is Killed by Pastoralists

14. Why Best Practices? In-Competitive Landscape?
WILDLIFE, LIFESTOCK, competition/coexistence?
Livestock & Wildlife
Synergies, ES balancing, Protections
• Joined interest in maintaining
natural resources and habitats.
• Feed facilitation: cattle, goats
and donkeys are applied
selectively to pastures and
graze only certain
species/parts of plants,
allowing other species
palatable to wildlife to grow. 14

15. Competitions/Coexistence? ES-Balance
Mixture
Synergies
• Controlled burning and seasonal grazing
encourages general productivity of the
rangeland.
• Maasai harvest wood and medicinal
species selectively (strong norms and
institutions re-enforce this).
• Pastoralists (Maasai) do not kill wildlife for
food or other uses. -taboo. Animals
Clanship-Laizer-Leopard, Rhino-Mollel,
Hynas-Lukyuma: Protections-Wild
herbivores stay close to cattle herds and
homesteads for protection
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16. Opportunities, Recommendations
• Trans-boundary market opportunities:-Border of Kenya and Tz-Shombole
• CBO be equipped with knowledge and capacity: E.g. renovate and operate small dams, repair.
• Stakeholders workshop and lessons: Different stakeholder have different views on how the Lake Natron ecosystem functions,.
Therefore, a participatory workshop might break this myth.
• Suport Best Policies-Technical assitance to enable continued access through corridors
• Monitoring: & Evaluation: Services by CBO to communities that contribute to the ecosystem function should be promoted
• Develop participatory coordination: This will links all involved in the ecosystem especially communities and key players of Lake
Natron and create an overall agreement towards the ecosystem services sustainability.
• Financial Support- Like construction of dams, improved irrigation systems, development of alternative livelihoods and increased
access to higher-value markets and Slaughter house for Livestockl
• Develop a strategic conservation model for the entire ecosystem: This includes forming/strengthen the existing conservation/water
user groups, and will result in the sustainable use of natural resources, especially water, in a well organized way.
• Strenthening the very long and existing Traditional system for Land Managment
• Train farmers on Best Conservation Agriculture Practices-Pinyinyi
• Address the Policy Issues especially -the context of Pastoralism, GIAHS, IES
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17. My Ecosystem Body-Wildlife, Livestock, Land, H20, Soil,Crops etc.
• WHY, How?
• Everything is connected-Think of Your Body….
• Your Body isn’t just a Body. It’s an Ecosystem(Douglas
Coupland - Canadian novelist and artist)
…………………..Thanks for Listening…………….
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