This study directly links iridium anomalies to mass extinction events across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. High-resolution iridium analyses of sediment cores from eight localities confirm a previous report of an iridium anomaly 20 cm below the extinction horizon at Tighe Park, Freehold. Iridium anomalies also correlate with extinctions at three other clay-rich sections. These data reaffirm the link between the Chicxulub impact and mass extinction and attribute the iridium anomaly at Freehold to downward movement of iridium.
Speleothems are cave formations like stalactites and stalagmites that form from calcium carbonate deposited by dripping water. Their layered structure (laminae) can provide annual records similar to tree rings. Different laminae types - fluorescent, visible, calcite-aragonite couplets, trace elements - record climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Studies of laminae in speleothems from various regions confirmed their annual nature and showed correlations between laminae characteristics and climate records, validating their use in paleoclimate reconstruction over thousands of years.
This document lists RJ Sweeney's refereed publications and abstracts. It includes over 30 journal publications dating from 1990-2006 related to experimental petrology and geochemistry. The publications examine topics like carbonation/decarbonation of eclogites, potassium amphibole stability, mantle origins of basalts, trace element partitioning between minerals and melts, and the role of hydrogen in geological processes. It also lists numerous conference abstracts on similar experimental petrology research.
The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower DanianIain Gilmour
The document summarizes research on sediments from the Boltysh impact crater in Ukraine that preserve a 500,000 year record of the early Danian period. The continuous lacustrine sediments within the crater provide an expanded and detailed record of a negative carbon isotope excursion approximately 200,000 years above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, correlating to the Dan-C2 excursion in the marine record. Changes in floral communities through the excursion reflect changing biomes from a rapidly warming climate during an early Danian hyperthermal event, followed by ecosystem recovery, analogous to other major climatic events in the geologic record. The timing of the excursion may correlate with the late stages of
This document describes numerical and analytical models used to study vertical solute transport processes in a domed peat bog in Switzerland. The models test the hypothesis that downward porewater flow from bog crests controls vertical solute distributions. The models show that before 7000 years ago, diffusion from underlying soils dominated solute transport. Between 7000-1250 years ago, both diffusion and downward advection influenced transport. After 1250 years ago, downward advection likely dominated as the bog dome grew and porewater flow patterns changed over time. Solute transport in peat bogs is controlled by both downward advection and upward diffusion, influenced by bog hydrology and stratigraphy.
This thesis studied the history of dune activity along the Elkhorn River in northeastern Nebraska. Twenty-four optical luminescence ages from dunes revealed periods of activity less than 120 years ago, around 410-630 years ago, around 1000 years ago, and around 3,800 to 5,800 years ago. These periods align with some but not all major dune activation events in the Nebraska Sand Hills. The dunes likely formed due to drought-induced changes in sediment supply from the Elkhorn River, demonstrating that megadroughts had impacts beyond the Sand Hills.
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Porosity modeling was carried out in oil-wells of stacked reservoirs in south-east Niger Delta using
gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs to determine lithologies and porosities. Lithologies of the formation were
identified as sand and shale. Porosity values range from 0.013% to 94.08%. Porosity decreases with depth in
normal compacted formation for the two wells .The following porosity equation has been modeled for the study
area, Z = -3E-05Øz + 0.5785. This implies that, in the absence of core samples, porosity, φz can be estimated at
any depth, Z in the area of study. The results of the porosity modeling can be applied in petroleum evaluation
and overpressure prediction. It may also be useful for sedimentary basin analysis of the region.
The document provides an overview of the Yamal LCLUC Project and the objectives of a meeting. It summarizes that the project examines linkages between greening trends in the Arctic, impacts on reindeer herding Nenets people, and regional sea ice conditions. Field research and modeling is conducted along a bioclimate transect on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia to understand how changing patterns of sea ice may affect terrestrial ecosystems and indigenous populations with increasing oil/gas development and climate change. The agenda outlines presentations on natural systems, remote sensing results, field expedition reports, and modeling over three days.
Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of ...Premier Publishers
Palaeoenvironmental analysis was carried out on eighty (80) ditch cutting samples of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene sediments from two wells (well C consist of 13 samples collected at 30metres interval from depth range of 2410 -2770m while well F consists of 67 samples collected at 20metres from depth range of 2000-3320m) in the Northern Depobelt of the Tertiary Niger Delta. This study was carried out using standard micropalaeontological sample procedures and analysis as well as interpretation of the foraminiferal biofacies assemblages taking into consideration the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative method involved comparison of the recovered foraminifera with extant forms while the quantitative method involved the use of tau index, palaeowater depth (Pwd), percent of calcerous to arenaceous benthic foraminifera ratios (%FOBC: %FOBA), Fisher diversity and foraminifera/ ostracoda ratio. The palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that the sediments were deposited in a non-marine to outer neritic environmental setting with salinity conditions fluctuating between normal marine and slightly hypersaline.
Speleothems are cave formations like stalactites and stalagmites that form from calcium carbonate deposited by dripping water. Their layered structure (laminae) can provide annual records similar to tree rings. Different laminae types - fluorescent, visible, calcite-aragonite couplets, trace elements - record climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Studies of laminae in speleothems from various regions confirmed their annual nature and showed correlations between laminae characteristics and climate records, validating their use in paleoclimate reconstruction over thousands of years.
This document lists RJ Sweeney's refereed publications and abstracts. It includes over 30 journal publications dating from 1990-2006 related to experimental petrology and geochemistry. The publications examine topics like carbonation/decarbonation of eclogites, potassium amphibole stability, mantle origins of basalts, trace element partitioning between minerals and melts, and the role of hydrogen in geological processes. It also lists numerous conference abstracts on similar experimental petrology research.
