Palaeoenvironmental analysis was carried out on eighty (80) ditch cutting samples of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene sediments from two wells (well C consist of 13 samples collected at 30metres interval from depth range of 2410 -2770m while well F consists of 67 samples collected at 20metres from depth range of 2000-3320m) in the Northern Depobelt of the Tertiary Niger Delta. This study was carried out using standard micropalaeontological sample procedures and analysis as well as interpretation of the foraminiferal biofacies assemblages taking into consideration the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative method involved comparison of the recovered foraminifera with extant forms while the quantitative method involved the use of tau index, palaeowater depth (Pwd), percent of calcerous to arenaceous benthic foraminifera ratios (%FOBC: %FOBA), Fisher diversity and foraminifera/ ostracoda ratio. The palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that the sediments were deposited in a non-marine to outer neritic environmental setting with salinity conditions fluctuating between normal marine and slightly hypersaline.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 recovered sediment cores from Site U1418 in the Gulf of Alaska dating to the Pleistocene (~0-0.3 Ma).
- Calcareous nannofossils were examined from 44 samples to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Abundances shifted around 100 ka from dominance by Gephyrocapsa to Coccolithus, likely related to changes in sea surface temperature or nutrients.
- Glacial periods like the Last Glacial Maximum (Stage 2) and penultimate glaciation (Stage 6) saw more Gephyrocapsa, while Coccolithus abundances were highest near the end of the last glacial
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
John F. Schalles is a full professor in the Biology Department at Creighton University who specializes in remote sensing of aquatic ecosystems. He has over 30 years of experience conducting research using remote sensing to analyze phytoplankton, salt marshes, and other coastal environments. He has advised over 100 undergraduate students and 16 graduate students, and has received over $1.45 million in research funding from agencies like NSF, NASA, and NOAA.
This study compared the bacterial communities of six thermal springs and six deep subsurface fracture water sites in South Africa using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The dominant phylum in both environments was Proteobacteria, but the communities were found to be highly distinct from each other. While the thermal springs and subsurface waters share similar geochemical properties, the microbial communities sampled from the subsurface sites were more correlated with subsurface conditions than geographical distance, providing evidence that the thermal springs do not directly access the deep subsurface communities.
This study investigated nitrogen pollution levels along the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It examined three estuaries - Hibberdene (Mhlungwa Estuary), Margate (Kongweni Estuary with WWTP), and Port Edward (Umtamvuna Estuary) - to determine if each was eutrophic. Nitrogen levels were also analyzed at increasing distances from the estuary mouths in associated rocky shore habitats. Statistical analyses found significant differences in nitrogen pollution among the three sites, with rocky shores supplemented by nutrients from estuarine sources. The study recommends monitoring both estuaries and rocky shores to better understand impacts, and developing more wastewater treatment
OSJ 2019 : Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessmentanbiocore
This document proposes a new index for assessing coral reef resilience based on data collected from line-intercept transects. The index was modified from an existing soil resilience index. Six variables were statistically selected as resilience indicators: coral functional group, coral habitat quality, sand-silt cover, coral cover, coral small-size number, and algae-other-fauna cover. Maximum values of five variables were determined as the best state, while the maximum value of coral small-size number was determined from 1240 data sets of Indonesian reefs. The resilience index performed well in relation to changes in coral cover, algae-other-fauna cover, and sand-silt cover. Managers can use this tool to
This study directly links iridium anomalies to mass extinction events across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. High-resolution iridium analyses of sediment cores from eight localities confirm a previous report of an iridium anomaly 20 cm below the extinction horizon at Tighe Park, Freehold. Iridium anomalies also correlate with extinctions at three other clay-rich sections. These data reaffirm the link between the Chicxulub impact and mass extinction and attribute the iridium anomaly at Freehold to downward movement of iridium.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 recovered sediment cores from Site U1418 in the Gulf of Alaska dating to the Pleistocene (~0-0.3 Ma).
- Calcareous nannofossils were examined from 44 samples to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Abundances shifted around 100 ka from dominance by Gephyrocapsa to Coccolithus, likely related to changes in sea surface temperature or nutrients.
- Glacial periods like the Last Glacial Maximum (Stage 2) and penultimate glaciation (Stage 6) saw more Gephyrocapsa, while Coccolithus abundances were highest near the end of the last glacial
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
John F. Schalles is a full professor in the Biology Department at Creighton University who specializes in remote sensing of aquatic ecosystems. He has over 30 years of experience conducting research using remote sensing to analyze phytoplankton, salt marshes, and other coastal environments. He has advised over 100 undergraduate students and 16 graduate students, and has received over $1.45 million in research funding from agencies like NSF, NASA, and NOAA.
This study compared the bacterial communities of six thermal springs and six deep subsurface fracture water sites in South Africa using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The dominant phylum in both environments was Proteobacteria, but the communities were found to be highly distinct from each other. While the thermal springs and subsurface waters share similar geochemical properties, the microbial communities sampled from the subsurface sites were more correlated with subsurface conditions than geographical distance, providing evidence that the thermal springs do not directly access the deep subsurface communities.
This study investigated nitrogen pollution levels along the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It examined three estuaries - Hibberdene (Mhlungwa Estuary), Margate (Kongweni Estuary with WWTP), and Port Edward (Umtamvuna Estuary) - to determine if each was eutrophic. Nitrogen levels were also analyzed at increasing distances from the estuary mouths in associated rocky shore habitats. Statistical analyses found significant differences in nitrogen pollution among the three sites, with rocky shores supplemented by nutrients from estuarine sources. The study recommends monitoring both estuaries and rocky shores to better understand impacts, and developing more wastewater treatment
OSJ 2019 : Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessmentanbiocore
This document proposes a new index for assessing coral reef resilience based on data collected from line-intercept transects. The index was modified from an existing soil resilience index. Six variables were statistically selected as resilience indicators: coral functional group, coral habitat quality, sand-silt cover, coral cover, coral small-size number, and algae-other-fauna cover. Maximum values of five variables were determined as the best state, while the maximum value of coral small-size number was determined from 1240 data sets of Indonesian reefs. The resilience index performed well in relation to changes in coral cover, algae-other-fauna cover, and sand-silt cover. Managers can use this tool to
This study directly links iridium anomalies to mass extinction events across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. High-resolution iridium analyses of sediment cores from eight localities confirm a previous report of an iridium anomaly 20 cm below the extinction horizon at Tighe Park, Freehold. Iridium anomalies also correlate with extinctions at three other clay-rich sections. These data reaffirm the link between the Chicxulub impact and mass extinction and attribute the iridium anomaly at Freehold to downward movement of iridium.
1. The document describes a research study on the mineralogical and geochemical characterization of mudrocks from the Neogene succession in Bangladesh.
2. The study will analyze mudrock samples using XRD, XRF, and laser particle size analysis to determine their depositional environments, diagenetic changes, and potential as petroleum seals or source rocks.
3. The research aims to better understand the clay mineralogy, elemental composition, grain size, and diagenetic alterations of mudrocks in two anticlines in Bangladesh and infer their depositional environments.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Soil properties and dune heath reestablishmentRhys Turton
This document summarizes soil analysis results from four trial plots on the Sefton Coast, England that are being used to study re-establishing heather habitat. Soil samples were collected and tested for pH, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, exchangeable cations, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results show variation in properties between sites, with some having higher organic matter or exchangeable bases. However, there are no clear correlations between the soil analysis and the condition of the re-establishment techniques used at each site.
