Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of Pindiga Formation in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Measurement of Pan-African Strain in Zaria Precambrian Granite Batholith, Nor...iosrjce
The Zaria granite batholith in northern Nigeria is an example of syn-tectonic batholith emplaced
about 600 ± 150 Ma, ago during the Pan - African orogeny. Its strain history and strain marker behavior have
been studied in order to further elucidate the tectonics of the Pan- African orogeny. Field observations,
measurements and different methods of strain estimation were applied on 623 data to determine the strain
intensity, direction of maximum elongation (σ3) and compression direction (σ1). The different methods produced
strain values between 2.66 and 2.07, maximum elongation took place in the N - S direction while the σ1
(maximum compression) trajectory was oriented E – W, making the direction the least favourable for strain
marker (phenocryst and xenolith) growth. Strain partitioning revealed that the N - S direction experienced the
highest strain while the NE - SW orientation showed a lower strain value than the NW - SE direction regardless
of the number of markers preferring the directions. Xenoliths, faults and joints lend credence to the measured
strain results. It would seem that the E - W compression during the Pan - African orogeny was widespread and
fairly constant throughout most of the period tracked by the granites.
The fieldtrip report summarizes observations and measurements taken during a geology fieldtrip to Keiyasi and surrounding areas in Fiji. Key findings include: fossil corals were found upright at Korotogo beach with measurements up to 8.7 meters high; sand dunes at Sigatoka showed evidence of ancient human settlement and were affected by trade winds; limestone was observed uplifted at Tuva formation; gullies measured up to 30.8 meters long with shear strength readings ranging from 0.08 to 0.43; terraces were found with heights ranging from 9.2 to 44.7 centimeters. Hot springs at Waibasaga had temperatures from 56.95 to 57.95 degrees Celsius and densities from
This document describes a student's project to log and analyze a drill core sample called NBDD0001 located at the Nabila Core-shed in Fiji. The student aims to identify the main rock units and lithology of the core through fieldwork and laboratory analysis. The document provides background on the geology of Fiji and the study area. It then describes the student's methodology, results on lithology, alteration, and mineralization seen in the core. Images of thin sections are also presented. The student discusses their findings and aims to determine if gold or pyrite is present in a mineralized zone of the core. In conclusion, the student completes the objectives of logging the core and identifying its main rock units.
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Measurement of Pan-African Strain in Zaria Precambrian Granite Batholith, Nor...iosrjce
The Zaria granite batholith in northern Nigeria is an example of syn-tectonic batholith emplaced
about 600 ± 150 Ma, ago during the Pan - African orogeny. Its strain history and strain marker behavior have
been studied in order to further elucidate the tectonics of the Pan- African orogeny. Field observations,
measurements and different methods of strain estimation were applied on 623 data to determine the strain
intensity, direction of maximum elongation (σ3) and compression direction (σ1). The different methods produced
strain values between 2.66 and 2.07, maximum elongation took place in the N - S direction while the σ1
(maximum compression) trajectory was oriented E – W, making the direction the least favourable for strain
marker (phenocryst and xenolith) growth. Strain partitioning revealed that the N - S direction experienced the
highest strain while the NE - SW orientation showed a lower strain value than the NW - SE direction regardless
of the number of markers preferring the directions. Xenoliths, faults and joints lend credence to the measured
strain results. It would seem that the E - W compression during the Pan - African orogeny was widespread and
fairly constant throughout most of the period tracked by the granites.
The fieldtrip report summarizes observations and measurements taken during a geology fieldtrip to Keiyasi and surrounding areas in Fiji. Key findings include: fossil corals were found upright at Korotogo beach with measurements up to 8.7 meters high; sand dunes at Sigatoka showed evidence of ancient human settlement and were affected by trade winds; limestone was observed uplifted at Tuva formation; gullies measured up to 30.8 meters long with shear strength readings ranging from 0.08 to 0.43; terraces were found with heights ranging from 9.2 to 44.7 centimeters. Hot springs at Waibasaga had temperatures from 56.95 to 57.95 degrees Celsius and densities from
This document describes a student's project to log and analyze a drill core sample called NBDD0001 located at the Nabila Core-shed in Fiji. The student aims to identify the main rock units and lithology of the core through fieldwork and laboratory analysis. The document provides background on the geology of Fiji and the study area. It then describes the student's methodology, results on lithology, alteration, and mineralization seen in the core. Images of thin sections are also presented. The student discusses their findings and aims to determine if gold or pyrite is present in a mineralized zone of the core. In conclusion, the student completes the objectives of logging the core and identifying its main rock units.
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Porosity modeling was carried out in oil-wells of stacked reservoirs in south-east Niger Delta using
gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs to determine lithologies and porosities. Lithologies of the formation were
identified as sand and shale. Porosity values range from 0.013% to 94.08%. Porosity decreases with depth in
normal compacted formation for the two wells .The following porosity equation has been modeled for the study
area, Z = -3E-05Øz + 0.5785. This implies that, in the absence of core samples, porosity, φz can be estimated at
any depth, Z in the area of study. The results of the porosity modeling can be applied in petroleum evaluation
and overpressure prediction. It may also be useful for sedimentary basin analysis of the region.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Geotechnical Investigation of Soils: A Case Study of Gombe Town (Sheet 152NW)...IJMER
1. The document summarizes a study of the geotechnical properties of soils in Gombe town, Nigeria.
2. Samples were collected from 12 locations and tested for properties like moisture content, particle size, liquid limit, and compaction.
3. Based on the test results, soils from Pantame, Hamatatu, Tonde, Chongo and Kulalum were found to be clayey and unsuitable for construction, while soils from other areas like Kalshingi forest and Titi baba contained more sand and would make better subgrades.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
This project aims to study the clay mineralogy, provenance, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment of the Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation in Nigeria. Samples will be collected from outcrops and analyzed using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence to identify clay minerals. This will help reconstruct the depositional environment and climate conditions during the time period. The study area is located in Ashaka quarry and along the Pindiga stream. Results are expected to provide information on sediment transport over time and paleoclimate.
This document summarizes a study of soil geochemistry in Eruku and its environs, located in southwestern Nigeria. Twenty-five soil samples were collected and analyzed for trace element concentrations. Statistical analysis identified eleven factor groups in the data, with factors 2 and 5 related to mineralization. Isograde maps show peaks for elements like Be, Nb, Sn, and Ta in the northeast part of the study area. The study concludes that the area has anomalous concentrations of cassiterite, tantalite, and columbite hosted by pegmatites, particularly in the northeast quadrant, establishing a similar mineralization to the nearby Egbe area.