The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower DanianIain Gilmour
The document summarizes research on sediments from the Boltysh impact crater in Ukraine that preserve a 500,000 year record of the early Danian period. The continuous lacustrine sediments within the crater provide an expanded and detailed record of a negative carbon isotope excursion approximately 200,000 years above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, correlating to the Dan-C2 excursion in the marine record. Changes in floral communities through the excursion reflect changing biomes from a rapidly warming climate during an early Danian hyperthermal event, followed by ecosystem recovery, analogous to other major climatic events in the geologic record. The timing of the excursion may correlate with the late stages of
This document describes numerical and analytical models used to study vertical solute transport processes in a domed peat bog in Switzerland. The models test the hypothesis that downward porewater flow from bog crests controls vertical solute distributions. The models show that before 7000 years ago, diffusion from underlying soils dominated solute transport. Between 7000-1250 years ago, both diffusion and downward advection influenced transport. After 1250 years ago, downward advection likely dominated as the bog dome grew and porewater flow patterns changed over time. Solute transport in peat bogs is controlled by both downward advection and upward diffusion, influenced by bog hydrology and stratigraphy.
This thesis studied the history of dune activity along the Elkhorn River in northeastern Nebraska. Twenty-four optical luminescence ages from dunes revealed periods of activity less than 120 years ago, around 410-630 years ago, around 1000 years ago, and around 3,800 to 5,800 years ago. These periods align with some but not all major dune activation events in the Nebraska Sand Hills. The dunes likely formed due to drought-induced changes in sediment supply from the Elkhorn River, demonstrating that megadroughts had impacts beyond the Sand Hills.
Porosity Estimation Using Wire-Line Log to Depth in Niger Delta, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Porosity modeling was carried out in oil-wells of stacked reservoirs in south-east Niger Delta using
gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic logs to determine lithologies and porosities. Lithologies of the formation were
identified as sand and shale. Porosity values range from 0.013% to 94.08%. Porosity decreases with depth in
normal compacted formation for the two wells .The following porosity equation has been modeled for the study
area, Z = -3E-05Øz + 0.5785. This implies that, in the absence of core samples, porosity, φz can be estimated at
any depth, Z in the area of study. The results of the porosity modeling can be applied in petroleum evaluation
and overpressure prediction. It may also be useful for sedimentary basin analysis of the region.
The document provides an overview of the Yamal LCLUC Project and the objectives of a meeting. It summarizes that the project examines linkages between greening trends in the Arctic, impacts on reindeer herding Nenets people, and regional sea ice conditions. Field research and modeling is conducted along a bioclimate transect on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia to understand how changing patterns of sea ice may affect terrestrial ecosystems and indigenous populations with increasing oil/gas development and climate change. The agenda outlines presentations on natural systems, remote sensing results, field expedition reports, and modeling over three days.
Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of ...Premier Publishers
Palaeoenvironmental analysis was carried out on eighty (80) ditch cutting samples of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene sediments from two wells (well C consist of 13 samples collected at 30metres interval from depth range of 2410 -2770m while well F consists of 67 samples collected at 20metres from depth range of 2000-3320m) in the Northern Depobelt of the Tertiary Niger Delta. This study was carried out using standard micropalaeontological sample procedures and analysis as well as interpretation of the foraminiferal biofacies assemblages taking into consideration the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative method involved comparison of the recovered foraminifera with extant forms while the quantitative method involved the use of tau index, palaeowater depth (Pwd), percent of calcerous to arenaceous benthic foraminifera ratios (%FOBC: %FOBA), Fisher diversity and foraminifera/ ostracoda ratio. The palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that the sediments were deposited in a non-marine to outer neritic environmental setting with salinity conditions fluctuating between normal marine and slightly hypersaline.
Greening of the Arctic: An IPY initiative
1-Rationale and overview of the GOA initiative.
2-North American Arctic Transect.
3-Yamal Russia Transect.
4-Circumpolar analysis of 28-year trends of sea-ice concentration, land-surface temperatures and greening patterns
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variabilityScott St. George
Large-scale low-frequency variability has emerged as a priority for climate research, but instrumental observations are not long enough to characterize this behavior or gage its impacts on dependent geophysical or ecological systems. As the leading source of high-resolution paleoclimate information in the middle- and high-latitudes, tree rings are essential to understand low-frequency variability prior to the instrumental period. But even though tree rings possess several advantages as climate proxies, like other natural archives they also have their own particular impediments. In this lecture, Dr. St. George will describe the structure and characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring width network, and outline how the fingerprint of decadal and multidecadal climate variability encoded within ancient trees varies across the hemisphere.
1) Apatite samples from the Grand Canyon basement were analyzed using 4He/3He thermochronometry to constrain the near-surface cooling history associated with canyon incision.
2) Data from eastern Grand Canyon apatites indicate substantial canyon incision by ~70 million years ago, earlier than conventional models suggesting incision began 5-6 million years ago.
3) Similar data from western Grand Canyon provide evidence that it was excavated to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by ~70 million years ago, challenging the view that the entire canyon was carved only in the last 5-6 million years.
This document describes a Bayesian inversion approach to jointly interpret multiple seismic data types that provide information about anisotropic layering in the upper mantle. Surface wave dispersion curves, SKS splitting measurements, and receiver functions are traditionally interpreted separately, but sample different volumes of the Earth and have different sensitivities and uncertainties. The proposed method directly inverts seismograms for SKS and P phases using a cross-convolution approach, avoiding intermediate processing steps. A transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme obtains probabilistic 1-D seismic velocity profiles down to 350 km depth beneath two stations, treating the number of layers and presence of anisotropy as unknown parameters. For both stations, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is clearly visible and marked by
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It derives from Greek words meaning "earth" , "form" , and "discourse". Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do by studying landform history and dynamics through field observation, experiments, and modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within several related fields and the early studies form the basis of pedology, a branch of soil science. The scope of geomorphology includes describing and interpreting the Earth's relief features from minor landforms to major structures like ocean basins and continents.