1) Apatite samples from the Grand Canyon basement were analyzed using 4He/3He thermochronometry to constrain the near-surface cooling history associated with canyon incision.
2) Data from eastern Grand Canyon apatites indicate substantial canyon incision by ~70 million years ago, earlier than conventional models suggesting incision began 5-6 million years ago.
3) Similar data from western Grand Canyon provide evidence that it was excavated to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by ~70 million years ago, challenging the view that the entire canyon was carved only in the last 5-6 million years.
Habitat models: Predicting Sebastes presence in the Del Monte ShalebedsLisa Jensen
The structure and composition of habitat play key roles in determining the spatial patterns of biota within marine landscapes. Understanding species habitat associations provides the information necessary to predict the diversity and abundance of species thus enabling greater control over species management and sustainability. Landscape ecology is commonly used in the terrestrial environment to understand the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological processes. While some landscape ecology metrics lend themselves to marine spatial studies more recent studies offer new ways of understanding the spatial relationships between species and the marine environment utilizing remote sensing and marine focused spatial pattern measures.
Advances in remote sensing and spatial pattern recognition make it possible to assess habitat value within rocky reefs and create predictive models of fish association. Understanding habitat associations and having the ability to predict fish aggregations is a valuable tool for resource managers and marine spatial planning during development or redesign of marine protected areas. The oceans around the world are suffering a variety of abuses which may be lending to the decline in abundance of many economically valuable fish species. Improved resource management is necessary to ensure sustainability of the world’s fisheries.
Multiple predictors are often used in development of predictive models for groundfish including complexity (VRM), relative topographic position (TPI), depth, distance to maximum VRM, and slope. Habitat complexity offers shelter from predation, a place for larval settlement, and is believed to be a predictor of species diversity.
This study investigated use of habitat characteristics as predictors of species presence or absence at rocky reefs off the coast of Monterey, California over the Del Monte Shalebeds. Using bathymetric and fish aggregation data collected by the Seafloor Mapping Lab (SFML) at California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) a probability model for groundfish aggregations in the shalebeds.
This project aims to study the clay mineralogy, provenance, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment of the Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation in Nigeria. Samples will be collected from outcrops and analyzed using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence to identify clay minerals. This will help reconstruct the depositional environment and climate conditions during the time period. The study area is located in Ashaka quarry and along the Pindiga stream. Results are expected to provide information on sediment transport over time and paleoclimate.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
This document provides course information for 300 level geology courses offered at the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. It lists 18 courses covering topics like structural geology, photogeology, geomorphology, geophysics, environmental geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, geology of Sri Lanka, geological data analysis, metamorphic petrology, applied analytical techniques, igneous petrology, economic geology, remote sensing and GIS, sedimentology, and advanced field geology. Each course listing provides the course credits, brief description and recommended textbooks.
Data mining and_visualization_of_earth_history_datasets_to_find_cause_effect_...Abdullah Khan Zehady
To know the future of our earth, we need to look back to the past and collect evidence and examine the geologic and biologic events. My projects with http://timescalecreator.org is our approach to analyze the largest publicly available earth historical data to test different hypothesis, to understand better about the past of our loving pale blue. Interestingly lots of the events under the surface of the earth or under the ocean show same periodic cycles that we see in the planetary motions in the solar system and even in the galaxy. Cyclostratigraphy is a field where we try to explore data from the rock or marine records and find possible orbital forcing. Everything is connected after all and we are star dusts !! ;)
1) Long-term monitoring has shown that total soil respiration is higher in urban forests compared to rural forests in Baltimore. This study aims to determine if differences in earthworm abundance explain the higher respiration levels.
2) Field measurements of soil respiration, moisture, biomass, organic matter, and earthworm abundance were taken at urban and rural forest sites. Earthworms were extracted using a mustard solution.
3) Preliminary results showed earthworm biomass was higher in urban sites, suggesting higher respiration in urban forests could be due to earthworm respiration and stimulation of root respiration by earthworms. Earthworm abundance varied with soil moisture.
Comparative study of the estimated sample size for benthic intertidal species...Jose Vélez Tacuri
The study aimed to determine the minimum sample size needed for studies of benthic intertidal communities and dominant species at different heights on a rocky shore in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sample size requirements varied depending on the height and criteria used. For community studies, minimum quadrat sizes ranged from 100-800 cm2, number of profiles from 2-8, and number of sampling points from 20-80 depending on the height. For dominant species, minimum quadrat sizes ranged from 100-800 cm2 depending on the species and height. Different sample sizes were required due to variations in species abundances and spatial distributions with height related to environmental stress.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to map mangrove species in the Seychelles using remote sensing techniques. The study area was Port Launay wetland on Mahe island, which contains seven mangrove species. Field data was collected using GPS to record species locations and analyze spatial patterns. A Pleiades satellite image was analyzed to classify and map the mangrove species distributions. Issues encountered included tidal access limitations and canopy cover obscuring understory species. The analysis will produce a final mangrove species classification map and provide methodology for future remote sensing wetland studies.
Paleobathymetry is the study of ancient ocean depths and seafloor topography. Benthic foraminifera, which live on the seafloor, are commonly used to determine paleodepths because their distributions relate to water conditions. Different species of foraminifera are found within specific depth ranges, such as spherical alveolinids from 0-30 meters and elongated alveolinids from 30-50 meters. Paleobathymetric techniques are strengthened as the relationship between foraminiferal distributions and oceanographic changes are better understood.
Tide generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies and particle size distribu...Alexander Decker
1. The study examines tide-generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies, and particle size distribution in the Ajali Sandstone formation in southeastern Nigeria to interpret the depositional environment.
2. Three lithofacies were identified including cross-bedded medium-coarse sandstone, cross-bedded fine sandstone, and ripple laminated mudstone. Tide-generated structures include herringbone cross-stratification, mud drapes, tidal bundles, and reactivation surfaces.
3. Trace fossils including Skolithos and Ophiomorpha burrows indicate deposition in intertidal to subtidal marine environments. Particle size analysis shows the sediments were transported by traction, saltation
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
The document provides an introduction to making physical observations and documenting stratigraphic sequences from sediment cores. It discusses the importance of studying lake sediments as archives of environmental and climate change over various timescales. Key points covered include developing standardized approaches to describing sediment textures, structures, and facies; using tools like magnetic susceptibility, x-rays, and image analysis to aid analysis; and asking scientific questions to drive the analysis of cores and development of paleoclimate proxies.
paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the cental swamp depobelt niger delta ba...AkpatiChidinmachuks
This document summarizes a study on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of sections from two wells, XY-1 and XY-2, located in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Eighty-nine cutting samples from the wells, ranging from 1960-2470m and 2000-2380m depth, were analyzed for their lithology, palynomorph content, and age. Five palynological zones were established. The samples indicated depositional environments ranging from middle to inner-neritic to marine. Based on the palynomorph analysis, an Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene age was assigned to the studied well sections. The study aims to determine the lithology,
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
1. The document describes a research study on the mineralogical and geochemical characterization of mudrocks from the Neogene succession in Bangladesh.