Paleoenvironment and Provenance Studies of Ajali Sandstone in Igbere Area, Af...theijes
The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Ajali Sandstone successions in Igbere area,Afikpo Basin were studied in order to determine plaeoenvironmental setting and sourcemodel of the deposits. The studied deposits consist of five lithofacies namely: pebblysandstone facies, cross-bedded, laminated, bioturbated sandstone facies and mudstonefacies. Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on facies associations and sedimentarystructures revealed tide-influenced fluvial deposits, while inferences from bivariate plotsof calculated univariate parameters indicated fluvial deposits. The granulometricanalyses of the sediments indicated a predominantly moderately sorted, medium-grainedsandstone with some poorly sorted populations. The kurtosis ranged from mesokurticthrough leptokurtic to extremely leptokurtic sand populations and generally with somesymmetrical, positive and negative skewness. This result is suggestive of a sandpopulation with different tails, especially for the facies representing the poorly sortedpopulations. The sandstone in the area is essentially quartz sandstone or quartz arenitebased on petrographic analysis. The relative abundance of the framework elements (Q96, F 0 and R 4) suggests super-mature sand with a maturity index 19.0. Themineralogical and textural maturity of the sandstone therefore, indicated a polycyclicdeposit. This together with the constituent heavy minerals and paleocurrent directionsinferred that sources of detritus were from both the uplifted continental pluton and old sedimentary domain, respectively. The Crystalline Basement rocks of both theCameroon and Adamawa Highlands, the Oban Massif and western Nigeria Ilesha Spuron the one hand and the Abakaliki Anticlinorium on the other hand both satisfied suchsource models for the post-Santonian Ajali quartz–sand deposit.
Subsurface Sedimentary Thickness and Structural types of Formations in Imo St...IIJSRJournal
Imo State is part of the Niger Delta of Nigeria that is blessed with a lot of natural resources. These have not been fully exploited and subsurface information of the region is needed to enhance the exploration of these resources. In this work airborne gravity data obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has been interpreted to obtain information on the structural types, sedimentary thickness and hydrocarbon potentials of the state. These were archived by use of Oasis Montaj software. The residual gravity anomaly was first extracted from the field data with a polynomial operation and then enhanced by a high pass filter before gridding, modelling and depth estimation, using inverse and forward modelling and Euler deconvolution operation. The results reveal syncline and anticline structures with strike angles of varying degrees and strike-slip faults. The depth to evaluated anomalous bodies was between 4,001 m and 9,439 m, all located in the Ameki and Imo Formations which are composed of sandstones and shales. The structures and formations they occur are favorable environments for hydrocarbon habitation as is common in the Niger delta basin. The Euler depth estimates gave sedimentary thickness ranges of 113.5 m to 8,717 m and falls within basement depths in the Niger Delta
This document provides a summary of field activities conducted as part of a 9-day geology field course in June 2014. Students visited 6 coastal sites on Vashon Island, Maury Island, and the northeastern Olympic Peninsula to conduct geological mapping, sample collection, and analysis. Techniques used included optically stimulated luminescence dating, radiocarbon dating, coring, discontinuity mapping, provenance analysis, soil classification, and GPS surveying. The document describes the locations visited and tasks conducted at each site to achieve the course objectives of characterizing coastal deposits and processes.
Interpretation of Structural Terrace of Sheets: 303, 304 and 305 using Geophy...IIJSRJournal
The study on interpretation of aeromagnetic data of parts of Bamenda Massif (sheet 303, 304, and 305) South-eastern Nigeria has been evaluated. The data sets used are digitized maps of aeromagnetic data. The study area was characterized into four distinct zones such as A, B, C and D. Zone A occur in the northern portion and it is characterized by linear anomaly of amplitude 66.2 - 98.5nT. Zone B and C primarily share the same structural grain connecting the southwest and southern portions of the study area where they are characterised with large ''bull eye'' and narrow shaped anomalies. Zone D occupies the western and central portions of the study area showing features of magnetic highs and lows due to sporadic intrusions. The analysis review lineament structures aligned in a NE-SW and NW-SE trends which is in similar pattern to the initial rifting of the southern Nigerian margin system. Zone A, B and C are bound by intrusives of igneous origin. However, the interconnectivity of the structural lineaments makes them stand out as pathways for mineralization. Thus, most of the lineaments are believed to be located at a depth range of <246.5m to 258.2m, 258.2m to 437m, 212.9m to >626.1m and 769.2m to 1039.7m within the subsurface rocks.
Preliminary Studies of the Litho-Structural Evolution of Areas Around Obudu N...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Rocks underlying the northeastern sector of Obudu area forms part of the Bamenda massif which is a westward extension of the Precambrian terrains of Cameroon into southeastern Nigeria. These rocks are frequently found in the basement complex of Nigeria and include the migmatitic gneiss as the early metamorphic tectonites constituting over 60% of the outcropping rocks in the study area. The basement rock of the study area comprised of the migmatite gneiss and biotite-hornblende garnetiferous gneiss as well as the porphyroblastic gneiss and granite gneiss which formed the basement intruded by the Older granites (Pan-African granitoids). The Older granites in this area include charnockite, porphyritic granite, medium grained granite, diorite and pegmatite/aplite with relatively undeformed veins of dolerite and quartz. The presence of garnet nodules in the biotite-hornblende gneiss indicates high grade tectono-thermal metamorphism of a possible sedimentary protholith. The shearing observed in some rock outcrops are indication that there have been a series of structural deformation alongside magmatism and metamorphism in the area.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Determining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the Turonian Eze-Aku Shal...Premier Publishers
The Nigeria Benue Trough is an intracratonic rift structure whose evolution is related to the early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Study of the lower Benue Trough has revealed that the lower Benue Trough is rich in organic matters and as such capable of yielding significant quantity of hydrocarbons. The Eze-Aku shale in Ibii area is located in the lower part of Benue Trough. Five (5) representative Turonian Eze-Aku Shale samples were collected and analyzed to assess the petroleum generative potential by sediment logical analysis. The Shale (Eze-Aku Shale) is dark grey in color and highly fissile. From analysis carried out the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of the Eze-Aku Shale sample from the five (5) sections ranges from 0.51 to 1.17wt. %. The amount of Organic Carbon Content exceeds the minimal 0.5 wt. % threshold for a potential source rock, which indicates that the Shale can generate oil and gas, also the percentage of Organic Matters (OM) as shown ranges from 91.90% to 98.00% suggest a high contribution of organic matter which supports the accumulation of hydrocarbon.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
The geological fieldwork conducted in Chobhar, Nepal aimed to provide practical geological knowledge to crisis management students. Key activities included observing landforms, structures, and rock types; gaining information from topographical maps; measuring geological orientations; and locating one's position on a map. The fieldwork helped students understand geological processes of the past that influenced landform development and how this knowledge can inform crisis management and planning.
Earth Science is a major Subject of life. Earth Science encompasses hundreds of branches. Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface.