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
Geomorphological indicators of climate change zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
The document discusses various geomorphological indicators of climate change. It begins by introducing geomorphology and its subfields including climatic geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology, tropical geomorphology, periglacial geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, and coastal geomorphology. It then discusses specific geomorphological indicators of climate change such as lake growth at glacier margins as glaciers recede, increases in debris flows due to heavier rainfall, paraglacial adjustment of moraines as ice melts, increases in high altitude rock falls and avalanches, and ice falls and avalanches as glacial cover decreases. The document concludes by discussing indicators related to glacier change such as
The document summarizes research conducted by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources to develop geophysical techniques for locating high-quality rock sources for forest road construction. A team tested various techniques including seismic, electromagnetic, and electrical methods at three forest sites. They developed a classification system to correlate seismic velocity measurements with rock hardness properties. The research aims to more cost-effectively identify suitable rock without excavation, improving planning for timber harvesting.
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 recovered sediment cores from Site U1418 in the Gulf of Alaska dating to the Pleistocene (~0-0.3 Ma).
- Calcareous nannofossils were examined from 44 samples to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Abundances shifted around 100 ka from dominance by Gephyrocapsa to Coccolithus, likely related to changes in sea surface temperature or nutrients.
- Glacial periods like the Last Glacial Maximum (Stage 2) and penultimate glaciation (Stage 6) saw more Gephyrocapsa, while Coccolithus abundances were highest near the end of the last glacial
This study analyzed water level fluctuations in the Inglefield sandstone aquifer in southwestern Indiana. Hourly water level measurements from deep and shallow piezometers showed fluctuations up to 0.15 m over hours. Most of the fluctuations correlated inversely with barometric pressure changes, indicating barometric influence. The barometric efficiency was calculated to be 0.95, suggesting a rigid aquifer skeleton. After removing the barometric influence, the residual hydrographs still showed small-amplitude periodic fluctuations hypothesized to result from Earth tide stresses. Fourier analysis identified periodicities of 12.01 and 12.4 hours correlating with solar and lunar tides.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
Many of the decisions we make about environmental issues are based on experience. Whether we're setting limits for the use of scarce resources, estimating the risks posed by natural hazards, or deciding how to manage protected areas, our plans for the future often reflect our understanding of the past. The problem is that, when it comes to the environment, our society has a fairly short memory. In this presentation, Dr. St. George will discuss how the study of ancient trees is expanding our perspective on the natural history of the northern Plains and helping to answer questions about what the future may hold for Minnesota's environment.
This study sought to determine if patterns of microbial diversity in canopy soil patches are consistent with patterns of diversity on islands as described by island biogeography theory. The researcher collected soil samples from the ground and canopy of trees in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Microbial morphospecies were identified and diversity metrics were calculated and compared between ground and canopy soil. Canopy soil had significantly lower species richness than ground soil, supporting the idea that canopy patches limit microbial diversity. However, other diversity patterns did not fully match island biogeography predictions, and ground-canopy microbial communities were more similar than expected. This suggests that movement between ground and canopy may not form as strong a barrier to microbial dispersal as the theory predicts.
Castellano by ancient mosaics 2015 CatalogPaul Knutson
This document provides information about the Castellano Collection, including:
- Contact information and showroom locations for Castellano Collection headquarters in Ft. Pierce, FL and Chicago, IL.
- An overview of the three artisanal groups that comprise the Castellano Collection: Ancient Mosaic Studios, Piage & Pieta Art Stone, and Castellano Furniture.
- Images and specifications for various outdoor furniture products from different Castellano Collection brands like Breakers, Catalina, and Princeton.
Bishal Kumar Pradhan is a self-motivated professional with over 7 years of experience in customer support, quality assurance, sales, data analysis, finance, administration, and HR support. He currently works as an HR support/administrator/finance professional in Dubai, UAE. Previously, he worked as a customer service representative and quality analyst for a UK-based insurance client in Bangalore, India. He has a proven track record of excellent client service and managing workload in fast-paced environments.
Greening of the Arctic: An IPY initiative
1-Rationale and overview of the GOA initiative.
2-North American Arctic Transect.
3-Yamal Russia Transect.
4-Circumpolar analysis of 28-year trends of sea-ice concentration, land-surface temperatures and greening patterns
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variabilityScott St. George
Large-scale low-frequency variability has emerged as a priority for climate research, but instrumental observations are not long enough to characterize this behavior or gage its impacts on dependent geophysical or ecological systems. As the leading source of high-resolution paleoclimate information in the middle- and high-latitudes, tree rings are essential to understand low-frequency variability prior to the instrumental period. But even though tree rings possess several advantages as climate proxies, like other natural archives they also have their own particular impediments. In this lecture, Dr. St. George will describe the structure and characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring width network, and outline how the fingerprint of decadal and multidecadal climate variability encoded within ancient trees varies across the hemisphere.
1) Apatite samples from the Grand Canyon basement were analyzed using 4He/3He thermochronometry to constrain the near-surface cooling history associated with canyon incision.
2) Data from eastern Grand Canyon apatites indicate substantial canyon incision by ~70 million years ago, earlier than conventional models suggesting incision began 5-6 million years ago.
3) Similar data from western Grand Canyon provide evidence that it was excavated to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by ~70 million years ago, challenging the view that the entire canyon was carved only in the last 5-6 million years.
This document describes a Bayesian inversion approach to jointly interpret multiple seismic data types that provide information about anisotropic layering in the upper mantle. Surface wave dispersion curves, SKS splitting measurements, and receiver functions are traditionally interpreted separately, but sample different volumes of the Earth and have different sensitivities and uncertainties. The proposed method directly inverts seismograms for SKS and P phases using a cross-convolution approach, avoiding intermediate processing steps. A transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme obtains probabilistic 1-D seismic velocity profiles down to 350 km depth beneath two stations, treating the number of layers and presence of anisotropy as unknown parameters. For both stations, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is clearly visible and marked by
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It derives from Greek words meaning "earth" , "form" , and "discourse". Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do by studying landform history and dynamics through field observation, experiments, and modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within several related fields and the early studies form the basis of pedology, a branch of soil science. The scope of geomorphology includes describing and interpreting the Earth's relief features from minor landforms to major structures like ocean basins and continents.