2. The study will analyze mudrock samples using XRD, XRF, and laser particle size analysis to determine their depositional environments, diagenetic changes, and potential as petroleum seals or source rocks.
3. The research aims to better understand the clay mineralogy, elemental composition, grain size, and diagenetic alterations of mudrocks in two anticlines in Bangladesh and infer their depositional environments.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Soil properties and dune heath reestablishmentRhys Turton
This document summarizes soil analysis results from four trial plots on the Sefton Coast, England that are being used to study re-establishing heather habitat. Soil samples were collected and tested for pH, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, exchangeable cations, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results show variation in properties between sites, with some having higher organic matter or exchangeable bases. However, there are no clear correlations between the soil analysis and the condition of the re-establishment techniques used at each site.
1) Apatite samples from the Grand Canyon basement were analyzed using 4He/3He thermochronometry to constrain the near-surface cooling history associated with canyon incision.
2) Data from eastern Grand Canyon apatites indicate substantial canyon incision by ~70 million years ago, earlier than conventional models suggesting incision began 5-6 million years ago.
3) Similar data from western Grand Canyon provide evidence that it was excavated to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by ~70 million years ago, challenging the view that the entire canyon was carved only in the last 5-6 million years.
Habitat models: Predicting Sebastes presence in the Del Monte ShalebedsLisa Jensen
The structure and composition of habitat play key roles in determining the spatial patterns of biota within marine landscapes. Understanding species habitat associations provides the information necessary to predict the diversity and abundance of species thus enabling greater control over species management and sustainability. Landscape ecology is commonly used in the terrestrial environment to understand the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological processes. While some landscape ecology metrics lend themselves to marine spatial studies more recent studies offer new ways of understanding the spatial relationships between species and the marine environment utilizing remote sensing and marine focused spatial pattern measures.
Advances in remote sensing and spatial pattern recognition make it possible to assess habitat value within rocky reefs and create predictive models of fish association. Understanding habitat associations and having the ability to predict fish aggregations is a valuable tool for resource managers and marine spatial planning during development or redesign of marine protected areas. The oceans around the world are suffering a variety of abuses which may be lending to the decline in abundance of many economically valuable fish species. Improved resource management is necessary to ensure sustainability of the world’s fisheries.
Multiple predictors are often used in development of predictive models for groundfish including complexity (VRM), relative topographic position (TPI), depth, distance to maximum VRM, and slope. Habitat complexity offers shelter from predation, a place for larval settlement, and is believed to be a predictor of species diversity.
This study investigated use of habitat characteristics as predictors of species presence or absence at rocky reefs off the coast of Monterey, California over the Del Monte Shalebeds. Using bathymetric and fish aggregation data collected by the Seafloor Mapping Lab (SFML) at California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) a probability model for groundfish aggregations in the shalebeds.
This project aims to study the clay mineralogy, provenance, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment of the Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation in Nigeria. Samples will be collected from outcrops and analyzed using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence to identify clay minerals. This will help reconstruct the depositional environment and climate conditions during the time period. The study area is located in Ashaka quarry and along the Pindiga stream. Results are expected to provide information on sediment transport over time and paleoclimate.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
This document provides course information for 300 level geology courses offered at the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. It lists 18 courses covering topics like structural geology, photogeology, geomorphology, geophysics, environmental geology, engineering geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, geology of Sri Lanka, geological data analysis, metamorphic petrology, applied analytical techniques, igneous petrology, economic geology, remote sensing and GIS, sedimentology, and advanced field geology. Each course listing provides the course credits, brief description and recommended textbooks.
Data mining and_visualization_of_earth_history_datasets_to_find_cause_effect_...Abdullah Khan Zehady
To know the future of our earth, we need to look back to the past and collect evidence and examine the geologic and biologic events. My projects with http://timescalecreator.org is our approach to analyze the largest publicly available earth historical data to test different hypothesis, to understand better about the past of our loving pale blue. Interestingly lots of the events under the surface of the earth or under the ocean show same periodic cycles that we see in the planetary motions in the solar system and even in the galaxy. Cyclostratigraphy is a field where we try to explore data from the rock or marine records and find possible orbital forcing. Everything is connected after all and we are star dusts !! ;)
1) Long-term monitoring has shown that total soil respiration is higher in urban forests compared to rural forests in Baltimore. This study aims to determine if differences in earthworm abundance explain the higher respiration levels.
2) Field measurements of soil respiration, moisture, biomass, organic matter, and earthworm abundance were taken at urban and rural forest sites. Earthworms were extracted using a mustard solution.
3) Preliminary results showed earthworm biomass was higher in urban sites, suggesting higher respiration in urban forests could be due to earthworm respiration and stimulation of root respiration by earthworms. Earthworm abundance varied with soil moisture.
Comparative study of the estimated sample size for benthic intertidal species...Jose Vélez Tacuri
The study aimed to determine the minimum sample size needed for studies of benthic intertidal communities and dominant species at different heights on a rocky shore in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sample size requirements varied depending on the height and criteria used. For community studies, minimum quadrat sizes ranged from 100-800 cm2, number of profiles from 2-8, and number of sampling points from 20-80 depending on the height. For dominant species, minimum quadrat sizes ranged from 100-800 cm2 depending on the species and height. Different sample sizes were required due to variations in species abundances and spatial distributions with height related to environmental stress.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to map mangrove species in the Seychelles using remote sensing techniques. The study area was Port Launay wetland on Mahe island, which contains seven mangrove species. Field data was collected using GPS to record species locations and analyze spatial patterns. A Pleiades satellite image was analyzed to classify and map the mangrove species distributions. Issues encountered included tidal access limitations and canopy cover obscuring understory species. The analysis will produce a final mangrove species classification map and provide methodology for future remote sensing wetland studies.
Paleobathymetry is the study of ancient ocean depths and seafloor topography. Benthic foraminifera, which live on the seafloor, are commonly used to determine paleodepths because their distributions relate to water conditions. Different species of foraminifera are found within specific depth ranges, such as spherical alveolinids from 0-30 meters and elongated alveolinids from 30-50 meters. Paleobathymetric techniques are strengthened as the relationship between foraminiferal distributions and oceanographic changes are better understood.
Tide generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies and particle size distribu...Alexander Decker
1. The study examines tide-generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies, and particle size distribution in the Ajali Sandstone formation in southeastern Nigeria to interpret the depositional environment.
2. Three lithofacies were identified including cross-bedded medium-coarse sandstone, cross-bedded fine sandstone, and ripple laminated mudstone. Tide-generated structures include herringbone cross-stratification, mud drapes, tidal bundles, and reactivation surfaces.