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
This document summarizes a study of the aquifer potentials of the Campano-Maastrichtian Gombe Sandstone formation in the Gongola Basin of northeastern Nigeria. The formation is composed primarily of sandstone from a deltaic depositional environment. Analysis of samples from outcrops found average porosities of 15-33% and permeability ranging from 100-1400mD. However, borehole yields in the Gombe town area are relatively low at 1.4-2.8 liters/second. In the western Kwadon village area, yields are higher at 4.8-5.6 liters/second, likely due to better preservation of high-permeability
paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the cental swamp depobelt niger delta ba...AkpatiChidinmachuks
This document summarizes a study on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of sections from two wells, XY-1 and XY-2, located in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Eighty-nine cutting samples from the wells, ranging from 1960-2470m and 2000-2380m depth, were analyzed for their lithology, palynomorph content, and age. Five palynological zones were established. The samples indicated depositional environments ranging from middle to inner-neritic to marine. Based on the palynomorph analysis, an Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene age was assigned to the studied well sections. The study aims to determine the lithology,
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Porosity modeling was carried out in oil-wells of stacked reservoirs in south-east Niger Delta using
gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs to determine lithologies and porosities. Lithologies of the formation were
identified as sand and shale. Porosity values range from 0.013% to 94.08%. Porosity decreases with depth in
normal compacted formation for the two wells .The following porosity equation has been modeled for the study
area, Z = -3E-05Øz + 0.5785. This implies that, in the absence of core samples, porosity, φz can be estimated at
any depth, Z in the area of study. The results of the porosity modeling can be applied in petroleum evaluation
and overpressure prediction. It may also be useful for sedimentary basin analysis of the region.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Geotechnical Investigation of Soils: A Case Study of Gombe Town (Sheet 152NW)...IJMER
1. The document summarizes a study of the geotechnical properties of soils in Gombe town, Nigeria.
2. Samples were collected from 12 locations and tested for properties like moisture content, particle size, liquid limit, and compaction.
3. Based on the test results, soils from Pantame, Hamatatu, Tonde, Chongo and Kulalum were found to be clayey and unsuitable for construction, while soils from other areas like Kalshingi forest and Titi baba contained more sand and would make better subgrades.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
This project aims to study the clay mineralogy, provenance, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment of the Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation in Nigeria. Samples will be collected from outcrops and analyzed using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence to identify clay minerals. This will help reconstruct the depositional environment and climate conditions during the time period. The study area is located in Ashaka quarry and along the Pindiga stream. Results are expected to provide information on sediment transport over time and paleoclimate.
This document summarizes a study of soil geochemistry in Eruku and its environs, located in southwestern Nigeria. Twenty-five soil samples were collected and analyzed for trace element concentrations. Statistical analysis identified eleven factor groups in the data, with factors 2 and 5 related to mineralization. Isograde maps show peaks for elements like Be, Nb, Sn, and Ta in the northeast part of the study area. The study concludes that the area has anomalous concentrations of cassiterite, tantalite, and columbite hosted by pegmatites, particularly in the northeast quadrant, establishing a similar mineralization to the nearby Egbe area.
Paleoenvironment and Provenance Studies of Ajali Sandstone in Igbere Area, Af...theijes
The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Ajali Sandstone successions in Igbere area,Afikpo Basin were studied in order to determine plaeoenvironmental setting and sourcemodel of the deposits. The studied deposits consist of five lithofacies namely: pebblysandstone facies, cross-bedded, laminated, bioturbated sandstone facies and mudstonefacies. Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on facies associations and sedimentarystructures revealed tide-influenced fluvial deposits, while inferences from bivariate plotsof calculated univariate parameters indicated fluvial deposits. The granulometricanalyses of the sediments indicated a predominantly moderately sorted, medium-grainedsandstone with some poorly sorted populations. The kurtosis ranged from mesokurticthrough leptokurtic to extremely leptokurtic sand populations and generally with somesymmetrical, positive and negative skewness. This result is suggestive of a sandpopulation with different tails, especially for the facies representing the poorly sortedpopulations. The sandstone in the area is essentially quartz sandstone or quartz arenitebased on petrographic analysis. The relative abundance of the framework elements (Q96, F 0 and R 4) suggests super-mature sand with a maturity index 19.0. Themineralogical and textural maturity of the sandstone therefore, indicated a polycyclicdeposit. This together with the constituent heavy minerals and paleocurrent directionsinferred that sources of detritus were from both the uplifted continental pluton and old sedimentary domain, respectively. The Crystalline Basement rocks of both theCameroon and Adamawa Highlands, the Oban Massif and western Nigeria Ilesha Spuron the one hand and the Abakaliki Anticlinorium on the other hand both satisfied suchsource models for the post-Santonian Ajali quartz–sand deposit.
Subsurface Sedimentary Thickness and Structural types of Formations in Imo St...IIJSRJournal
Imo State is part of the Niger Delta of Nigeria that is blessed with a lot of natural resources. These have not been fully exploited and subsurface information of the region is needed to enhance the exploration of these resources. In this work airborne gravity data obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has been interpreted to obtain information on the structural types, sedimentary thickness and hydrocarbon potentials of the state. These were archived by use of Oasis Montaj software. The residual gravity anomaly was first extracted from the field data with a polynomial operation and then enhanced by a high pass filter before gridding, modelling and depth estimation, using inverse and forward modelling and Euler deconvolution operation. The results reveal syncline and anticline structures with strike angles of varying degrees and strike-slip faults. The depth to evaluated anomalous bodies was between 4,001 m and 9,439 m, all located in the Ameki and Imo Formations which are composed of sandstones and shales. The structures and formations they occur are favorable environments for hydrocarbon habitation as is common in the Niger delta basin. The Euler depth estimates gave sedimentary thickness ranges of 113.5 m to 8,717 m and falls within basement depths in the Niger Delta
This document provides a summary of field activities conducted as part of a 9-day geology field course in June 2014. Students visited 6 coastal sites on Vashon Island, Maury Island, and the northeastern Olympic Peninsula to conduct geological mapping, sample collection, and analysis. Techniques used included optically stimulated luminescence dating, radiocarbon dating, coring, discontinuity mapping, provenance analysis, soil classification, and GPS surveying. The document describes the locations visited and tasks conducted at each site to achieve the course objectives of characterizing coastal deposits and processes.
Interpretation of Structural Terrace of Sheets: 303, 304 and 305 using Geophy...IIJSRJournal
The study on interpretation of aeromagnetic data of parts of Bamenda Massif (sheet 303, 304, and 305) South-eastern Nigeria has been evaluated. The data sets used are digitized maps of aeromagnetic data. The study area was characterized into four distinct zones such as A, B, C and D. Zone A occur in the northern portion and it is characterized by linear anomaly of amplitude 66.2 - 98.5nT. Zone B and C primarily share the same structural grain connecting the southwest and southern portions of the study area where they are characterised with large ''bull eye'' and narrow shaped anomalies. Zone D occupies the western and central portions of the study area showing features of magnetic highs and lows due to sporadic intrusions. The analysis review lineament structures aligned in a NE-SW and NW-SE trends which is in similar pattern to the initial rifting of the southern Nigerian margin system. Zone A, B and C are bound by intrusives of igneous origin. However, the interconnectivity of the structural lineaments makes them stand out as pathways for mineralization. Thus, most of the lineaments are believed to be located at a depth range of <246.5m to 258.2m, 258.2m to 437m, 212.9m to >626.1m and 769.2m to 1039.7m within the subsurface rocks.