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
Geomorphological indicators of climate change zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
The document discusses various geomorphological indicators of climate change. It begins by introducing geomorphology and its subfields including climatic geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology, tropical geomorphology, periglacial geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, and coastal geomorphology. It then discusses specific geomorphological indicators of climate change such as lake growth at glacier margins as glaciers recede, increases in debris flows due to heavier rainfall, paraglacial adjustment of moraines as ice melts, increases in high altitude rock falls and avalanches, and ice falls and avalanches as glacial cover decreases. The document concludes by discussing indicators related to glacier change such as
The document summarizes research conducted by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources to develop geophysical techniques for locating high-quality rock sources for forest road construction. A team tested various techniques including seismic, electromagnetic, and electrical methods at three forest sites. They developed a classification system to correlate seismic velocity measurements with rock hardness properties. The research aims to more cost-effectively identify suitable rock without excavation, improving planning for timber harvesting.
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 recovered sediment cores from Site U1418 in the Gulf of Alaska dating to the Pleistocene (~0-0.3 Ma).
- Calcareous nannofossils were examined from 44 samples to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Abundances shifted around 100 ka from dominance by Gephyrocapsa to Coccolithus, likely related to changes in sea surface temperature or nutrients.
- Glacial periods like the Last Glacial Maximum (Stage 2) and penultimate glaciation (Stage 6) saw more Gephyrocapsa, while Coccolithus abundances were highest near the end of the last glacial
This study analyzed water level fluctuations in the Inglefield sandstone aquifer in southwestern Indiana. Hourly water level measurements from deep and shallow piezometers showed fluctuations up to 0.15 m over hours. Most of the fluctuations correlated inversely with barometric pressure changes, indicating barometric influence. The barometric efficiency was calculated to be 0.95, suggesting a rigid aquifer skeleton. After removing the barometric influence, the residual hydrographs still showed small-amplitude periodic fluctuations hypothesized to result from Earth tide stresses. Fourier analysis identified periodicities of 12.01 and 12.4 hours correlating with solar and lunar tides.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
Many of the decisions we make about environmental issues are based on experience. Whether we're setting limits for the use of scarce resources, estimating the risks posed by natural hazards, or deciding how to manage protected areas, our plans for the future often reflect our understanding of the past. The problem is that, when it comes to the environment, our society has a fairly short memory. In this presentation, Dr. St. George will discuss how the study of ancient trees is expanding our perspective on the natural history of the northern Plains and helping to answer questions about what the future may hold for Minnesota's environment.
This study sought to determine if patterns of microbial diversity in canopy soil patches are consistent with patterns of diversity on islands as described by island biogeography theory. The researcher collected soil samples from the ground and canopy of trees in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Microbial morphospecies were identified and diversity metrics were calculated and compared between ground and canopy soil. Canopy soil had significantly lower species richness than ground soil, supporting the idea that canopy patches limit microbial diversity. However, other diversity patterns did not fully match island biogeography predictions, and ground-canopy microbial communities were more similar than expected. This suggests that movement between ground and canopy may not form as strong a barrier to microbial dispersal as the theory predicts.
Castellano by ancient mosaics 2015 CatalogPaul Knutson
This document provides information about the Castellano Collection, including:
- Contact information and showroom locations for Castellano Collection headquarters in Ft. Pierce, FL and Chicago, IL.
- An overview of the three artisanal groups that comprise the Castellano Collection: Ancient Mosaic Studios, Piage & Pieta Art Stone, and Castellano Furniture.
- Images and specifications for various outdoor furniture products from different Castellano Collection brands like Breakers, Catalina, and Princeton.
Bishal Kumar Pradhan is a self-motivated professional with over 7 years of experience in customer support, quality assurance, sales, data analysis, finance, administration, and HR support. He currently works as an HR support/administrator/finance professional in Dubai, UAE. Previously, he worked as a customer service representative and quality analyst for a UK-based insurance client in Bangalore, India. He has a proven track record of excellent client service and managing workload in fast-paced environments.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for a course on Introduction to Business (MGT211). It outlines 45 lessons covering topics such as organizational structures, business organizations, marketing, accounting, and finance. The lessons progress from introductory concepts to more specialized topics within each business discipline.
Butch Donald B. Jurial is a 29-year-old Filipino man seeking a position in a reputable company where he can contribute his knowledge and skills. He has over 10 years of work experience in management positions in retail stores, hotels, and consulting. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Biology and Nursing from Xavier University and Philippine Women's University. He is proficient in English and Microsoft Office applications.
Interactive mapping techniques invite students to connect with content to visualize information beyond mere location. Mapping challenges learners to think, develop literacy skills, and understand the complexity of global issues. It enables learners to seek new ways to look at information through a lens of inquiry-based analysis.
The document provides information about the Lakeland Skating Program including the Lakeland Skating Club, coaches, skating disciplines, the US Figure Skating test structure, competitions, and recommended guidelines. Skaters are encouraged to join the club, begin private lessons in moves and freestyle, and practice additional ice time to progress through the testing levels at their own pace with support from their coach.