3. Trace fossils including Skolithos and Ophiomorpha burrows indicate deposition in intertidal to subtidal marine environments. Particle size analysis shows the sediments were transported by traction, saltation
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
The document provides an introduction to making physical observations and documenting stratigraphic sequences from sediment cores. It discusses the importance of studying lake sediments as archives of environmental and climate change over various timescales. Key points covered include developing standardized approaches to describing sediment textures, structures, and facies; using tools like magnetic susceptibility, x-rays, and image analysis to aid analysis; and asking scientific questions to drive the analysis of cores and development of paleoclimate proxies.
paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the cental swamp depobelt niger delta ba...AkpatiChidinmachuks
This document summarizes a study on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of sections from two wells, XY-1 and XY-2, located in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Eighty-nine cutting samples from the wells, ranging from 1960-2470m and 2000-2380m depth, were analyzed for their lithology, palynomorph content, and age. Five palynological zones were established. The samples indicated depositional environments ranging from middle to inner-neritic to marine. Based on the palynomorph analysis, an Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene age was assigned to the studied well sections. The study aims to determine the lithology,
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms that live in marine environments and produce shells or tests. Their tests can be preserved as fossils and used to reconstruct past environments. Foraminifera inhabit different zones within salt marshes and mangroves based on tidal levels, making them useful indicators for paleoenvironmental studies. Studies of foraminifera distribution in the Severn Estuary, UK showed distinct zones related to tide levels that allow reconstruction of past sea levels and salt marsh evolution. Foraminifera also have potential as indicators of coastal pollution and sediment transport.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
This study entails the biostratigraphy of benthic agglutinating foraminifera of four wells in the deep water of the Niger Delta. A total of 453 ditch cuttings were analysed for wells A, B, C and D. Eighty-five and 164 ditch cuttings from the intervals of 4900–9920 ft. and 4530–14600 ft. of wells A and well B respectively, while 92 and 112 cuttings from 5760–11400 ft. and 6000–12750 ft. were analysed in wells C and D respectively. These samples were processed and analysed at 60 feet intervals. .
The analysed sections of the wells are composed of shale, mudstones and sand deposited in the upper to lower bathyal environments. The agglutinating foraminifera recovered were fairly well preserved. Total foraminifera percentages recovered from wells A, B, C and D wells are 31%, 34%, 24% and 27% respectively. Marker species were identified and used to erect biozones. The following six agglutinated foraminiferal zones beginning from the oldest have been proposed, Eggerella scrabra Taxon Range Zone, and Ammobaculites strathearnensis–Eggerella scabra, Haplophragmoides narivaensis - Eggerella scabra, Cyclammina cancellata–Ammobaculites strathearnensis, Cyclammina complanata–Glomospira gordiales, Cyclammina cf. minima–Ammobaculites strathearnensis Interval Range Zones. The agglutinated foraminifera assemblages were calibrated to the geologic timeframe by means of planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. The studied wells penetrated a sedimentary succession of Late Miocene to Early Pliocene age. Taxonomic notes on some of the observed species have also been provided.
Textural Characteristics and Post Depositional Effects on the Reservoir Rock:...Premier Publishers
Textural parameters in terms of grain size and sorting play a vital role in determining the sandstone reservoir characters such as porosity and permeability. Core samples of two wells were described lithologically in terms of grain size, sorting, colour, structures and bioturbation. A total of 101 samples were plugged for porosity and permeability measurement under steady state flow. Textural properties exhibited by the lithofacies are resultants of energy of deposition which yielded various lithofacies associations which are dominantly tidal channel, tidal flat, deltaic shale, lower shoreface and marine shale. Reservoir genetic unit is an upgrade of lithofacies association whereby the reservoir genetic units are map able over distance and across wells based on peculiar characteristics. Therefore, the core GX1 is mainly tidal channel and tidal flats while core GX2 is mainly lower shoreface to foreshore. Reservoir quality shows that the tidal reservoir genetic units possess moderately high porosity and excellent permeability values compared to lower shoreface reservoir genetic units of higher porosity values and relatively lower permeability values. These differences are as a result of textural properties. Structures and bioturbation which tend to increase or decrease the pore throat size. The effect is visible in the high permeability of the channel deposits. Fine grain size and good sorting are responsible for high porosity in lower shoreface deposits.
Cenomanian – Turonian Foraminifera and Palynomorphs from the Calabar Flank, S...Premier Publishers
One of the most spectacular signatures of global “Oceanic Anoxic Events” (OAEs) of the Cretaceous was deposited at the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary. This global oceanic anoxic event is also referred to as Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE). This event is marked by the deposition of finely laminated organic carbon rich sediments deposited under oxygen depleted conditions. The main goal of the present research is to get a better understanding of the marine biota characterizing the oceanic anoxic event in the Calabar Flank. Core samples obtained from two (2) study wells in the Calabar Flank, southeastern Nigeria were utilized for this study and standard biostratigraphic sample preparation/ separation and analytical approaches were applied in the course of the study. The Cenomanian – Turonian age was assigned based on age diagnostic foraminifera (Hedbergella crassa, Heterohelix moremani, Heterohelix planata, Heterohelix reussi, Hedbergella delrioensis, Hedbergella planispira) and age diagnostic palynomorphs (Steevesipollenites binodosus, Ephedripites sp, Leiotriletes sp, Classopollis sp, Classopollis classoides, Classopollis annulatus, Ephedripites jansonii, Cretacaeiporites mulleri, Cretacaeiporites polygonalis, Galeacornea clavis and Triorites africaensis). The sediments of the study wells were deposited in a range of environments from non-marine to mid neritic and the recovered foraminifera are characterized by the presence of abundant but dwarfed planktic forms and low diversity of dwarfed arenaceous forms at some intervals which strongly support deposition in an oxygen depleted environment.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
The document analyzes how wind-driven hydrodynamics influence the plankton community in a shallow coastal lake in Brazil. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to test if environmental variables like turbidity, suspended solids, and water level formed seasonal spatial gradients in response to wind. The analysis found that certain physical variables correlated with plankton distribution, though plankton responded less readily than physical factors. It indicates that wind patterns govern the spatial and temporal distribution of physical, chemical, and biological aspects in the lake.
This document summarizes two field studies that evaluated how well different invertebrate taxa performed as environmental or biodiversity indicators compared to plants, vertebrates, and each other. The studies were conducted on restored bauxite and mineral sand mines in Western Australia. At both sites, ant assemblage composition reflected trends in other taxa to a greater degree than plants, vertebrates, or birds. Taking into account data yield per unit effort, ants performed moderately well as environmental indicators and extremely well as biodiversity indicators. Overall, most invertebrate groups provided a better return on effort than vertebrates as bioindicators.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
This document discusses the biodiversity of azooxanthellate (non-photosynthetic) corals in the Colombian Caribbean. It analyzed data from 142 species of corals collected across 210 sampling stations between 10-520 meters deep. Four main distribution patterns were observed: 1) Northeastern distribution along the coast, 2) Southwestern distribution, 3) Association with coral bioherms, and 4) Widespread distribution. Factors like upwelling systems and river runoff influenced the separation of northeast vs southwest coral fauna. Most deep-water corals (>200m) showed widespread distribution. The data provides insights into conservation strategies for Colombia's coral diversity.