Preliminary Studies of the Litho-Structural Evolution of Areas Around Obudu N...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Rocks underlying the northeastern sector of Obudu area forms part of the Bamenda massif which is a westward extension of the Precambrian terrains of Cameroon into southeastern Nigeria. These rocks are frequently found in the basement complex of Nigeria and include the migmatitic gneiss as the early metamorphic tectonites constituting over 60% of the outcropping rocks in the study area. The basement rock of the study area comprised of the migmatite gneiss and biotite-hornblende garnetiferous gneiss as well as the porphyroblastic gneiss and granite gneiss which formed the basement intruded by the Older granites (Pan-African granitoids). The Older granites in this area include charnockite, porphyritic granite, medium grained granite, diorite and pegmatite/aplite with relatively undeformed veins of dolerite and quartz. The presence of garnet nodules in the biotite-hornblende gneiss indicates high grade tectono-thermal metamorphism of a possible sedimentary protholith. The shearing observed in some rock outcrops are indication that there have been a series of structural deformation alongside magmatism and metamorphism in the area.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Determining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the Turonian Eze-Aku Shal...Premier Publishers
The Nigeria Benue Trough is an intracratonic rift structure whose evolution is related to the early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Study of the lower Benue Trough has revealed that the lower Benue Trough is rich in organic matters and as such capable of yielding significant quantity of hydrocarbons. The Eze-Aku shale in Ibii area is located in the lower part of Benue Trough. Five (5) representative Turonian Eze-Aku Shale samples were collected and analyzed to assess the petroleum generative potential by sediment logical analysis. The Shale (Eze-Aku Shale) is dark grey in color and highly fissile. From analysis carried out the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of the Eze-Aku Shale sample from the five (5) sections ranges from 0.51 to 1.17wt. %. The amount of Organic Carbon Content exceeds the minimal 0.5 wt. % threshold for a potential source rock, which indicates that the Shale can generate oil and gas, also the percentage of Organic Matters (OM) as shown ranges from 91.90% to 98.00% suggest a high contribution of organic matter which supports the accumulation of hydrocarbon.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
The geological fieldwork conducted in Chobhar, Nepal aimed to provide practical geological knowledge to crisis management students. Key activities included observing landforms, structures, and rock types; gaining information from topographical maps; measuring geological orientations; and locating one's position on a map. The fieldwork helped students understand geological processes of the past that influenced landform development and how this knowledge can inform crisis management and planning.
Earth Science is a major Subject of life. Earth Science encompasses hundreds of branches. Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface.
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
Similar to Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of Pindiga Formation in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria
This document summarizes a study of the aquifer potentials of the Campano-Maastrichtian Gombe Sandstone formation in the Gongola Basin of northeastern Nigeria. The formation is composed primarily of sandstone from a deltaic depositional environment. Analysis of samples from outcrops found average porosities of 15-33% and permeability ranging from 100-1400mD. However, borehole yields in the Gombe town area are relatively low at 1.4-2.8 liters/second. In the western Kwadon village area, yields are higher at 4.8-5.6 liters/second, likely due to better preservation of high-permeability
paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the cental swamp depobelt niger delta ba...AkpatiChidinmachuks
This document summarizes a study on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of sections from two wells, XY-1 and XY-2, located in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Eighty-nine cutting samples from the wells, ranging from 1960-2470m and 2000-2380m depth, were analyzed for their lithology, palynomorph content, and age. Five palynological zones were established. The samples indicated depositional environments ranging from middle to inner-neritic to marine. Based on the palynomorph analysis, an Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene age was assigned to the studied well sections. The study aims to determine the lithology,
Granomeric Analysis of Mamu Formation and Enugu Shale around Ozalla and Its E...iosrjce
The study area lies within the Anambra Basin which geologically made up of Enugu Shale and
Mamu Formation. This study aimed at determining the geology and depositional environments of these
Formations through field relationship and grain size distribution as well as morphometric studies. The field
data shows Enugu Shale as fissile, light grey with extraformational clast which graded into Mamu Formation
which is made up of alternating sequence of shale, siltstone, mudstone, coal and sand, it shows a fluctuating
environment. The granulometric study of sand member of Mamu Formation shows characteristic very well
sorted, fine to medium grains which were deposited in relatively turbulent well aerated marine environment
probably above wave base. The bivariate and the multivariate results reveal Aeolian/shallow marine deposit.
The fissility of Enugu Shale suggests that it was deposited in low energy environment, distal to proximal lagoon
environment and the presence of extraformatonal clast indicates fluvial incursion. However, it can be concluded
that Mamu Formation was deposited in fluctuating environment ranging from an oxygenated shallow marine to
acidic swampy environment. Hence is paralic Formation.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of the campanian sandstone ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the geochemistry and mineralogy of Campanian sandstones from the Lokoja-Basange Formation in the Anambra Basin in Nigeria. Twenty-six sandstone samples from two sections were investigated using mineralogical, geochemical, and pore water chemistry analyses. The results revealed quartz and kaolinite as major minerals, with the sandstones classified as mature lithic arenites and protoquartzites. Geochemical indices suggested intense chemical weathering and a felsic source rock. Discrimination diagrams placed the samples in active and passive continental margin settings. Low Cu/Zn ratios indicated deposition under oxidizing conditions. The study aimed to determine the provenance, tect
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Northern Paiko Area. ...iosrjce
This paper titled Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Southern Paiko Area.
Niger State, Nigeria, employs the service of seismic refraction survey method. A twelve-channel seistronix was
used for the data collection. The profiles were marked at 100 m intervals, while the profiles lines traversed
1000 m (1km). A Total of 44 spreads were shot. Data were collected, Time – distance (T-S) graphs were plotted
using matrix laboratory software, velocities of the underlying layers obtained and depths to the refractor layer
computed and geologic cross sections were obtained. The results obtained gave an overview of the lateral
variation in the lithological changes of the subsurface earth materials in the surveyed area. The basement
surface varied in depth, from 10.16 m to a maximum of 14.80 m. weathered layer velocities ranging from 809
m/s to 3612 m/s and consolidated layer velocities varying between 2858 m/s to 9696 m/s. Four shot points were
delineated as aquifer potentials of the area having depth to refractor varying between 13.70 m and 14.80 m with
overburden velocities ranging from 1940 m/s to 3462 m/s. The rock materials identified in the surveyed area are
chiefly sand, saturated clay, gravel, gneiss, igneous rock and granite.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study that investigated land cover changes around Lake Bosomtwe in Ghana between 2008 and 2013 using Landsat satellite imagery. The study identified three land cover classes - water, vegetated areas, and non-vegetated areas. Image classification revealed a decrease in vegetation cover of 4.65 km2 and an increase in non-vegetated areas over the study period. Specifically, vegetation cover decreased from 143 km2 in 2008 to 138.34 km2 in 2013, while non-vegetated areas increased from 34.99 km2 to 39.34 km2. The research recommends intensifying reforestation efforts around the lake to help mitigate further loss of vegetation cover.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
Hydrocarbon potential of the Borno Basin through Electrofacies and depositional environment analysis was carried out from well log and seismic reflection data to reassess the potential of the Basin thereby justifying the huge financial commitment of the Government. The reflection configuration pattern from the seismic reflection lines is characterized by variation from parallel, continuous and strong amplitude to sub parallel, chaotic discontinuous and low amplitude which indicate a variation from a low energy basinal setting of uniform rate of continental deposition to high energy environment of monolithologic deposits. Furthermore, the derivable log signatures shows a variation from serrated mud/sand to serrated blocky to serrated funnel and bell shapes with depth. This imply a stable massive mud/sand rich basinwide environment to an upward regressive sequence of bar deposit followed by a deltaic estuarine clastic sediment to gradual upward transgressive decrease in grain size to a fluvial point bar deposit. These environments identified from the research are known to be hydrocarbon province.