The Ecuadorian shoreline is considered highly susceptible by impacts of tsunamis triggered by marine quakes or submarine landslides occurring close or nearby the subduction zone between the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates. Since 1877 one dozen known tsunamis have been witnessed along this coast, mostly related to short-distanced seismic activities (earthquakes between Mw 6.9 to 8.8). However, no evidence of these impacts has been recorded in the sedimentary stratigraphy on the Ecuadorian platform so far. Nonetheless, in the southwestern
part of the Gulf of Guayaquil, due to a biological, chemical, stratigraphic and geochronologic study of a few cored samples an anomalous horizon to the other sedimentary layers has been identified and recognized as a paleo-tsunami deposit. This layer having a thickness of up to 10 cm and up to 1100 meters away from the actual shore, demonstrates various criteria which confirm its origin such as deep sea foraminifera like Pullenia bulloides, run-up and backwash features, fragments of molluscs, which are absent in other sedimentary levels, matrix of weathered chlorite potentially originated by glauconite besides other. Geocronologic evidence together with the calculated sedimentation rate, implies that a the tsunami surged the coastal lowlands around Villamil Playas about 1250 ± 50 yrs ago and must have been a major event originated from the western or northwestern direction.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
This study uses magnetic surveying and modeling to determine the geometry of a mafic sill intruded into Cretaceous limestone at Dagger Mountain in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Magnetic data was collected across the sill and modeled as either flat, folded, or ring dike shapes. The flat sill model provided the best fit to the observed magnetic data, suggesting the sill was emplaced after Laramide folding of the surrounding rock. This supports intrusion around 31 million years ago during Basin and Range extension rather than forceful emplacement during the Laramide orogeny as previously thought. Further geophysical surveys and radiometric dating are needed to fully understand the emplacement of sills
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
This document summarizes evidence for environmental impacts caused by the ancient Maya civilization between 3000-1000 BP in Central America, termed the "Mayacene" or Maya Early Anthropocene. It discusses six stratigraphic markers that indicate this period of large-scale human-driven change: 1) "Maya Clay" deposits, 2) paleosol sequences, 3) increased carbon isotope ratios, 4) remains of Maya infrastructure, 5) chemical enrichment of soils, and 6) evidence of Maya-induced climate change. The Maya significantly altered local and regional ecosystems through vast urban and agricultural infrastructure, including reservoirs, fields, and forest clearing, though at least 40% of forests remained intact. Their impacts on hydrology, soils,
Prompt What is the goal of education How successful is Ameri.docxamrit47
Prompt:
What is the goal of education? How successful is America’s educational system at achieving that goal for all of this nation’s children? Examine these questions through two in-class texts and one outside source.
Assignment Requirements:
1. You must have a clearly defined main point (thesis). The purpose of the paper is not to tell a story. Rather, use the readings and your analysis to prove a point or argue an idea.
2. For this paper you must examine the ideas of two readings from this unit and one outside source.
a. In-class readings: The authors all write about the education in some manner. You will choose two writers who help you address your thesis.
b. Outside source: A source not discussed in class that portrays or examines education. Consider consulting:
i. the media (movies, television, advertisements, etc.).
ii. magazines or newspaper articles
iii. appropriate internet sites
iv. journals (available through the library’s website)
3. You must include a minimum of six quotes from your sources, but make sure these references are relevant to your essay. Be sure to give distinctive details, descriptions, explanations, etc.
4. You must write about an issue, an idea, and not primarily about your personal experiences.
a. You may draw on personal knowledge to exemplify a point—indeed, that can be wonderful and effective‐‐, but your personal story should not take up the bulk of your essay.
5. Your paper should be five to eight pages typed, double spaced, 12 pt. Times New Roman font and have one inch margins all the way around. Your essay must also have an original title.
6. You must use MLA format/conventions for in- text citations and work cited page.
7. All final drafts of essays must be submitted onto turnitin.com by the due date. A printed copy of the essay must also be given to the instructor in class on the day due.
IN CLASS READING:
“Still Unequal, Still Separate” by Jonathan Kozol
“Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education” by Horace Mann
6 Quotations in total.
OUTSIDE SOURCE:
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/05/04/is-testing-students-the-answer-to-americas-education-woes
Geology
doi: 10.1130/G31017.1
2010;38;1067-1070Geology
G.C. Koteas, M.L. Williams, S.J. Seaman and G. Dumond
Granite genesis and mafic-felsic magma interaction in the lower crust
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This document discusses the provenance of quartz arenite sandstones from the early Paleozoic midcontinent region of the USA. The authors present new detrital zircon geochronology data from 15 Cambrian and Ordovician quartz arenite samples. They compare this to existing data from older sedimentary basins in the region, including the Huron basin and midcontinent rift deposits. Mixing models using the older basin zircon populations indicate the early Paleozoic sandstones represent mixtures derived primarily from erosion of these two source areas.
- The document describes granitoid plutons from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier region of Antarctica. It identifies two distinct suites: the older calc-alkaline Dry Valleys 1 suite dominated by the elongate and compositionally variable Bonney Pluton; and the younger alkali-calcic Dry Valleys 2 suite comprising discordant plutons and dyke swarms.
- Field observations and whole-rock geochemistry support this subdivision and indicate the suites were derived from different parent magmas. The Dry Valleys 1 suite resembles Cordilleran I-type granitoids derived from mantle/lower crust sources above an ancient subduction zone. The Dry Valleys 2 suite resembles Caledonian I
This document examines the correlation between dry density and porosity of rocks from the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. Rock samples were collected from locations between Grahamstown and Queenstown. Dry density was determined using buoyancy and porosity was calculated from particle and dry densities. Average dry densities ranged from 2.5258-2.7723 cm-3 and porosities ranged from 0.4931-3.3095%. A high correlation was found between dry density and porosity, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9491-0.9982. This correlation should be considered for engineering design related to the Karoo Supergroup rocks, such as casing selection for shale gas fracturing.
This lecture discusses bottom roughness in coastal environments. Bottom roughness varies over orders of magnitude from sediment grain size to large sand waves. Roughness elements include sediment grains (Nikuradse roughness), biogenic structures from benthic organisms, and ripples formed by sediment saltation or bedforms. Relationships are presented for predicting saltation roughness, ripple dimensions under waves or combined flows, and bedform type based on flow energy. Accurately estimating bottom roughness is important for hydrodynamic and sediment transport models.
Quartzite pebble and cobble-sized particles from an arenaceous siltstone with fine sandstone
lenses have been found at two localities in the Campos Gerais region, Apucarana Sub-Basin (Paraná Basin),
south Brazil. These particles were first interpreted as glacial diamictites, but their smooth surfaces and sur-rounding sediments indicate another origin. Two of the pebbles are associated with a small scale hummocky
cross stratification in the top layer, and with fine sandstone layers below, which is indicative of currents formed
by oscillatory flow. None of the particles show any traces of encrustation, and their morphology suggests they
have been formed in a fluviatle environment. The surrounding siltstone is affected by bioturbation and contain
brachiopods (Australospirifer). Palynomorphs indicate that these storm deposits were formed during an early
Emsian maximum inundation on a transgressive ravinement surface.