Morphological adaptation of P. canaliculata shell to the different ecosystems...Open Access Research Paper
Different physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations of Pomacea canaliculata aided them in their survival to different adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the said adaptations can be very vital in the control and management strategies that can be employed in the areas where their population posed a threat to food security. The study employed an explorative-investigative study design for the gathering of data. Eight hundred seventy-three Golden Apple Snails from different freshwater ecosystems, namely stream, irrigational canal, and rice field were collected, cleaned, and examined. To elucidate the different adaptations of the GAS to the various ecosystems, their shell characteristics were observed, recorded, and examined. Consequently, this study found out that those shells from snails sampled in streams had bigger length, width, width of the aperture, a higher number of bands, and whorls when compared to those shells from irrigational canals and rice fields. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between pH and dissolved oxygen to the height, width, and width of the aperture. There was also a significant correlation between the temperature and width, weight, and the number of bands. It was concluded that to control and manage the population of the GAS the area should have less palatable food sources and less anthropogenic activities so that environmental parameters like high pH, lower temperature, and higher dissolved oxygen can be achieved.
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study of the geomorphology and limnology of 25 freshwater bodies in northern Nigeria that are inhabited by molluscs. A total of 14 mollusc species from 9 families were found across the water bodies. Measurements of the water bodies showed variations in elevation, size, substrate, and vegetation. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, and hardness also varied significantly between sites. Linear regression analysis revealed relationships between elevation and other factors. Canonical correspondence analysis established relationships between mollusc distributions and environmental characteristics. The study provides information on the habitats and water quality conditions of mollusc-inhabited freshwaters in northern Nigeria.
1) The document examines variation in stomatal densities in Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri fossil samples from five locations in the Illinois Basin dating to 306-307 million years ago to understand paleoclimate conditions.
2) Data was collected by counting stomata and epidermal cells in boxes of defined areas on leaf peels and fragments from the samples. Average stomatal densities ranged from 7-13 per box across locations.
3) Preliminary results show modest variation in stomatal densities and indices between samples within locations, suggesting relatively stable climate conditions during this period based on the inverse relationship between stomatal features and atmospheric CO2 levels.
Male Antarctic fur seal pups foraged significantly farther from their birth site at South Georgia than female pups. Over the course of winter, both male and female pups' locations shifted eastward and moved farther from the continental shelf, possibly to exploit different prey in upper water columns. The study tracked 10 pups (5 males in 2001, 5 females in 2002) using satellite tags to analyze their at-sea distribution in relation to sex and environmental conditions between years.
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
- The document summarizes a study that used environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to assess the biodiversity of restored bivalve populations at two sites in New York City - Soundview Park and Freshkills Park.
- eDNA was extracted from water and sediment samples to identify eukaryotic organisms without directly observing them. This allows for a more efficient biodiversity analysis compared to traditional methods.
- The study aims to compare biodiversity between restored areas with bivalves and control sites without bivalves to evaluate the impact of restoration efforts. Preliminary results from Soundview Park found over 270 eukaryotic orders present based on eDNA sequencing.
Similar to Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
2. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ukpong and Ekhalialu 166
Figure 1: Map of the Niger Delta showing the depobelts and location of the study wells (C and F)
This current study is the first report in the Niger Delta using
different foraminiferal palaeoenvironmental methods and
harmonizing with the established depth range of the
recovered foraminifera.
Location of the study wells
The study wells (wells C and F) were drilled in the Northern
Delta depobelt of the Niger Delta which forms a segment of
the Niger Delta petroleum province of Nigeria (figure. 1).
The Niger Delta Basin is a prolific hydrocarbon province
that contains enormous hydrocarbon both on the onshore,
shallow and deep offshore areas and it is located between
Latitudes 3° and 6° N and Longitudes 5° and 8° E
respectively in the Gulf of Guinea, on the margin of West
Africa (Reijers, 2011; Doust and Omatsola, 1987).
The Niger Delta is described by Doust and Omatsola
(1990) as one of the largest deltaic systems in the world.
The formation of the Niger Delta basin began in the Early
Cretaceous; it was developed at the triple junction between
South Atlantic, Gulf of Guinea Margin and Benue Trough
(Burke, 1972). The Niger Delta deltaic system is known to
prograded over an area of three hundred kilometers (300
km) since the Late Eocene (Short and Stauble, 1967;
Burke, 1972; Evamy et al., 1978; Whiteman, 1982;
Stacher, 1995).
The study by Evamy et al. (1978), Ejedawe (1981), Knox and
Omatsola (1987) and Stacher (1995) point out that the
evolution of the Niger Delta is controlled by pre- and
synsedimentary tectonics. The delta has prograded
southwestward, forming depobelts known as the most active
sections / portions of a delta during each stage of its
development (Doust and Omatsola, 1990). Kulke (1995)
and Hospers (1965) defined the Niger Delta as one of the
largest regressive deltas in the world and it covers an area
of approximately 300,000 km2
with a sediment volume of
500,000 km3
respectively. Kaplan et al. (1994) proposed a
sediment thickness of over 10 km in the basin depocenter.
The Niger Delta is a delta at equilibrium state due to the
equal contribution from fluvial, wave and tide influence.
Research by Evamy et al. (1978) and Doust and Omatsola
(1990) suggested that the structural configuration and the
stratigraphy of the Niger Delta were largely influenced by
the interaction between the rates of sediment supply and
subsidence.
Three (3) main vertically stacked lithologic units are known
and defined in the Niger Delta by various workers (Doust
and Omatsola, 1990; Weber, 1971; Weber & Daukoru,
1975; Evamy et al., 1978; Ejedawe, 1981; Knox and
Omatsola, 1987) and they correspond to the three-fold
lithostratigraphic subdivision proposed by Short and
Stauble (1967) for the subdivision of the Niger Delta viz:
i. Benin Formation (indicating continental environment)
(youngest)
ii. Agbada Formation (indicating transitional
environment) and
iii. Akata Formation (indicating marine environment)
(oldest)
Numerous authors have published papers on the geology
of Niger Delta. Examples include the following: Short and
Stauble (1967), Evamy et al. (1978), Ejedawe (1981),
Knox and Omatsola (1987) Petters (1979, 1981, 1982,
1983, 1984, 1995); Doust and Omatsola (1990), Stacher
(1995), Reijers et al. (1997), Reijers (2011), Ukpong et al
(2017a, 2017b, 2017c)
3. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Int. J. Geol. Min. 167
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
A total of eighty (80) ditch cutting samples were used for
this study. Well C ranges from depth 2800m – 2410m
consisting of thirteen (13) samples at 30metres interval
while well F ranges from depth 2000m – 3320m consisting
of sixty-seven (67) samples at 20metres interval
respectively.
Foraminiferal analysis
The anhydrous sodium carbonate method was utilized for
the separation of foraminifera in this study as outlined by
Brasier (1980) and Armstrong and Brasier (2005). 20 - 40g
of the ditch cutting was used in the sample preparation.
The sample preparation was made in three (3) phases:
soaking, wet sieving and drying of residues. The residues
obtained after the extraction of foraminifera from the
prepared samples were properly stored in well labelled
sample bags for lithologic/sedimentologic analysis.
Identification of the foraminifera extracted from the
samples was done by comparing picked forms with
previously published forms.
Palaeoenvironmental analysis
The current approaches used in foraminiferal
palaeoenvironmental studies are mainly based on
concepts in vogue in modern foraminiferal studies mostly
on empirical comparison of living and death forms in
modern assemblages. The studies of Murray (1971, 1973,
1976 and 2006) and Murray and Wright (1974) have
proven this fact. The palaeoenvironmental interpretation
also relies on the use of planktonic and benthic
foraminifera as well as other accessory taxa such as
ostracoda, pelecypoda and gastropoda.
