Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
meniere disease is the inner ear condition which affect the patient haring and balance this ppt can help the nurses to take care of the patient affected with this disease and can be used as a study material for their examination
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
Epistaxis and its surgical and nursing managementbhartisharma175
epitaxis- its types, causes, sign and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management and nursing management and its complication.it consist of images that will help in easy understanding of the topic. language is also easy to understand.
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
meniere disease is the inner ear condition which affect the patient haring and balance this ppt can help the nurses to take care of the patient affected with this disease and can be used as a study material for their examination
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
Epistaxis and its surgical and nursing managementbhartisharma175
epitaxis- its types, causes, sign and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management and nursing management and its complication.it consist of images that will help in easy understanding of the topic. language is also easy to understand.
it is bleeding disorder of upper respiratory tract , it can cause by the weather change ,nose crusting etc . if minor bleeding have to manage at home ,and sever we can manage in hospital .
Nosebleeds can be dramatic and frightening. Luckily, most nosebleeds are not serious and can be handled fairly easily. They are divided into two types, depending on whether the bleeding is coming from the anterior (front of the nose) or posterior (back of the nose).
Oxygen therapy has been in use for centuries. Oxygen)(O2) is gas used as a drug/medication and a such should be prescribed and administered in the right manner with regards to presenting indications for it's use[1]; which is always in the case of hypoxaemia[2]. It has side effects and specific risks, but, with objective monitoring and administration, it is a potent therapy for the patient with respiratory condition
Other indications include:
Increased work of breathing
Increased myocardial work and/or Myocardial infarction
Pulmonary hypertension[5]
Pre-oxygenation in induction and difficult intubation.
Pre and post suctioning[6]
Postoperative oxygenation especially in abdominal and chest surgeries[7]
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy indicated in decompression sickness, gas embolism, gas gangrene and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Anaemic Hypoxia : it’s benefits is limited due circulatory deficit[8].
In aerosol drug delivery.
GENERAL EXAMINATION
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
On observation kindly check for symptoms like:
1. Decreased level of consciousness: seen in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
2. Obvious scars: check previous abdominal surgery.
3. Pallor: Suggestive of underlying anaemia (e.g. erythropoietin deficiency).
4. Shortness of breath: may be due to pulmonary oedema secondary to advanced renal disease.
5. Oedema: typically presents as swelling of the limbs (e.g. pedal oedema) and abdomen (i.e. ascites). In the context of a renal system examination, possible causes could include nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease (due to anuria).
6. Cachexia: muscle loss that is not entirely reversed with nutritional supplementation associated with end-stage renal failure due to protein-energy wasting (PEW).
7. Uraemic complexion: a yellow colour of the skin caused by uraemia in advanced chronic kidney disease.
8. Cushingoid appearance: facial puffiness and weight gain may be due to the use of high dose corticosteroids for renal transplant immunosuppression or glomerulonephritis.
he water to be used for the preparation of haemodialysis fluids needs treatment to achieve the appropriate quality. The water treatment is provided by a water pre-treatment system which may include various components such as sediment filters, water softeners, carbon tanks, micro-filters, ultraviolet disinfection units, reverse osmosis units, ultrafilters and storage tanks. The components of the system will be determined by the quality of feed water and the ability of the overall system to produce and maintain appropriate water quality.
ntubation is a process where a healthcare provider inserts a tube through a person's mouth or nose, then down into their trachea (airway/windpipe). The tube keeps the trachea open so that air can get through. The tube can connect to a machine that delivers air or oxygen.
RAPID SEQUENCE INTUBATION:
Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a set of actions during induction of anaesthesia in unfasted patients or patients at risk of aspiration/regurgitation of gastric contents.
INDUCTIION AGENT:
Induction agents (sedatives) are integral to the performance of rapid sequence intubation (RSI). They provide amnesia, blunt sympathetic responses, and can improve intubating conditions.
CRICHOID PRESSURE:
Cricoid pressure is applied by an assistant using the thumb and second finger; the first finger stabilizes the thumb and finger on the cricoid ring. press directly backwards at a force of 20-30 newtons against the cervical vertebrae.
endotracheal tube selection
Endotracheal tube selection for male is 8.0 and for female is 7.5
Formula for endotracheal tube children in paediatrics is
[(Age/4) + 4] for uncuffed tubes
[(Age/4) +3.5] for cuffed tubes
Immunization is defined as the procedure in which vaccine is injected into body to produce immunity against specifics diseases or it’s a process of protecting person from diseases by vaccination.
• Vaccine term was coined by Louis pasteur.
• Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by certain pathogens.
• Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms.
• The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or by activation of T lymphocytes.
• Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox virus.
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) was defined as per the Center of Disease Control (CDC) as a pneumonia that occurs in a patient who was intubated and ventilated at the time of or within 48 h before the onset of the event. Pneumonia was identified using a combination of radiological, clinical, and laboratory criteria
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly the legs.[2][a] Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, or warmth of the affected area. About half of cases have no symptoms. Complications may include pulmonary embolism, as a result of detachment of a clot which travels to the lungs, and post-thrombotic syndrome.[2][3]
Risk factors include recent surgery, cancer, trauma, lack of movement, obesity, smoking, hormonal birth control, pregnancy and the period following birth, antiphospholipid syndrome, and certain genetic conditions. Genetic factors include deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S, and factor V Leiden mutation. The underlying mechanism typically involves some combination of decreased blood flow rate, increased tendency to clot, and injury to the blood vessel wall.
The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle (myocardial contractility). However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle (ventricular hypertrophy) can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle (myocardial infarction) can decrease it.