Keywords: Storm deposited particles, palynomorphs, early Emsian.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Archean continental crust formation and evolution. It discusses the following key points:
- Over 70% of present-day continental crust formed by the end of the Archean period, though Archean crust comprises less than 5% of exposed crust today. Understanding Archean crust formation constrains early Earth geodynamics.
- There are two main models for Archean tectonics - mobile lid plate tectonics operated similarly to today, or a stagnant lid with plumes dominated early Earth. Evidence supports aspects of both models, suggesting a dual tectonic regime may have operated.
- Tonalite-trondhjem
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
This document summarizes a study that experimentally trawled plots of unconsolidated sandy sediments along the central California coast to examine the ecological effects of bottom trawling on fish habitat structure. The study applied low and high trawling intensity treatments based on historical fishing effort in the area. Video and photos collected before and after trawling showed scour marks from trawl doors persisted for a year, and some smoothing of the seafloor, though differences between trawled and untrawled plots were only statistically significant during one sampling period. There were no significant differences in structure-forming or mobile invertebrates between trawled and untrawled plots. The results indicate bottom trawling with small-footrope
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that proposes a new hypothesis for the origin of intraplate volcanism. The study suggests that some intraplate volcanic activity, like the Steens-Columbia River flood basalt, can be explained by tearing of subducting tectonic plates as they slow down, which allows rapid mantle upwelling. While this model may explain some cases of intraplate magmatism, it does not fully account for all aspects of some systems like Yellowstone, so the relationship between plate tectonics and intraplate volcanism remains an area of ongoing research.
Is homo sapiens a key species in an ecological system?Ernst Satvanyi
About the role of the species Homo Sapiens in environment. The postulate of human ecology can help us to better understand the connections between Homo Sapiens as a key species and its natural environment in order to ensure the sustainability of ecological systems.
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
Chronology, stratigraphy and geometry of an ice dammed paleolake depression i...Fundació Marcel Chevalier
This document summarizes research on the Navamuño depression located in the Sierra de Béjar in western Spain. A variety of geological, geophysical, and geomorphological studies were conducted to understand the origin and sediment fill of the depression. The studies found the depression was formed by tectonic extension along the Puerto de Navamuño strike-slip fault. Glacial activity during the last ice age and post-glacial sedimentation filled the depression. Three sedimentary layers were identified, with the oldest layer of unknown origin and age below younger Pleistocene and Holocene layers. The research provides a chronology and model of formation for the ice-dammed depression within the complex tectonic context.
“The geological structures in the Bight basin and the possibility of petroleum” school exercise which I made in a group. This was one of our class subject.
Document is published in English, I hope the readers will get some effective information
Similar to 10-MilleretalGeology.full.K:Pg NJ pdf (20)
3. 868 GEOLOGY, October 2010
and Sea Girt) also provide constraints on the relationship of extinctions to
impact ejecta (Figs. 1 and 2).
METHODS
Iridium analyses at high spatial resolution are necessary to elucidate
the K-Pg boundary in detail. This requires Ir analysis on small samples
(1 g), which we accomplished using a NiS fire-assay technique modified
after Ravizza and Pyle (1997). Low procedural blanks (7 pg g–1
) combined
with high-sensitivity sector field inductively coupled plasma–mass spec-
trometry provide the detection limits (10 pg g–1
= 0.01 ppb) essential for
the quantification of Ir in 1 g sediment core samples. Standardization by
isotope dilution yields excellent procedural reproducibility (±5%, 2σ) for
even the lowest Ir concentrations (40–100 pg g–1
) found in background
samples. We used the resultant high-fidelity Ir data to quantify and locate
the Ir anomaly with respect to other stratigraphic features associated with
the K-Pg boundary.
RESULTS
Results from previous drilling at downdip (~60–100 m paleodepth)
Bass River, New Jersey, show a 6-cm-thick spherule (altered microtek-
tite) layer with common shocked quartz grains and carbonate accretionary
lapilli (Yancey and Guillemette, 2008) that separates uppermost Creta-
ceous from Paleogene sediments (Figs. 1 and 2; Olsson et al., 1997, 2002).
Uppermost Cretaceous sediments underlie the spherules based on plank-
tonic foraminifera and assignment to the Palynodinium grallator dinocyst
and Micula prinsii nannofossil zones. Sediments immediately above the
spherule layer are assigned to lowermost Danian planktonic foraminiferal
zone P0 and include the first occurrence of the Danian dinoflagellate index
fossil Senoniasphaera inornata (Olsson et al., 1997, 2002; Norris et al.,
1999). The basal Danian contains a layer (~3 cm thick) of white clay rip-
up clasts containing uppermost Cretaceous foraminifera and dinocysts.
There is a modest Ir anomaly (~0.5 ppb) immediately above the spherule
bed associated with the clast layer and a large Ir anomaly (2.5 ppb) at its
base (Fig. 2). The global Ir anomaly is a result of stratospheric fallout and
should occur above ballistic deposits, as it does at ODP Site 1049 at Blake
Nose in the western North Atlantic (Norris et al., 1999), where the ejecta
also occur immediately above the marine mass extinction. Thus, the Ir
anomaly at the base of the spherule bed is interpreted as resulting from
displacement of Ir down section 6 cm by postdepositional processes (Ols-
son et al., 1997, 2002).
Other onshore New Jersey ODP sites have recovered less complete
K-Pg sections, though a clay clast layer is found in most New Jersey
coastal plain sites above the K-Pg boundary. Hole A at Ancora (Miller et
al., 1999b) recovered white clay clasts and reworked spherules; a distinct
spherule layer is absent. By contrast, Ancora Hole B contains a spherule
layer, though the original microtektites have been redeposited. Although
biostratigraphically complete, the ODP Leg 174AX Site Millville (Sug-
arman et al., 2005) K-Pg boundary lacks impact spherules and shocked
UpperCretaceousNewEgyptFormationPaleogeneHornerstownFm.