This study used electrical resistivity imaging, seismic refraction tomography, and azimuthal resistivity soundings to assess an active open dump site in Kaduna, Nigeria. The objectives were to delineate potential leachate plumes and subsurface pathways that could transport contaminants. Results from resistivity imaging identified low resistivity zones (6-33 ohm-m) representing leachate plumes. Resistivity and seismic models also delineated fractures beneath the weathered basement layer that could act as pathways. Longitudinal conductance values of 0.02-0.1 mhos indicated poor protective capacity, allowing leachate to reach shallow aquifers. Azimuthal resistivity soundings at 45 m depth
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of aquifers in the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria to pollution. Eight locations were investigated to determine parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity. These parameters were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Benin Formation generally have moderate vulnerability due to fine to coarse grained sandy overburden. Higher vulnerabilities were found near Aba, while lower vulnerabilities occurred around Obibiezena and Naze. The study demonstrated the usefulness of the DRASTIC model for assessing vulnerability of aquifer systems.
Mineralogy and geochemical appraisal of paleo redox indicators in maastrichti...Alexander Decker
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of Maastrichtian shale samples from the Mamu Formation in the Anambra Basin of Nigeria. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the shale samples and investigate paleo-redox conditions. The results suggest the shales were deposited under oxidizing conditions based on mineralogical and geochemical proxies, and were derived from felsic source rocks that experienced strong chemical weathering.
Around the world, groundwater is a key source of water. Because its reliance is growing, it is critical to ensure that a sufficient supply of high-quality drinking water is available. We explored the shallow aquifer in Rumuohia community in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria, with the goal of using seismic refraction to delineate depth to the shallow aquifer and geological structure of the terrain at five selected areas. The result of the research reveals two strata with sand-gravel and clay lithologies. Layer 1 is clay, with an average velocity of 274.83 m/s and a thickness range of 4.88m to 9.98m at an average of 7m in all five locations. Layer 2 is composed up of sandy clay in Mina 1 and Mina 3. Clay is found in Mina 2, while sand with gravel (dry) is found in Mina 4 and Mina 5, implying a potential aquifer with an average velocity of 422.63 m/s. The presence of sand indicates a productive aquifer, while clay acts as a stopper for the sand, which is prone to compaction due to overburden pressure. The study area is generally a favorable location for a borehole with a high likelihood of providing drinkable water.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
Poster presented on computer modelling of tar sands quarry in the Nigerian tar sands belt in SW Nigeria at the 50th AEG International Conference in Los Angeles.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Hydrogeological Application of Refraction Seismicsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Similar to Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of Pindiga Formation in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria (20)
Turbidity and Colour Reduction of Pond Water Using Extracts of Diospyros mesp...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The study examined the coagulation performance of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet solvent extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. The extracts were each added to highly turbid (422 NTU) pond water samples at various dosages of 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135mg/l and a conventional coagulation-flocculation jar tests were conducted. The nature of the flocs formation for all the plant extracts were observed to be smoky rather than aggregating into denser masses and resulted in turbidity and colour removal efficiencies of 0.71-18.57% and 1.17-22.38% respectively. The coagulation activities were subjected to T-Test Analysis and it indicated that there was statistically (P< 0.05) significance difference at different concentrations. The results also revealed slight decrease in pH in the range of 8.1-7.55 exhibited by all the extracts. From the results of the turbidity and colour removal efficiencies, it can be concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily turbid; However, for them to perform effectively, a coagulant aid is required.
Phyto-Chemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activities of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica were investigated. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. All the extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glocosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Terpenoids was detected in Diospyros mespiliformis, Tamarindus indica extracts and Piliostigma reticulatum root bark extract. Disc sensitivity technique was conducted on eight bacteria isolates. These bacteria are: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi streptococcus faecolis pseudomonas aeruginosa coreynebacteria species and shigelladysenteriae. The growth inhibition studies on the test isolates indicated that most of the plant extracts had significant effects against some of the isolates (microorganisms). The antimicrobial activities were subjected to Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and it indicated that there was statistically (P < 0.05) significant difference at different concentrations. It is concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the bacteriological quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily polluted with pathogenic microbes.
Characterisation of Natural Moulding Sands from selected Deposits in Maidugur...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document characterizes natural moulding sands from five deposits in Maiduguri, Nigeria for use in sand casting applications. Chemical analysis showed that silicon dioxide levels ranged from 66.77% to 90.10% across deposits. Physico-mechanical testing determined properties like clay content, grain size, compressive strength, permeability, and refractoriness. Results found the deposits suitable for casting nonferrous metals, with some appropriate for ferrous alloys as well. The Gwange/Fori deposit had the highest clay content of 47.2% and thus risks defects, while Dala Lawanti and Pompomari showed best overall properties. Characterization of local sands can support growth of foundry
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Development of Wind Operated Passive Evaporative Cooling Structures for Stora...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A Wind operated passive evaporative cooler was developed. Two cooling chambers were made with clay container (cylindrical and square shapes). These two containers were separately inserted inside bigger clay pot inter- spaced with clay soil of 7 cm (to form pot-in-pot and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The soil and the jute sacks were wetted with salt solution. Five blades were constructed inside the cooling chambers with aluminium material which were connected with a shaft to a vane located on a wooden cover outside the cooling chamber. The vanes (made of aluminium) were to be powered by the wind which in turn rotates the blades inside the cooling chamber. The total volume of 40500cm3 and storage capacity of 31500cm3 were recorded for the square structures while total volume of 31792.5cm3 and storage capacity of 24727.5cm3 were recorded for the cylindrical structures. During the test period, the average temperatures of 27.07oC, 27.09oC and 33.6oC were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average relative humidity of 92.27%, 91.99% and 69.41% were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average minimum and maximum wind speed recorded for the month of October was 2.5m/s and 2.6m/s respectively
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Re-Circulatory Vegetable MoisturizerAZOJETE UNIMAID
A re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer for preventing wilting in vegetables was developed and its performance evaluation carried out. Freshly harvested Amaranthus vegetables were used for the experiments. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A of this produce was determined at intervals of two days for 9 days. The effects of the storage parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the nutritional value of the produce were determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was carried out to compare the means. The vegetable moisturizer was evaluated by comparing the change in nutritional (vitamin A) of Amaranthus vegetable with hand wetting system and no wetting condition. The results showed that the moisturizer had higher mean vitamin A content (4.93mg/100g)compared to the mean vitamin A content of the manual wetting (4.88mg/100g) and no wetting condition (4.57mg/100g). The sensory characteristics showed that the Moisturizer was more desirable when compared to the manual wetting and no wetting condition after nine days. It was concluded that the Moisturizer preserved the nutritional and sensory characteristics (texture and colour) better than the manual and no wetting condition as a result of lower temperature, higher relative humidity and better water draining of the Moisturizer.
