The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of fluid and electrolyte maintenance related handicaps and physiological changes in early neonatal period and its management in brief.
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of fluid and electrolyte maintenance related handicaps and physiological changes in early neonatal period and its management in brief.
Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
Recurrent diarrhea is associated with many a number of complications. Out of them dehydration,malnutrition ,failure to thrive, electrolyte imbalances, micro nutrient deficiencies (vitamins & minerals) and severe systemic infections. Here an extensive description is given about these and the relevant management facts are given then and there.
Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
HOSPITALIZATION: Effect on children and their parentsShivani Thakur
The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual's status in the world.
Nurse can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings.
Recurrent diarrhea is associated with many a number of complications. Out of them dehydration,malnutrition ,failure to thrive, electrolyte imbalances, micro nutrient deficiencies (vitamins & minerals) and severe systemic infections. Here an extensive description is given about these and the relevant management facts are given then and there.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. WATER BALANCE
• MECHANISM OF FLUID Movement
• Maintaining water balance
• Changes in fluid volume related to growth
• Water balance in infants
3
4. • INFANT AND YOUNG CHILDREN are at high risk for fluid and
electrolyte imbalance . which of the following factors contribute to
this vulnerability:
• decreased body surface area
• Lower metabolic rate
• Mature kidney function
• Increased ECF volume
4
5. Water balance in infants
• Body surface area
• Metabolic rate
• Kidney function
• Fluid requirement
5
8. DISTRIBUTION OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
• Disturbances of fluid and their solute concentration are closely
interrelated.
• Alterations in fluid volume affect the electrolyte component and
change in electrolyte concentration influence fluid movment
8
10. DEHYTRATION
• Dehydration is a common body fluid disturbance encountered in the
nursing care of infants and children
• It occurs whenever the total output of fluid exceeds the total intake
regardless of the underlying cause.
• Although dehydration can result from lack of oral intake (especially in
elevated environmental temperature )more often it is a result of
abnormal losses such as those that occur in vomiting or dehydration.
10
14. DIAGNOSIS EVALUTION
• To initiate a therapeutic plan several factors must be determined:
• The degree of dehydration based on physical assessment
• The type of dehydration
• Initial plasma sodium concentrations
• Serum bicarbonate concentration
• Any associated electrolyte
• Asid-baseimbalances
14
16. Parenteral fluid therapy
A. Initial therapy is used to expand ECF volume quickly and to improve
circulatory and renal function
B. Subsequent therapy is used to replace deficit
C. The final phase of therapy allows the patient to return to normal
16
19. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
IN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DITURBANCES
• ASSESMENT
• HISTORY
• CLINICAL OBSERVATION
• INTAKE AND OUTPUTE MEASUMENT
19
20. CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
•DIARRHEA
•VOMITING
•SHOCK
•BURNS
20
21. DIARRHEA
21
Diarrhea is a symptom that result from disorders
involving digestive ,absorptive , and secretory function
Diarrhea is caused by abnormal intestinal
water and electrolyte transport
In the U.S approximately 200000children younger than age 5 are
hospitalized and approximately 200 children younger than 5
years die of diarrhea and dehydration each year
22. TYPES OF DIARRHEA
22
Acute diarrhea :
Is defined as a sudden increase in frequency and a
change in consistency of stool ,often caused by an
infectious agent in the GI tract.
Usually self –limited<14 days duration
Chronic diarrhea:
Is an increase in stool frequency and increase water
content with a duration of more than 14 days.
It in often caused by chronic condition such as
malabsorption syndrome ,IBD.FOOD ALLERGY, OR
a result of inadequate management of acute diarrhea
23. Etiology OF DIARRHEA
• Most pathogens that cause diarrhea are spread by the fecal-oral route
through contaminated food or water or are spread from person to
person where there is close contact .
• Lack of clean water ,crowding ,poor hygiene , nutritional deficiency
and poor sanitation are major risk factors , especially for bacterial or
parasitic pathogens.
• The most common causes of acute GI are infectious agents ,viruses
bacteria , and parasites.
23
24. Etiology OF DIARRHEA
• Rotavirus disease is most severe in children 3 to 24 months of age.
• Children younger than 3 months of age have some protection from
the diseases because of maternally acquired antibodies.
• Salmonella infection has the highest occurrence in infants .
• Antibiotic administration is frequently associated with diarrhea
because antibitics alter the normal intestinal flora.
24
25. Therapeutic management
• The major goals in the management of acute diarrhea Include:
1. Assessment of fluid and electrolyte imbalance
2. Rehydration
3. Maintenance fluid therapy
4. Reintroduction of an adequate diet
25
30. Nursing care in vomiting
• Direct the management of vomiting toward detection and treatment
of the cause of the vomiting and prevention of complications such as
dehydration and malnutrition .