ClayeyglauconitesandClayeyglauconitesand
veryheavilyburrowed
ClayeyglauconitesandClayeyglauconitesand
(Pinnalayerequivalent)
Meirs Farm 1
Iridium
Fecal pellets
(#/gram)
Iridium (ppb)
13
12
10 20 30
(m) (ft)
44
Spherule
bed
Burrowedglauconiticclay,richlyfossiliferous
Lithology
NewEgyptFormation
UppermostMaastrichtian
Glauconiticsiltyclay,
poorlyfossiliferous
HornerstownFm.
Danian
P0Pα
PF
Fecal pellets
(#/gram)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Depth
(cm above/below
K/Pg boundary)
Shocked
minerals
few many
Iridium (ppb*)
Iridium
Epifaunal echinoid
fecal pellets
*Note scale change
Bass River
P1aA.mayaroensiszone
0
+10
-10
40
Quartzsand
Indurated
zone
Red
clay
GlauconiticgreenclayGlauconiticclaytoclayeyglauconitesand
UpperCretaceous?TintonFormationPaleogeneHornerstownFormation
Buck Pit 1
Senoniasphaerainornata
5
6
(m) (ft)
Depth
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.1 0.3
40
41
42
43
Depth 0.3 0.5
22
21
23
24
25
26
27
(m)(ft)
7
8
Depth 0.1 0.3
Iridium (ppb)
Search Farm 1
Iridium
Epifaunal echinoid
fecal pellets
VerydarkgreenclayeyglauconitesandBlack,bioturbatedclayeyglauconitesand
PaleogeneHornerstownFormationUpperCretaceousNewEgyptFormation
0 2 4 6 8
Fecal pellets
(#/gram)
Clast
Unnamed
Iridium (ppb)
0.10.5
10
0.5
0
Epifaunal echinoid
fecal pellets
Figure 2. Other subsurface sections. Ir in parts per billion (ppb), fecal pellets in number/g of sediment, core photographs, lithology, and
formational assignment for Buck Pit 1 (40°14′18.79″N, 74°24′45.85″W), Search Farm 1 (40°05′29.20″N, 74°32′16.10″W), and Meirs Farm 1
(40°06′15.48″N, 74°31′37.48″W) coreholes. Note that scale for Ir at Bass River (Olsson et al., 1997) is greatly compressed relative to other
locations. Lowest occurrence of Senoniasphaera inornata is at base of green clay in adjacent Buck Pit outcrop (E. Rudolph, 1994, personal
commun.). K-Pg—Cretaceous-Paleogene.
on September 30, 2010geology.gsapubs.orgDownloaded from
4. GEOLOGY, October 2010 869
minerals. ODP Leg 174AX Site Sea Girt, spot cores from Parvin, New
Jersey, and outcrops at Sewell, New Jersey (Fig. 1), recovered clay clasts
but no spherules (Miller et al., 1999b, 2006). These findings reflect the
heterogeneity of preservation of spherules on the New Jersey coastal
plain. The pervasive white clay clasts are interpreted as rip-ups result-
ing from a tsunami that eroded the outer continental shelf and upper
slope (Olsson et al., 1997, 2002; Norris et al., 2000). The clasts contain
Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera and a diverse outer neritic benthic
foraminiferal assemblage; this contrasts with inner neritic environments
in the enveloping Hornerstown Formation, supporting tsunami erosion
of the outer shelf. This tsunami was due to slope failure triggered by
earthquakes generated by the Chicxulub impact (Norris et al., 2000; Ols-
son et al., 2002) and is distinct from the impact-generated mega-tsunami
that reworked sediments in the Gulf of Mexico but was blocked from the
open Atlantic (Norris et al., 2000).
We compare our new outcrop and corehole studies with previous
results from outcrop and the Bass River corehole (Figs. 1 and 2). The
Tighe Park 1 corehole is adjacent to (~190 m) the Agony Creek type sec-
tion of the Pinna bed and faithfully reproduces the stratigraphy in the out-
crop (Fig. 1; Table DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1
). Meirs Farm 1,
Buck Pit 1, and Search Farm 1 cores (Fig. 2) provide a slightly different
physical stratigraphy, with generally finer-grained sediments than Tighe
Park I (Table DR1). Local lithologic variations are complex spanning the
boundary: a basal Danian burrowed glauconite sand of the Hornerstown
Formation overlies various lithologies, including clayey glauconite sands
and glauconitic clays (Navesink and New Egypt Formations) and mostly
indurated quartz sands (Tinton Formation)(Table DR1). Biostratigraphic
control on the shallow coreholes is limited because of the absence of cal-
careous microfossils, though dinocyst and macrofossil data allow confi-
dent placement of the K-Pg boundary (Table DR1). Downdip cores from
Bass River and Ancora allow firm identification of the K-Pg boundary
using calcareous and dinocyst microfossils (Fig. 2). The contrasting litho-
facies spanning the K-Pg boundary at these sites allows us to test the rela-
tionships among Ir, lithology, and impact-related features.
We measured Ir and compared it to the basic stratigraphy outlined
earlier herein and to counts of echinoid fecal pellets. The appearance
of epifaunal echinoid fecal pellets is a distinct lowermost Danian strati-
graphic horizon that is used to correlate Tighe Park outcrops to Meirs
Farm 1, Search Farm 1, Buck Pit 1, and Bass River coreholes (Fig. 2).
We suggest that the dramatic decrease in export production following the
extinction event (D’Hondt, 2005) resulted in increased burrowing and
benthic bulldozing.
