Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, is common in children, particularly affecting 30% of infants, with increased prevalence in older age groups. Types of epistaxis include recurrent, constant, sudden, and chronic, with various causes ranging from minor trauma to systemic diseases. First aid and treatment options are available depending on the severity and type of bleeding, including direct pressure, nasal packing, and medical intervention.

1. PRESENTED BY
PANKAJ SINGH RANA
NURSE PRACTITIONER IN
CRITICAL CARE

2.  Epistaxis is common in children. In infant
almost 30% of children.
From 0 to 5 year old have epistaxis of nose
bleed 56% for 6to10yr old children and 64% of
11to15yr old child.

3.  When one or two small veins in the nose
erupt the resulting condition is nosebleed or
epistaxis
Bleeding occur usually from anterior-
inferior portion of the cartilaginous nasal
septum due to run capillary vasculature in
this zone know as little area or kiesselbach’s
plexus.

5.  Recurrent Epistaxis:- in recurrent nose
bleeds the episode of bloods happens only at
certain periods of time. Recurrent nosebleed
can be occur in seasonal patter. Its most
happen when the weather get hot and dry.
 Constant Epistaxis:- this is type of
nosebleed that happens for a longer period
of time. The bleeding is continuously occur.(
45min)

6.  Sudden epistaxis:- These are nosebleeds which
could happen anytime of the day, regardless of
the activity of the child. Whether the child
resting or playing.
 Chronic epistaxis:- condition that are
continuously experienced for more then
6month. Chronic bleeding happen as result of a
chronic disease this include. Chronic liver or
kidney disease, vascular malformation, long
term use medication.

7.  Heavy nosebleed:- heavy nosebleeds pertain
to episodes where there is a significant
amount of blood coming out of the nose.
Only this type is seen immediate first aid
treatment must be employed.

8. The common causes of children are
 Major trauma
 Nose picking
 Foreign body in the nose
 Nasal injury
 Nasal polyp
 Rhinitis
 Nasal diphtheria
 Nasopharyngeal tumors
 Nasal spry abuse
 Hot summer month

9. Other systemic causes:-
 Leukemia
 Hemophilia
 Ingestion of aspirin
 Vitamin K deficiency
 Ca deficiency
 Nephritis
 Solar radiation
 Acute infections
 Thrombocytopenia

10. Anterior epistaxis
 More common
 Mostly from Little’s
area or anterior part of
lateral wall
 Mostly occurs in
children or young adults
 Mostly trauma
 Usually mild, can be
easily controlled by
local pressure or
anterior pack
Posterior epistaxis
 Less common
 Mostly from
posterosuperior part of
nasal cavity
 After 40 years of age
 Spontaneous; often due to
hypertension or
arteriosclerosis
 Bleeding is severe,
requires hospitalization;
postnasal pack often
required

11. Signs of excessive blood loss include:
 dizziness
 weakness
 confusion
 fainting

12.  Hypotension
 Shock
 Anemia
 Secondary infection

13.  Blood pressure
 Complete blood count
 Coagulation studies
 Angiography
 Endoscopy
 MRI
 X ray

14. First aid measures:-
 Keep the patient quiet
 Place the patient in a sitting position,
leaning forward, semifowler position.
 Apply direct pressure by pinching the entire
soft lower portion of the nose for 10
tom15min.
 Apply icepack to the nose and check area.
 Loosing clothes and giving reassurance.
 Partially insert a small gauze pad into the
nose.

15.  Bleeding nostril and apply digital pressure if
bleeding continues.
 Take medical treatment if bleeding dose not
stop.

16.  Identification of bleeding sit by a nasal
speculum or headlight.
Little’s area- pinching the nose with thumb
and index finger for about 5 minutes-
compression of vessels

19.  Cauterization
 Nasal packing

22. Anterior nasal bleeding:-
 Silver nitrate application gelform
 Electrocauterization
 Topical vasoconstrictor
adrenaline(1:100)
creaine(0.5%)
phenylephrine
Posterior nasal bleeding:-
Posterior nasal packing imprognate with a
vasoconstricting soluation.

23.  Cotton tempon
 Suction to remove the blood clots
 Radiologic embolization of the artery
 Ligation of the internal maxillary artery.

24.  Monitor vital signs.
 Assisting in the control of bleeding .
 Provide tissue paper and cotton.
 To instructed child to avoid aspiration of
blood.
 Nasal packing may alter respiration status so
closely monitor respiratory rate, heart rate,
rhythm, LOC
 Instruct the child to avoid vigorous nasal
blowing, strenuous activity, or lifting
straining for4-6 weak.

25.  Also instructed to avoid nasal blowing or
picking nose after nosebleed,
 Instructions to be given to the parents to
apply lubricant to nasal septum twice daily
to reduce dryness.
 Advice to were loose garments