Blood product transfusion and massive transfusionpankaj rana
Blood transfusion
Plastic bag 0.5–0.7 liters containing packed red blood cells in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA) solution
Plastic bag with 0.5–0.7 liters containing packed red blood cells in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA) solution
ICD-9-CM 99.0
MeSH D001803
OPS-301 code 8-80
MedlinePlus 000431
[edit on Wikidata]
Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets.
Dengue virus rarely causes death. However, the infection can progress into a more serious condition known as severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever. Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever include: bleeding under the skin. frequent vomiting.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions when someone with the MH gets general anesthesia. MH is passed down through families. Hyperthermia means high body temperature.
History taking (History of Physical Examination)pankaj rana
A History of Physical Examination Texts and the Conception of Bedside Diagnosis. ... Throughout this paper we construct a difference between a “bedside diagnosis,” made when the physician and patient are in each other's presence, and a “remote diagnosis,” made when the patient and physician are separated.
In hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare settings, possible sources of
violence include patients, visitors, intruders, and even coworkers. Examples include
verbal threats or physical attacks by patients, a distraught family member who may
be abusive or even become an active shooter, gang violence in the emergency department,
a domestic dispute that spills over into the workplace, or coworker bullying.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (more widely used modified or revised scale).
Cardiac tamponade
Synonyms Pericardial tamponade
Hemorragic effusion.jpg
A very large pericardial effusion resulting in tamponade as a result of bleeding from cancer as seen on ultrasound. Closed arrow - the heart; open arrow - the effusion
Specialty Cardiac surgery
Symptoms Shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, cough[1]
Usual onset Rapid or more gradual[2]
Causes Cancer, kidney failure, chest trauma, pericarditis, tuberculosis[2][1]
Diagnostic method Symptoms and ultrasound of the heart[2]
Treatment Drainage (pericardiocentesis, pericardial window, pericardiectomy)[2]
Frequency 2 per 10,000 per year (US)[3]
Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart) builds up, resulting in compression of the heart.
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Epistaxis is common in children. In infant
almost 30% of children.
From 0 to 5 year old have epistaxis of nose
bleed 56% for 6to10yr old children and 64% of
11to15yr old child.
3. When one or two small veins in the nose
erupt the resulting condition is nosebleed or
epistaxis
Bleeding occur usually from anterior-
inferior portion of the cartilaginous nasal
septum due to run capillary vasculature in
this zone know as little area or kiesselbach’s
plexus.
4.
5. Recurrent Epistaxis:- in recurrent nose
bleeds the episode of bloods happens only at
certain periods of time. Recurrent nosebleed
can be occur in seasonal patter. Its most
happen when the weather get hot and dry.
Constant Epistaxis:- this is type of
nosebleed that happens for a longer period
of time. The bleeding is continuously occur.(
45min)
6. Sudden epistaxis:- These are nosebleeds which
could happen anytime of the day, regardless of
the activity of the child. Whether the child
resting or playing.
Chronic epistaxis:- condition that are
continuously experienced for more then
6month. Chronic bleeding happen as result of a
chronic disease this include. Chronic liver or
kidney disease, vascular malformation, long
term use medication.
7. Heavy nosebleed:- heavy nosebleeds pertain
to episodes where there is a significant
amount of blood coming out of the nose.
Only this type is seen immediate first aid
treatment must be employed.
8. The common causes of children are
Major trauma
Nose picking
Foreign body in the nose
Nasal injury
Nasal polyp
Rhinitis
Nasal diphtheria
Nasopharyngeal tumors
Nasal spry abuse
Hot summer month
9. Other systemic causes:-
Leukemia
Hemophilia
Ingestion of aspirin
Vitamin K deficiency
Ca deficiency
Nephritis
Solar radiation
Acute infections
Thrombocytopenia
10. Anterior epistaxis
More common
Mostly from Little’s
area or anterior part of
lateral wall
Mostly occurs in
children or young adults
Mostly trauma
Usually mild, can be
easily controlled by
local pressure or
anterior pack
Posterior epistaxis
Less common
Mostly from
posterosuperior part of
nasal cavity
After 40 years of age
Spontaneous; often due to
hypertension or
arteriosclerosis
Bleeding is severe,
requires hospitalization;
postnasal pack often
required
11. Signs of excessive blood loss include:
dizziness
weakness
confusion
fainting
13. Blood pressure
Complete blood count
Coagulation studies
Angiography
Endoscopy
MRI
X ray
14. First aid measures:-
Keep the patient quiet
Place the patient in a sitting position,
leaning forward, semifowler position.
Apply direct pressure by pinching the entire
soft lower portion of the nose for 10
tom15min.
Apply icepack to the nose and check area.
Loosing clothes and giving reassurance.
Partially insert a small gauze pad into the
nose.
15. Bleeding nostril and apply digital pressure if
bleeding continues.
Take medical treatment if bleeding dose not
stop.
16. Identification of bleeding sit by a nasal
speculum or headlight.
Little’s area- pinching the nose with thumb
and index finger for about 5 minutes-
compression of vessels
23. Cotton tempon
Suction to remove the blood clots
Radiologic embolization of the artery
Ligation of the internal maxillary artery.
24. Monitor vital signs.
Assisting in the control of bleeding .
Provide tissue paper and cotton.
To instructed child to avoid aspiration of
blood.
Nasal packing may alter respiration status so
closely monitor respiratory rate, heart rate,
rhythm, LOC
Instruct the child to avoid vigorous nasal
blowing, strenuous activity, or lifting
straining for4-6 weak.
25. Also instructed to avoid nasal blowing or
picking nose after nosebleed,
Instructions to be given to the parents to
apply lubricant to nasal septum twice daily
to reduce dryness.
Advice to were loose garments