The palaeoenvironment interpretations of this study rest
on three basic assumptions (after Douglas 1979):
i. The physiological adaptations of species do not
change with time
ii. The depth distribution of foraminifera species do not
change with time
iii. The palaeoenvironemental requirements of
foraminifera species are fixed and do not change with
time.
These assumptions are made with the view that, as new
bathymetric zones are generated in the marine
environments, the new depth range of the foraminifera
species either remain unchanged or remain somewhat
similar to their parent species due to development of
similar morphological features that can be attributed to the
transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.
Douglas’s (1979) study of form, structure and environment
of living species and fossil fauna correlates and supports
these assumptions.
Foraminiferal palaeoenvironmental methods used in this
study include:
i. Species diversity patterns: Species diversity shows an
upsurge from the shoreline to the edge of the
continental shelf and then declines or remains
unchanged on the continental slope (Bandy, 1953a,
b).This is probably due to prevailing of tougher
conditions in the coastal area such as clastic influx and
mixing at the coast. The species diversity index
adopted in this study is the Fishers- index developed by
Fisher et al., (1943) taking into account the species
abundance as well as the number of species. Fisher
index (α) of species diversity is given as α=n1:x. X is a
constant with a value of <1, n1= N(1-x), N denotes the
number of individuals. The measure of the distribution
of species abundance can be approximated using the
Fisher’s log series. The Fisher’s log series used here is
after Wright (1972). Species diversity has a multiple
purpose. It is a pointer to palaeosalinity (Valchev, 2003) of
sediment using the recovered foraminiferal information
and it is also informative for palaeobathymetry (Valchev,
2003). The values of Fisher-index increase as the depth
increases. Outer shelf is characterized by α=5-19, the
slope – by α=5-25.
The highest values of α demonstrates the lowermost
continental slope (Murray, 1976).
Salinity levels of a water body influence the species
diversity value. Values of α>5 suggest normal salinity
(Murray, 1991). Hyposaline and hypersaline conditions
are generally characterized by low species diversity
(Valchev, 2003). Species diversity can also be useful in
determining the dissolved oxygen levels. Low
oxygenated environment demonstrate low species
diversity (α<7) and they are dominated by 2-3 species
comprising over 80 percent of the total number of
individuals in the samples (Valchev, 2003).
ii. Palaeowater depth (Pwd): Palaeowater depth is a
significant descriptor in reconstructing
palaeoenvironment. Planktic/Benthic (P/B) ratio is the
measure of the ratio between the planktic and benthic
foraminifera. Grimsdale and Morkhoven (1995) observed
that the abundance of planktic foraminifera increases
beyond the outer shelf depths; this also validates the use
of P/B ratio as depth estimators and can be easily
determined as it requires no taxonomic identification apart
from the separation into planktic and benthic groups. Lipps
(1979) observed that there is preferential elimination of
some foraminifera species towards the shoreline. The use
of P/B ratio is based on the fact that planktic foraminifera
are depth-stratified and are very sensitive to certain
environmental (limiting) factors such as hydrostatic
pressure, temperature, salinity and light which are
dependent on water depth (Douglas, 1979). However, it is
pertinent to state in clear terms that water depth per se is
not a limiting factor to the survival of foraminifera species.
4. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ukpong and Ekhalialu 168
The palaeowater depth was measured using
recalculated equation of Van der Zwaan et al. (1990)
instead of the traditional method.
Depth (m) = e3.58718 + (0. 03534 x percent P)
.
According to Murray (1976), inner shelf is
characterized by up to 20percent planktic individuals,
the middle shelf – 10-60 percent, the outer shelf – 40-
70percent, and the upper slope - >70percent. The
highest values 90percent are known in the lowermost
slope (Boersma, 1978).
iii. Triangular plot for foraminifera assemblages: This is
based on the three major groups of wall structure
(shell composition) of foraminifera: the agglutinated/
arenaceous (Textulariina), the porcellanous
(Miliolina) and the hyaline (Rotaliina). The first group
(Suborder Textulariina) builds their test from sea/
ocean particles held together with organic calcerous
/ siliceous cements. The second group (Suborder
Miliolina) and the third group (Suborder Rotaliina)
secrete calcerous shells that vary in chemical
components, microstructure and even in surface
lustre. The relative proportion of shell types found in
benthic foraminifera assemblages varies from one
sample to another. The Miliolina, Rotaliina and
Textulariina (MRT) plot can be used to discriminate
ranges of palaeosalinity of deposition (Murray, 1971,
1973, 2006; Murray and Wright, 1974; Petters, 1982).
iv. Percent of calcerous to arenaceous benthic
forminifera ratios (%FOBC: %FOBA): this is an
indirect measures of salinity conditions (Douglas,
1979). The percent ratio of calcareous to arenaceous
benthic foraminifera (%FOBC: %FOBA) is a good
pointer for palaeoenvironmental studies, the high
values of %FOBC: %FOBA suggests shallower
palaeowater depths while higher %FOBA: %FOBC
suggests deeper palaeodepths (Boersma, 1978).
v. Tau-index: Gibson (1988) was the first to introduce the
use of Tau-index as a bathymetrical indicator from data
obtained from the Gulf of Mexico. Tau index tends to
increase with depth and can be calculated using the
formula: Tau index = b. %p. Where b is the number of
benthic individuals and %p is the percent of the number
of planktic individuals in a sample, both converted into
%. Depths of up to 40m has a tau value of<100, depths
range between 40 and 1000 m are characterized by tau
values between 100-1000 while depths up to 2000m
has tau values between 1000-10000 (Gibson, 1988).
vi. Percent Foramininfera: percent Ostracoda (%F: %O):
This can also be used as an environmental indicator.
The percentF: percentO tends to increase with depth
from lagoonal areas into Open Ocean and offshore
areas (Bandy, 1963). The P/B ratio of offshore areas
is usually hundred times higher than the ostracoda
recovery (Brady, 1967).
The palaeoenvironment of deposition of the sediment
penetrated by the study wells are interpreted based on
quantitative methods (such as tau index, pwd, percent
FOBA/ percent FOBC and Fisher’s diversity) and
qualitative method (depth range of living form). The study
of Petters (1982,1995) have proven that the formations
that comprises the Niger Delta contain
palaeobathymetrically significant benthic foraminifera that
characterized different environments of deposition from
shallow (coastal) to very deep (bathyal).
The indicator foraminiferal assemblages and individual
specimens for different depths described by Bandy
(1953a, 1953b, 1963), Murray (1971, 1973, 2006),
Boltovsky and Wright (1976) are used to characterize the
palaeobathymetric environments.
For convenience and for clarification purposes, the
terminology of palaeobathymetric subdivision adopted by
Petters (1995) has been used in this study (Figure 2).