• Antiemetic drug may be indicated when the vomiting can be
anticipated ,is of limit duration ,and has a known cause.
• The cause of the vomiting determines the nursing care.
• Position the infant or childe to prevent aspiration.
• Emphasize the need for the child to brush the teeth.
• Monitor fluid and electrolytestatus
30
32. shock
Circulatory system failure to supply oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular
metabolic demands
• Hypovolemic shock
• Septic shock
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Anaphylaxis
32
33. Nursing care in shock
• Ventilatory support
• Establishing iv line
• Fluid administration
• Improvement of the pumping action of heart
• Hemodynamic monitoring
• The best position is flat with the leg elevated
• Medical therapy
33
34. Burns
❑Mortality from burns and scalds is low but morbidity (pain and scarring) is high.
❑Rates of injury are highest in the 12 to 24 month age group (44/100000/year)
❑Around half of these are scalds, almost all of which occur in the home.
❑Hot drinks, water on stoves, kettles and hot tap water are most commonly involved.
❑The severity of the burn is closely related to temperature of the liquid. Liquid at 60°C will burn
children in less than 5 seconds, compared with 10 minutes if the liquid is at 49°C.
❑Hot object burns also typically occur in the home and typically involve heaters, irons and
ovens.
34
38. 38
• Paediatric BSA
chart
• Child’s hand
• (palm and
adducted fingers)
• is 1% BSA
In Infant
1 X 9 for each arm.
2 X 9 for head
14% each lower limb
4 X 9 for trunk
Take 1% off head & add to legs for
each year of life >1
39. Nursing care in burns
39
Resuscitation
Burn (%) x Weight (kg) x 4 ml per day
Calculated from the time of the burn
Half in first 8 hours
Out put :1cc/kg/hr
Maintenance – as usual over 24 hours
40. ACIDE-BASIC IMBALANCE
• A disturbance of acid –base equilibrium in the direction of acidosis or
alkalosis may come about in a variety ways.
40
41. Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory acidosis result from diminished or inadequate pulmonary
ventilation that cause an elevation in plasma Pco2 and thus an
increased concentration of dissolved carbonic acid , wich leads to
elevated carbonic acid and hydrogen ion concentration.
• Metabolic compensation for this type usually performed by kidneys
41
42. RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
• respiratory alkalosis is caused by primary increase in the rate and
depth of pulmonary ventilation , resulting in unusually large amount
of carbon dioxide being exhaled.
• This reduce the plasma Pco2 and raises the PH
• Metabolic compensation for this type usually performed by kidneys
42
43. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
• Metabolic acidosis is lowered plasma PH caused by any process that
reduces the bicarbonate concentration .
• Compensation of metabolic acidosis is respiratory ,with alveolar
hyperventilation occurring immediately as the decrease in PH is
sensed the respiratory center.
43
44. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
• Metabolic alkalosis is represented by an elevated plasma PH that
occurs when there is a reduction in hydrogen ion concentration and
an excess of bicarbonate .
• Compensation of metabolic alkalosis is respiratory
• In children the most common causes of hydrogen ion depletion is loss
of HCL incident to hypertrophic pyloric stenosis . the infant product
large amount of HCL which is vomited with repeated feeding .
• HCL is also lost in gastric tube drainage.
44
48. Hyponatremia nursing care
▪Determine and treat cause of sodium deficit
▪Administer iv fluid appropriate saline concentration
▪Monitoring
▪Check I & O
48
50. Hypernatremia nursing care
▪Determine and treat cause of sodium excess
▪Administer iv fluid appropriate saline concentration
▪Monitoring
▪Check I & O
▪Monitor laboratory data
▪Monitor neurologic statuse
50
52. Hypokalemia nursing care
▪ Determine and treat cause of potassium deficit
▪ Monitor vital signs including ECG
▪ ADMINISTER supplemental potassium(assess for adequate renal output before
administer)
▪ For iv replacement ,administer potassium slowly .always monitor ECG
▪ EVALUATE acid-base statuse
52
54. Hyperkalemia nursing care
▪Determine and treat cause of potassium excess
▪Monitor vital signs including ECG
▪Monitor potassium level
▪EVALUATE acid-base statuse
▪Administer iv fluid
▪Adminsiter iv insulin to facilitate movement of potassium into cell
54
55. Hypocalcemia manifestations
▪calcium concentration < 8.8 mEq /L
▪Tetany
▪Cardiac arrest
▪Hypotention
▪Increase serum protein level
▪Change in clotting
▪Laryngospasm
▪Tingling of nose ,ears,fingertip,toes
55
56. Hypocalcemia nursing care
▪Determine and treat cause of calcium deficit
▪Administer calcium supplements
▪Monitor iv site
▪Monitor serum protein level
▪Avoid cow milk in infants younger than 12 month
56