Optimization of some mineral contents of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pep...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A study to optimize three mineral contents (magnesium, potassium and manganese) of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pepper was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five levels of osmotic solution concentration (A) (5% (w/w), 10% (w/w), 15% (w/w), 20% (w/w) and 25% (w/w)) of common salt and osmotic process durations (B) (60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150 min and 180 min) were considered. After osmotic dehydration, all pre-treated and some control (unpre-treated) samples were dried at a constant temperature of 50˚C in a fabricated cabinet dryer. RSM under central composite design in Design Expert 8.0.3 computer software package was used to design the experiment, analyse data, optimize the process and present all results with 2-dimesional and 3-dimensional plots. From results obtained, optimized combinations were selected on the basis of their desirability values which were 0.931, 0.432 and 1.00 for magnesium, potassium and manganese respectively. From the desirability values on the response surface plots, the optimum (maximum) value of magnesium was found to be 29.18 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 180 min and osmotic solution concentration of 25% (w/w); for potassium, the optimized value was 46.13 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 60 min and osmotic solution concentration of 5% (w/w); while the optimized value for manganese was 10.96 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 150 min and osmotic solution concentration of 15% (w/w). Dried pre-treated products had values closer to fresh samples than control (dried unpre-treated) samples for all the three mineral contents considered.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
Preliminary Study on the Characterization of oil from Nurse tetra (Brycinus n...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document describes a study that aimed to extract and characterize oil from the Brycinus nurse fish. B. nurse fish samples were dried at different temperatures and times, then oil was extracted using a hydraulic press. The extracted oils were analyzed to determine acid value, saponification value, and relative density. Acid values ranged from 2.75 to 3.6 mg/KOH, saponification values ranged from 70 to 94.42 mg/KOH/g, and relative densities ranged from 0.04301 to 0.0433. Heating temperature significantly affected oil yield, ranging from 1.37% to 3.4%, while differences in other measured values were not statistically significant. The results indicate the B
Development of an Electrically Operated Cassava Peeling and Slicing MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
The development and construction of an electrically operated cassava peeling and slicing machine was described in this paper. The objective was to design, construct and test an electrically operated machine that will peel and slice cassava root into chips, to aid the processes of drying, pelletizing and storage. The methodology adopted includes; design, construction, calculation, specification, assembly of component parts and performance test. The machine was able to Peel and slice cassava to fairly similar sizes. Performance test reveals that 7 kg of cassava tuber was peeled and chipped in one minute, which shows that, the machine developed can significantly reduce the cost of labour and time wastage associated with traditional processing of cassava tubers into dried cassava pellets, and finished products, such as; garri, and cassava flour. The machine has a capacity of 6.72 kg/min, with peeling and chipping efficiency of 66.2% and 84.0% respectively. The flesh loss of the peeled tuber was 8.52%, while overall machine efficiency obtained as 82.4%. The machine is recommended for use by small scale industries and by cassava farmers in the rural areas. It has an overall cost of N46100 ($150). The machine can easily be operated by an individual and maintained, by using warm water to wash the component parts, and sharpening of the chipping disc when required.
Investigating the bacterial inactivation potential of purified okra (Hibiscus...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability of purified okra protein (POP) as coagulant and as disinfectant material in comparison with aluminium sulphate (AS) in water treatment was assessed. A laboratory jar test experiments and Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method of bacterial analysis were conducted using POP as coagulant in treating river water. The results show an excellent dual performance function of POP against the conventional coagulant, AS in drinking water treatment. It was observed that a marked inactivation of approximately 100% of faecal and E-coli count in raw water was achieved with POP and zero regrowth of bacteria after 72-hour post treatment. However, there was regrowth in total coliform count as a result of the presence of other microbes other than E-coli and faecal coliform in the system. In all cases AS showed a reduced performance against the two indicator organisms achieving only 93% with remarkable regrowth of E-coli and faecal coliform after prolonged storage time in the clarified water. Turbidity removal was also noted to be approximately similar, 92% across all coagulants tested. Therefore, the use of POP in water treatment could improve access to clean water in developing countries and could help in reducing the import of water treatment chemicals.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Impingement Jet Cooling with Ribs and Pins ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document presents a numerical study of enhanced impingement jet cooling with ribs and pins on target surfaces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted using commercial codes to predict heat transfer with different obstacle wall configurations. The obstacles investigated were ribs and rectangular pin-fins in both co-flow and cross-flow alignments. The CFD predictions showed good agreement with previous experimental results and revealed that obstacles increase turbulence but also reduce the highest thermal gradients and downstream cross-flow.
Characterization of Leachate Contaminants from Waste Dumpsites in Maiduguri, ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document characterizes leachate contaminants from four uncontrolled waste dumps in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chlorine, sulfate, calcium, metals and other parameters. Analysis found pH ranged from 8.19-11.32 and total dissolved solids from 208-7460mg/l, indicating contamination of groundwater below dumps. Iron concentrations were highest, followed by lead, zinc, chromium, manganese and copper, attributed to materials like metals, lamps, appliances and preservatives in waste. To prevent health hazards from groundwater contamination, the study recommends Borno State implement proper waste management practices like engineered landfill
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for PV System Using iteration-PSO under Irregula...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes a proposed Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of photovoltaic (PV) systems under irregular shadow conditions. The conventional PSO algorithm has difficulty tracking the global maximum power point when PV characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks due to irregular shading. The proposed IPSO algorithm improves on PSO by adding an "iterative best" value and adapting the cognitive and social coefficients over time, allowing it to more effectively track the global maximum power point under complex shading scenarios. Simulation results show the IPSO method converges faster than conventional PSO and achieves higher tracking efficiency under varying irradiance conditions defined by industry standards.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
Material Recovery from Wastes: An Employment and Poverty Alleviation ToolAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses material recovery from wastes in Maiduguri, Nigeria as a tool for employment and poverty alleviation. It examines three waste collection scenarios involving 5000 participants over 24 months. Key findings include:
- Annual estimates of material recovered include 16.8 tons of bottles/glasses, 158.4 tons of plastics/rubber, and 264 tons of metal.
- Considerable income was generated from sales of recovered materials, totaling over N2 million annually.