Neritic will be depth range of 0-200m (comprising of
shallow inner neritic = 0-10m, inner neritic = 0-40m, middle
neritic = 40-100m, outer neritic = 100-200m). Bathyal will
be > 1000m.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study wells (well C: interval 2410 – 2800m and well F:
interval 2000 – 3320m sampled at 30m and 20m depth ranges
respectively) penetrated sediments characterized by
alternation of sandstone/sand and shale, the shale is dark
grey in colour, sub fissile – fissile, micromicaceous and
moderately hard - hard. The sand is smoky white – brown,
fine - coarse grained, sub-angular - rounded, poorly
- well sorted and occasionally ferruginized, carbonaceous,
glauconitic and predominantly unconsolidated –
consolidated. These sediments of heterogeneous
sequence of alternating shale and sand/sandstone belong
to the Middle - Lower units of the paralic Agbada Formation
described by Short and Stauble (1967), Doust and
Omatsola (1990) and Whiteman (1982) as a
lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Niger Delta subsurface.
Foraminiferal analysis was carried out on eighty (80)
samples obtained from the two wells (C and F). The
foraminifera forms recovered include planktonic and
benthic foraminifera (calcareous benthic and arenaceous
benthic foraminifera). Some foraminifera forms are long
ranging in terms of stratigraphic occurrence while others
have restricted stratigraphic occurrence with regional –
cosmopolitan distribution. Foraminifera distribution chart of
the wells C and F are presented in appendix. The total
count of picked foraminifera prior to description was four
thousand and twenty two (4022) specimens but due to
poor preservation most of the recovered foraminifera could
not be described and it is strongly associated with the
Eocene – Oligocene transition. A total count of one
5. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Int. J. Geol. Min. 169
Figure 2: Foraminiferal biofacies model for the Niger Delta (Petters,1995).
thousand, eight hundred and seventy-two (1872)
foraminifera specimens were described from the two wells
(wells C and F). Also recovered were seventy-two (72)
ostracods, two (2) pelecypods and one (1) gastropod
which were collectively classified as miscellaneous.
The Eocene – Oligocene boundary was detected based on
the recovered foraminifera from the study wells. The age
(biozonation and biochronology) and the transition oxygen
changes across the Eocene – Oligocene boundary of the
study wells (wells C and F) have been discussed in Ukpong
et al. (2018) and Ukpong and Ekhalialu (2017c)
Palaeobathymetry
The foraminiferal distribution chart of the two wells (wells
C and F) is presented in figure 3 and 4 respectively.
The palaeoenvironmental analysis of the study wells (wells
C and F) show a range of environment from non-marine,
shallow inner neritic, inner neritic, mid neritic and outer
neritic settings based on the foraminiferal biofacies
assemblages (planktonic and benthic forms) obtained and
the use of some quantitative methods (such as tau index,
pwd, percent FOBA / FOBC, Fisher diversity). Table 1 and
2 (in appendix) show the summary of the quantitative
foraminiferal distribution of wells C and F.
6. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ukpong and Ekhalialu 170
Figure 3: Foraminiferal chart of well C
7. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Int. J. Geol. Min. 171
Figure 4: Foraminiferal chart of well F
8. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ukpong and Ekhalialu 172
Palaeobathymetry of Well C
In Well C, intervals 2410-2440m, 2530-2560m, 2590-
2680m, 2710-2741m were inferred to have been deposited
in shallow inner neritic settings based on the calculated
indices (table 1), absence of planktic foraminifera and the
abundance of shallow marine foraminifera such as Nonion
spp., Nonionella spp., Hanzawaia spp., Hopkinsina
spp.,Eponides spp., Epistominella spp. etc within the
interval.
In well C, interval 2560-2590m was deposited in a non-
marine setting based on the calculated indices (table 1 in
appendix) and absence of foraminifera.
In Well C, interval 2440-2530m indicated to be deposited in
inner – mid neritic settings based on the calculated indices
(table 1 in appendix), paucity of planktic foraminifera and the
co-occurrence of shallow marine foraminifera (Nonion spp.,
Nonionella spp., Hanzawaia spp., Hopkinsina spp. Eponides
spp., Epistominella spp.) and few deep marine foraminifera
(Bolivina spp. and Uvigerina spp.) within the interval. This
corresponds to the study of Petters (1995)
Palaeobathymetry of Well F
In well F, intervals 2020-2240m and 2860-2880m were
inferred to have been deposited in a non-marine setting
based on the calculated indices (table 2 in appendix) and
absence of foraminifera. Intervals2000-2020m, 2320-
2340m, 2400-2420m, 2760-2780m, 2880-2920m, 2980-
3000m, 3080-3100m, 3200-3220m,3240-3300min well F
were also inferred to have been deposited in shallow inner
neritic settings based on the calculated indices (table 2 in
appendix), absence of planktic foraminifera and the
abundance of shallow marine foraminifera such as Nonion
spp., Nonionella spp., Hanzawaia spp., Hopkinsina
spp.,Eponides spp., Epistominella spp. etc within the
interval. Similar assemblages have been used by Petters
(1995).
Sediment deposited in Well F, intervals 2260-2320m,
2340-2360m, 2380-2400m, 2440-2500m, 2540-2720m,
2740-2760m, 2780-2800m,2820-2840m, 2920-2980m,
3000-3080m, 3100-3200m, 3220-3240m were also
indicative of inner – mid neritic depositional settings based
on the calculated indices (table 2 in appendix), paucity of
planktic foraminifera and the co-occurrence of shallow
marine foraminifera (Nonion spp., Nonionella spp.,
Hanzawaia spp., Hopkinsina spp., Eponides spp.,
Epistominella spp.) and few deep marine foraminifera
(Bolivina spp., Uvigerina spp., Praeglobobulimina spp.)
within the interval. This corresponds to the study of Petters
(1995).
In Well F, interval 2340-2360m, 2420-2440m, 2500-2540m,
2720-2740m were also indicative of an outer neritic
depositional setting based on the calculated indices (table 2
in appendix), moderate planktic foraminifera recovery and the
co-occurrence of some shallow marine
foraminifera (Nonion spp., Nonionella spp., Hanzawaia
spp., Hopkinsina spp.,Eponides spp., Epistominella spp.)
and abundance deep marine foraminifera (Bolivina spp.,
Uvigerina spp.). This corresponds to the study of Petters
(1995).
Palaeosalinity
Foraminifera have successfully conquered most habitats
and live in all marine environments from the shallowest
intertidal area to the deepest ocean (Murray, 1971). All
these areas are characterized by different salinity values
and can be distinguished and interpreted based on the
Fisher’s log series plot of Wright (1972) and Foraminifera
shell-type (morphogroup) ratio (triangular plot) of Murray
(1973).
Palaeosalinity analysis of well C
The Miliolina, Rotaliina and Textulariina (MRT) plot (Figure of
well C reveals the dominance of the Rotaliina / hyaline
calcareous with frequent but minor occurrence of
arenaceous test and minute miliolina shell type,
suggesting a range of environment based on varying
salinity viz: normal marine shelf sea – continental slope as
well as hyposaline - hypersaline environment while the
Fisher’s log series plot (Fig. 6) suggests hypersaline
setting. Comparison with modern microfaunas based on
the study of Murray (1973, 1991 and 2006) and Valchev
(2003) assisted in constricting the results. The
microfaunas of the sediments penetrated by well C are
essentially of those that are indicative of a normal-marine
– slightly hypersaline shelf. The dominance of the
calcareous benthic foraminifera (FOBC) with over
90percent of total foraminifera forms; suggest normal
marine condition (Nagy et al., 1988) and the presence of
few Miliolids affirm slightly hyper marine conditions.