The Tighe Park 1 corehole (Fig. 1) shows an Ir anomaly below the
sandy Pinna bed (i.e., it occurs in uppermost Cretaceous sediments),
confirming the relationship observed between Ir and the Pinna bed in
the adjacent outcrop (Landman, et al., 2007) and apparently predating
the extinctions. At Meirs Farm 1, the Ir anomaly occurs in clay-rich sedi-
ments containing a white clay clast layer correlated to the interval above
the extinctions at Bass River (Fig. 2). At Buck Pit 1, the Ir anomaly also
occurs in clay-rich sediments and is associated with the lowest occur-
rence of Senoniasphaera inornata, a marker for the base of the Danian.
At Search Farm 1, the anomaly occurs just above a Cucullaea vulgaris
layer, an abundant species in the Pinna bed at Tighe Park, and is associ-
ated with an increase in fecal pellets. Thus, Meirs Farm 1, Buck Pit 1,
and Search Farm 1 show that the Ir anomaly is basal Danian and that it
immediately postdates the extinctions. At Bass River, the Ir anomaly is
at the base of the spherule layer, 8 cm below the white clay clast layer,
but it clearly still postdates the extinctions of Cretaceous planktonic
foraminifera.
Comparisons of these sections show that in clay-rich sections, the Ir
anomaly correlates with the extinctions, but in sandier sections, the Ir is
found 6 cm (Bass River) to 20 cm (Tighe Park) lower. The Ir anomaly at
Tighe Park 1 is a sharp peak at a redox boundary that occurs 20 cm below
the appearance of Danian dinocysts; this is similar to Bass River, where
the anomaly occurs 6 cm below the appearance of Danian foraminifera
and dinocysts. This differs from the other three sites, where broader Ir
peaks are associated with the appearance of Danian dinocysts (Buck Pit 1)
or the up-section increase in fecal pellets (Search Farm 1, Meirs Farm 1)
that correlates with the appearance of Danian foraminifera and dinocysts.
Originally considered relatively immobile, postdepositional mobi-
lization/focusing of Ir and other platinum group elements is now well
established. Nonimpact Ir (terrestrial) associated with authigenic Fe-Mn
can be reduced, solubilized, mobilized (20 cm), and deposited at redox
boundaries (Colodner et al., 1992). Modest Ir anomalies at the Devonian-
Carboniferous boundary are attributed to focusing of terrestrial Ir by redox
conditions during deposition and/or early diagenesis (Wang et al., 1993).
Although Ir may be mobilized and redeposited up to 1 m from its origi-
nal location, evidence for an extraterrestrial source can be provided by
chondritic Ir/Pt ratios associated with the K-Pg Ir anomaly (Norris et al.,
2000; Robinson et al., 2009). As an example of this, Ir at Bass River was
mobilized after initial deposition at the top of the permeable spherule layer
and concentrated at the base of the spherule layer at an aquiclude. We
suggest that this explanation similarly applies to the type section of the
Pinna bed at Tighe Park, where the Ir was mobilized, percolated through
the sandy Pinna bed, and accumulated in a 2-cm-thick zone at a distinct
contact on top of the indurated Tinton Formation, also an aquiclude. The
mobilization and redeposition of Ir were likely due to differences in redox
potential (Colodner et al., 1992). Ir is likely mobilized up and down sec-
tion, but accumulates only where the sediments become more oxidizing
(e.g., at the base of the spherule layer at Bass River and Pinna bed at Tighe
Park 1). Thus, our studies strongly suggest that the Ir has been mobilized
at Tighe Park and Bass River, weakening the case for the hypothesis that
the extinctions postdate impact. We cannot refute the alternate hypothesis
that the Pinna bed could be a unique survivor layer. However, considering
that the Ir anomaly at Tighe Park/Agony Creek is displaced, as it is at Bass
River, there is no evidence to support this hypothesis. We suggest that the
mobility of Ir requires caution when using the Ir anomaly alone as a pre-
cise means of global correlation.
The Ir anomaly at Tighe Park, Buck Pit 1, Search Farm 1, and Meirs
Farms 1 is significantly lower (~0.5 ppb) than at Bass River (~2.5 ppb)
or other locations (Smit, 1999). Because the input of Ir was due to rapid
atmospheric fallout, the lower values observed are not due to dilution by
sedimentation rate differences, but must be due to bioturbation, vertical
mixing, or pore-water mobility of the signal. Baseline Ir concentrations
tend to have different values below and above the anomaly, suggesting dif-
ferential up/down mobility of impact Ir over approximately a meter scale.
CONCLUSION
The end Cretaceous mass extinction was predated by a large cool-
ing and sea-level fall at the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (71.5 Ma)
(e.g., Miller et al., 1999a), a latest Cretaceous warming ~0.5 m.y. before
the boundary, a minor cooling just prior to (tens of thousands of years) the
extinction (Olsson et al., 2002), and massive volcanism associated with
the Deccan Traps (e.g., Keller, et al., 2008). Sea level fell slowly during
the Maastrichtian, with a gradual fall across the boundary and a major
fall ~0.5 m.y. after the boundary. These tumultuous Maastrichtian climatic
events undoubtedly contributed to a decline in species diversity prior to the
K-Pg boundary, but the evidence is clear: impact-related spherules and an
Ir anomaly are associated with the mass extinction of the marine plankton
1
GSA Data Repository item 2010244, Table DR1 (lithologies and age in-
formation from the boreholes discussed in the text), is available online at www
.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2010.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or
Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
on September 30, 2010geology.gsapubs.orgDownloaded from
5. 870 GEOLOGY, October 2010
(Fig. 2) and, by extension, the shallow-water invertebrates, marine verte-
brates, and terrestrial vertebrates.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank G. Ravizza for advice about Ir extraction, E. Boyle for the enriched
Ir spike, E. Rudolph for dinocyst data, S. Esmeray for discussions, R. Norris and
two anonymous reviewers for comments, the New Jersey Geological Survey, the
U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Region Mapping Team drillers for collecting the
cores, L. Campo, D. Meirs, W. Search, W. Stone, and the staff of Tighe Park for
access, and funding by National Science Foundation grant EAR-070778. We thank
N. Landman and R. Johnson for comments.
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Printed in USA
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