- Material recovery, reuse and recycling provided livelihoods and constituted human capacity development for many involved in the activity.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of Pindiga Formation in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria
2. Shettima et al.: Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani member of Pindiga
formation in the Gongola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria.
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Figure 1: Geological map of Nigeria showing the Benue Trough
Figure 2: Geological map of the Upper Benue Trough
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Figure 3: Stratigraphy of Gongola Basin
The Yolde Formation lies conformably on the Bima Sandstone. This formation of Cenomanian age
(Lawal and Maullade, 1986) represents the beginning of marine incursion into the Gongola Arm.
The Yolde formation was deposited in a barrier island, deltaic settings (Shettima, 2005; Abubakar et
al., 2006). The Turonian-Campanian Pindiga Formation conformably overlies the Yolde Formation
(Popoff et al., 1986; Zaborski et al.,1997). Zaborski et al. (1997) subdivided the Pindiga Formation
into five lithostratigraphic members: the Kanawa Member which is the basal member comprises of
limestone and shale intercalations, the Gulani Member, the Deban-Fulani Member, the Dumbulwa
Member and the Fika Member which is the top most member consisting of shale and very few
limestones. The Gulani, Deba-fulani and the Dumbulwa members are lateral equivalents occurring in
the middle part of the Pindiga Formation. They are deposited during the middle Turonian regional
regressive episode that occurred in the Benue Trough (Zaborski, et al., 1997). The estuarine/deltaic
Gombe Sandstone of Maastrichtian age (Carter et al., 1963) overlies the Pindiga Formation and it
represents the youngest Cretaceous sediment in the Gongola Arm. The Paleocene Kerri Kerri
Formation unconformably overlies the Gombe Sandstone and represents the only record of Tertiary
sedimentation in the Gongola Arm (Adegoke et al., 1978; Dike 1993).
This study is aimed at determining the depositional environment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the
Pindiga Formation by using univariate textural parameters which include grain size, sorting,
skewness and kurtosis. Bivariate grain size analysis will also be carried out in this study and where
possible, ichnofossils will also be used to support the sedimentological data.
4. Shettima et al.: Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani member of Pindiga
formation in the Gongola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria.
AZOJETE, 12:17-30. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
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2. Methodology
Lithologic section of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation was studied in the Gongola
Basin at Ashaka quarry, River Difa and Damfami stream (Figure 4). Sampling was carried out on
outcrops by digging a trench of about 60cm so as to avoid weathered horizons. Thirteen samples
were collected from outcrop sections of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation for
granulometric analysis (Figures 5, 6 and 7). Granulometric analysis was carried out by the
conventional method and about 200g of each sample was sieved for about 30 minutes in a Ro-Tap
shaker. The graphical parameters of graphic mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were
determined using the formula of Folk and Ward (1957). The bivariate plots of Friedman (1961, 1967
and 1979), and Moiola and Weiser (1968) were applied to interprete the paleoenvironments of these
sandstone. The log probability curve plots of grain size distribution of the analysed samples based on
Visher (1969) and Dike (1972) were also plotted.
Figure 4: Map showing geology and sample locations of study area
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Figure 5: Ashaka quarry section (Deban –Fulani Member)
Figure 6: River Difa section (Deban –Fulani Member)
6. Shettima et al.: Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani member of Pindiga
formation in the Gongola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria.
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Figure 7: Damfami stream section (Deban –Fulani Member)
3. Results
3.1 Univariate Grain Size Parameters
The graphic mean size for the various samples (Table 1) ranged from (1.38ø – 3.17ø), for medium
to very fine grained sandstone and average of 1.98ø for medium grained sandstone. The mean size of
a grain still has no definite trend to support any environmental interpretation. Furthermore, Friedman
(1967) pointed out that the average mean size is not sensitive as an environmental indicator.
However, the fluctuation of the values may suggest variation in the energy of the depositing
medium.
3.2 Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation (Sorting)
The values of standard deviation (Table 1) tended to show well sorted (0.45ø) to poorly sorted
(1.08ø) with an average of (0.74ø) which implies that the whole formation is moderately sorted. The
dominance of well and moderately sorted sample may suggest that the transportation responsible for
the deposition was very turbulent where there is a lot of winnowing and waxing activities.
3.3 Inclusive Graphic Skewness (Ski)
The samples analysed have skewness values ranging from (-0.17ø to 0.70ø) i.e. from negatively
skewed to very positively skewed respectively (Table 1). These values may suggest that the samples
must have been formed in an environment with a highly fluctuating energy conditions.
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3.4 Inclusive Graphic Kurtosis (Kc)
The values of kurtosis (Table 1) for the various samples range from 0.83ø – 11.90ø indicated
platykurtic to very leptokurtic, with an average of 2.81ø (leptokurtic). Little geologic information
can be derived from values of kurtosis (Pettijohn et al, 1987), but, with the dominance of leptokurtic,
it may be suggested that the samples were affected by similar depositional conditions.
Table 1. Grain size distribution and qualitative parameters for samples analysed
3.5 Bivariate Grain Size Parameters
Mean grain size, standard deviation (sorting), skewness, median and graphic first percentile are the
parameters needed to separate sands based on origin according to standard plots of various workers.
These are bivariate plots of mean versus first percentile (Friedman, 1979), standard deviation versus
first percentiles (Friedman, 1979), standard deviation versus skewness (Friedman, 1961, 1967, 1979)
and Moiola and Weiser (1968).
3.6 Mean Versus First Percentile
The standard plot of mean versus first percentile was based on the work of Friedman (1979) which
was used in distinguishing lnland dune sand from river sand (Figure 8a). The plots for the sample
tends to show that 46.1% of the samples fell into the river sand environment, while 53.9% plotted
into the inland dune sand environment.
3.7 Standard Deviation Versus Skewness
The bivariate plots of standard deviation versus skewness are based on the work of Friedman (1961,
1967, 1979) and Moiola and Weiser (1968). The plot of Friedman (1961) tends to show the
distribution of samples between the field of beach and fluvial environment. 83.3% fell into the river
field while 16.7% fell into beach field (Figure 8b). Friedman (1967, 1979) likewise showed the
distribution of sand between river and beach environment. For Friedman (1967), 77.8% of the
samples fell into the river field environment while 22.2% belong to the beach environment (Figure
9a).
The plots based on Friedman (1979) shows that 15.43% of the samples plotted within the river field
environment while 84.6% plotted within the beach environment (Figure 9b). The plots of Moiola and
SAMPLE NO. GRAPHIC MEAN
(Mz)
GRAPHIC
STANDARD
DEVIATION
(SORTING)
GRAPHIC
SKEWNESS (Ski)
GRAPHIC
KURTOSIS (Kc)
AK1 1.38
Medium grained
0.45
Well sorted
-0.17
Negatively skewed
3.57
Very leptokurtic
AK2 1.90
Medium grained
0.76
Moderately sorted
0.19
Nearly symmetrical
3.76
Very leptokurtic
AK3 3.15
Very fine grained
0.70
Moderately sorted
0.03
Nearly symmetrical
0.83
Platykurtic
AK4 1.38
Medium grained
0.98
Moderately sorted
0.26
Positively skewed
1.78
Leptokurtic
DS1 3.17
Very fine grained
0.77
Moderately sorted
0.41
Positively skewed
1.62
Leptokurtic
DS2 1.74
Medium grained
0.93
Moderately sorted
0.38
Positively skewed
1.56
Leptokurtic
8. Shettima et al.: Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani member of Pindiga
formation in the Gongola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria.