Armstrong and Brasier (2005) further reaffirms this
interpretation.
Figure 5: MRT plot for well C (Modified from Murray, 1973)
9. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Int. J. Geol. Min. 173
Figure 6: Fisher’s log series plot for well C (modified from
Wright, 1972)
Palaeosalinity analysis of well F
The Miliolina, Rotaliina and Textulariina (MRT) plot (Figure
7) of well F reveals the dominance of Rotaliina / Hyaline
calcerous with frequent but minor occurrence of arenaceous
test and minute miliolina suggesting a range of environment
based on varying salinity viz: normal marine shelf –
continental slope as well as hyposaline – hypersaline
environments while the Fisher’s log series plot (Figure 8)
suggest hypersaline - normal marine shelf setting.
Comparison with modern microfaunas based on the study of
Murray (1973, 1991, and 2006) and Valchev (2003) assisted
in constraining the results. The microfaunal content of the
sediments penetrated by well F are essentially of those that
characterize a normal-marine – slightly hypersaline
environmental setting. The dominance of the calcareous
benthic foraminifera (FOBC) with over 90percent of total
foraminifera forms, suggest normal marine condition
(Nagy et al., 1988) and the presence of few Miliolids
affirms the slightly hyper marine conditions. Armstrong and
Brasier (2005) further reaffirms the interpretation
presented in this study.
Figure 7: MRT plot for well F (modified from Murray (1973)
Figure 8: Fisher’s log series plot for well F (modified from
Wright, 1972)
10. Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of Priabonian – Rupelian Sediments of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ukpong and Ekhalialu 174
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The palaeoenvironment of deposition (palaeobathymetry
and palaeosalinity) of two wells from the Niger Delta
encompassing Priabonian – Rupelian sediments was
attempted based on qualitative and quantitative methods.
The qualitative method involved comparison of the
recovered foraminifera with extant forms or living relatives
while the quantitative method involved the use of tau index,
pwd, percent FOBA/ percent FOBC, Fisher diversity,
foraminifera / ostracoda ratio. The palaeoenvironmental
analyses reveal that the sediments were deposited in a
non-marine to outer neritic environmental setting with
salinity conditions fluctuating between normal marine to
slightly hypersaline.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We (the authors) wish to express our profound gratitude to
the management of Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC) and Nigerian Agip Oil Company
(NAOC) for providing the ditch cuttings for this study. Many
thanks to the Department of Geology, University of
Calabar, Calabar for the encouragement. The authors are
grateful to the following reviewers: Prof. Om N. Bhargava.
(Centre of Advanced Geology, Panjab University, India),
Dr. Kamil Zágoršek (Technical University of Liberec,
Czech Republic), Dr. Lluís Checa Soler (Institut Català de
Paleontologia "M.Crusafont", Spain), Dr. Sanjay Kumar
Mukhopadhyay, (formerly, Geological Survey of India) and
Dr. Andrey Yu. Gladenkov (Geological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Russia) for their useful comments
that greatly improved this paper.
REFERENCES
Armstrong H. A. And Brasier M. D. (2005). Microfossils.
Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing.
Bandy, O. L. (1953a). Ecology and paleoecology of some
California foraminifera; Part I, the frequency distribution
of Recent foraminifera off California. Journal of
Paleontology, 22, 161-182.
Bandy, O. L. (1953b). Ecology and paleoecology of some
California foraminifera; Part II, foraminifera evidence of
subsidence rates in the Ventura basin. Journal of
paleontology, 27, 183-203.
Bandy, O. L. (1963). Dominant parallic foraminifera of
Southern California and Gulf of California. Contribution
Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 14
(4), 127-134.
Blow, W. H. (1969). Late - middle Eocene to recent
planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In P.
Bronnimann, & H. H. Renz (Eds.), Proceedings of first
international conference on planktonic microfossils
(pp. 199-422). Geneva: Leiden.
Boersma, A. (1978). Foraminifera. In B. U. Haq & A.
Boersma (Eds.), Introduction to Marine
Micropaleontology (pp. 19-77). North Holland:
Elsevier.
Boltovskoy, E., & Wright, R. (1976). Recent Foraminifera:
The Hague: Springer Science Media.
Brasier, M.D. (1980). Microfossils. Kingtons-upon-Hull :
University of Hull Press.
Burke, K. (1972). Longshore drift, submarine canyons and
submarine fans in development of Niger Delta.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin, 56, 1975-1983.
Channel. Paleontology Association. London:
Douglas, R. G. (1979). Benthic foraminiferal ecology and
paleoecology: a review of concepts and methods.
Society of Economic Paleontologist and Mineralogists
short course, 6, 21-53.
Doust, H., & Omatsola, E. (1990). Niger Delta. In J. D.
Edwards, & P. A. Santogrossied, (Eds.), Divergent /
passive margin basins (pp. 201-238). American
Association of Petroleum Geologists.
Ejedawe, J. E (1981). Patterns of incidence of oil reserves
in Niger delta basin, American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 65, 1574-1585.
Evamy, B.D., Haremboure, J., Kamerling, P., Knaap, W.A.,
Malloy, F.A, & Rowlands, P.H. (1978). Hydrocarbon
habitat of Tertiary Niger Delta. American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62, 1-39.
Fisher, R. A., Corbet, A. S., & Williams, C. B. (1943). The
relation between the number of species and number of
individuals in random samples of an animal population.
Gibson, T. G. (1988). Assemblage characteristics of
modern benthic foraminifera and application to
environmental interpretation of Cenozoic deposits of
Eastern North America. Review of Paleobiology
Colloquium Special, 2, 777-787.
Grimsdale, T., & Markhoven, F. (1955). The ratio between
pelagic and benthonic foraminifera as a means of
estimating depth of deposition of sedimentary rocks. 4th
World Petrology Congress Proceedings Section, 473-
491.
Hampshire and Paris Basins and the English
Hospers, J. (1971). The geology of the Niger Delta area.
In P. M. Delany (Ed.), The geology of the east Atlantic
continental margin (pp. 125-142). London: International
Council for Scientific Unions.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 12, 42-58.
Kaplan, A., Lusser, C.U., & Norton, I. O. (1994). Tectonic
map of the world. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists, panel 10.
Knox, G. J., & Omatsola, E.M. (1989). Development of the
Cenozoic Niger Delta in terms of the ‘escalator
regression’ model and impact on hydrocarbon
distribution. In W. J. M. Van der Linden, S. A. P. L.
Cloetingh, J. P. K. Kaasschieter, J. A. M. Van der Gin.
Coastal Lowlands, Geology and Geotechnology (pp.
181-202). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kulke, H. (1995). Nigeria, In H. Kulke (Ed.), Regional
petroleum geology of the world. Part II: Africa, America,
Australia & Antarctica (pp. 143-172). Berlin: Brüder
Borntraeger.
Lipps, H. J. (1979). Ecology and paleoecology of planktic
foraminifera. Society of Economic Paleontologist &
Mineralogists (SEPM) short course, 6, 62-104.