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Weiser (1968) also helps to separate river sand from beach sands and it tends to show that 71.4% of
the studied samples plotted within the river field environment while 28.6% fell into the inland dune
sands environment (Figure 10a).
3.8 Standard Deviation Versus Mean Size
The Moiola and Weiser (1968) plots of standard deviation versus mean size is used in delineating
dune sand from river sand. 77.8% of the studied samples plotted within the river field environment
while 22.2% plotted into beach environment (Figure 10b). The plot of standard deviation versus
mean size based on Friedman (1979) tends to show that 66.7% of the sands fell into the river sand
field, while 33.3% fell into the inland dune sand (Figure 11).
(A) (B)
Figure 8: Bivariate plot of (A)- first percentile vs mean Friedman (1967) and (B)- skewness vs
standard deviation Friedman (1961)
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(A) (B)
Figure 9: Bivariate plot of skewness vs standards deviation, A- Friedman (1967) and B- Friedman
(1979)
3.9 Probability Plots
The different sand populations in a probability curve plot are of environmental significance.
Such sand population members are characteristic of either fluvial, beach or wave zone. According to
Visher (1969) characterization: two sand population is characteristic of fluvial setting; three sand
population is characteristic of wave zone bars; four sand population is characteristic of beach setting.
(A) (B)
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Figure 10: Bivariate plot of (A) skewness vs standard deviation and (B) mean vs standard deviation
Figure 11: Bivariate plot of mean vs standard deviation (Friedman, 1979)
Cumulative probability distribution curves (Figure 12) of analysed samples tend to show two to three
straight line segments. Sample displaying three segments probability curve are: AK1, AK2, AK3,
DS1, DS4, DS5, RD2, RD3 and RD4. They are characterized by:
Suspension segment with a slope of 15o
– 57o
that forms 4% - 27% of the distribution.
Well sorted saltation population with a slope of 67% - 79% that forms 43% - 81% of the distribution.
Poorly sorted traction population with a slope of 23o
– 42o
that forms 0.2% - 10% of the distribution.
The samples characterized by two segments probability curve are: AK4, DS2, DS3 and RD1. They
are characterized by:
Poorly sorted suspension population with a slope of 7o
– 43o
that forms 3% - 48% of the distribution.
Well sorted saltation with a slope of 53o
– 84o
that forms 42% - 89% of the distribution.
4. Discussion
The mean grain size of a deposit is largely controlled by the energy of the depositing current, initial
size and source materials (Folk and Ward, 1957; 1964; Pettijohn et al., 1987). The mean size for the
Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation ranges from 1.38ø-3.17ø (i.e. medium grained to
very fine grained sandstones) with an average of 1.98ø indicating medium grained sandstone (Table
1). Freidman pointed out that the average grain size is not sensitive as an environmental indicator,
however, since most of the samples tends to consists dominantly of either very fine – fine grained
sandstone, it may be suggested that the deposition is dominantly in one phase with little reworking
or redeposition (Kukal, 1971). Hence, the deposition may probably be by a weak current.
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Sorting depends on sediment source, grain size and depositional regime. It is indicative of
hydrodynamic conditions (ranges of velocities and degree of turbulence) operating in the
transporting medium and to some extent, it is suggestive of distances of travel (Reineck and Singh,
1973; Abdel-Wahab et al., 1992). The values of sorting ranges from (0.45ø-1.08ø) i.e. well sorted to
poorly sorted, with a mean value of (0.74ø) indication moderate sorting (Table 1). The poor to well
sorted sandstones of the Deba-Fulani Member (Table 1) may suggest that the sediments went
through different phases of dynamic processes in the course of their transportation. This range from
weak current as indicated by the poor sorting to moderate and high energy conditions as shown by
the moderate and well sorted samples respectively.
Figure 12: Sand distribution population curves based on log probability plots
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Skewness is the measure of the symmetry of the distribution and it is a very useful descriptive term
for the depositional processes of sediments. The samples analysed ranged from (-0.17ø-0.70ø) i.e.
negatively skewed to positively skewed (Table 1). These investigated samples are dominantly
positively skewed, indicating so much matrix in the framework of the sandstones. River sands are
generally positively skewed since most of the silts and clays are not removed by current (Friedman,
1961, 1967), however, the negatively skewed samples may suggest waxing and winnowing
conditions under which matrix are been removed from the sandstones (Agumanu, 1993), and this is
usually associated with coastal setting (Friedman, 1979). Hence, these sandstones must have been
formed in settings prone to both fluvial and coastal activities.
Kurtosis is the measure of the peak of distribution and the values ranges from (0.83ø – 11.90ø) i.e.
platykurtic to very leptokurtic (Table 1). Very little geologic information could be derived from
kurtosis (Pettijohn et al., 1987), however, the fluctuation of the values may suggest changes in the
intensity of the depositing medium and it also largely agrees with Abdel-Wahab (1988) data for
fluvial sands. The bivariate plot models adopted in this analysis indicates both fluvial and marine
environment for the middle member of the Pindiga Formation (Deba-Fulani). The bivariate plots of
Friedman (1961, 1967, 1979) and Moiola and Weiser (1968) based on skewness versus standard
deviation (Figures 8a and b, 9a and b) respectively, suggested a dominance of fluvial conditions over
marine and this may indicate dominance of fluvial environment. Likewise, the plot of Moiola and
Weiser (1968) and Frieman (1979) based on standard deviation versus mean size also suggested a
prevalence of fluvial setting (Figures 10a and b). However, the bivariate plots of Friedman (1979)
for first percentile versus mean, (Figure7) indicated dominance of marine environment over fluvial.
The interpretation from these models may probably indicate that the Deba-Fulani Member of the
Pindiga Formation was formed in a coastal environment in which there is a marked fluctuation in
geological conditions promoting the predominance of either fluvial or marine conditions over time.
Probability curve plots based on Visher (1969) and Dike (1972) indicates that all the samples tend to
show two and three-sand populations curves (saltation and suspension) but with the three-sand
populations curve dominating (Figures 11 and 12). The two-sand probability curve types generally
indicate unidirectional depositional currents, which is usually associated with fluvial or tidal setting,
while the three-sand probability curves are indicative of wave processes (Visher ,1969; Dike,1972),
hence, there is significant marine influence on the Deba – Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation.
5. Conclusion
This research carried out on the bases of grain size distribution has indicated that the Deba-Fulani
Members of the Pindiga Formation was probably deposited in a coastal setting, thereby showing
fluctuations in fluvial activities over marine and vice versa over time which may possibly be due to
transgression and regression along the coast.
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