This document provides an overview of medical terminology related to the urinary and nervous systems. It defines key terms for anatomy, functions, pathologies, specialties, diagnostic and treatment procedures. For the urinary system, it describes organs like the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It also defines related disorders, diseases and conditions. The nervous system section similarly outlines the brain, spinal cord, nerves and defines neurological specialties, injuries, disorders and diagnostic tests. The objectives are to learn anatomy, terminology and understand urinary and nervous systems.

1. Medical terminology
Session 9
Yosra razyani

2. Objectives:
• After this session you should be able to:
1. Name different part of urinary and Nervous System
2. Name medical terms related to male/female urinary system
3. Define medical terms related to urinary/Nervous System disorder
4. Define medical terms related to urinary/Nervous System specialties

3. Kidneys
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
nephr/o, ren/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Filter the blood to remove waste products,
maintain electrolyte concentrations, and
remove excess water to maintain the fluid
volume within the body.

4. Renal Pelvis
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
pyel/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Collects urine produced by the
kidneys.

5. Ureter
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
uretr/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transfer urine from the kidney to
urinary bladder

6. Urinary Bladder
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
cyst/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Stores urine until it is excreted.

7. Urethra
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
urethr/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports urine from the bladder
through the urethral meatus, where
it is excreted.

8. Prostate
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
prostat/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
A gland of the male reproductive
system that surrounds the male
urethra.

9. Urine
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
ur/o, urin/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Liquid waste products to be
excreted.

10. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
URINARY SYSTEM
•A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing
and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys .
•A urologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and
treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of
females and the genitourinary system of males .The term
genitourinary refers to both the genital and urinary organ

11. Pathologies of Urinary System
• Renal failure, also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of
the kidneys to perform their functions.
•Uremia, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney
function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood .
•Nephrosis is any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome
without inflammation.
•Anuria is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys .
•Edema is excessive fluid in the body tissues.
•Hyperproteinuria is the presence of abnormally high concentrations of
protein in the urine .This condition is often associated with hypoproteinemia

12. Pathologies of Urinary System
•Nephropathy means any disease of the kidney .
•Nephrectasis is the distention of the pelvis of the kidney. Distention means
enlarged or stretched.
•Nephritis is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys.
•Nephroptosis, also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse of a kidney .

13. •Nephropyosis, also known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney .
•Nephrolithiasis describes the presence of stones in the kidney
•Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra
•Incontinence means the inability to control the voiding of urine. Involuntary
loss of large or small amounts of urine. In contrast, the problem can prevent
the bladder from emptying at all. Urinary incontinence, also known as
involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.

14. •Enuresis is the involuntary discharge of urine. It is often used to refer
to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal
enuresis.
• Nocturnal enuresis is urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also
known as bed‐wetting. Nocturnal means pertaining to night .

15. Pathologies of Urinary System
•Diuresis is the increased output of urine
• Dysuria is difficult or painful urination
•Oliguria means scanty urination
•Polyuria means excessive urination

16. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
•Urinanalysis is the examination of urine to determine the presence of
abnormal .

17. Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System
•Hemodialysis is the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the
patient’s blood .
•Peritoneal dialysis the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove
waste from the blood. The dialysate solution flows into the peritoneal cavity and
the fluid is exchanged through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall.

18. The Nervous System

19. Brain
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
cerebr/o, encephal/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Coordinates all body activities by
receiving and transmitting
messages throughout the body.

20. Spinal Cord
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
myel/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transmits nerve impulses between
the brain, arms and legs, and lower
part of the body.

21. Nerves
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
neur/i, neur/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Receive and transmit messages to
and from all parts of the body.

22. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
•An anesthesiologist is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic
agents before and during surgery .
• A neurologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating
diseases and disorders of the nervous system .
•A neurosurgeon is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous
system.
•A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating
chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
• A psychologist holds an advanced degree, but is not a medical doctor (MD).
This specialist evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

23. Pathology of the Nervous System
•Cephalalgia, also known as a headache, is pain in the head
•Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord.

24. Disorders of the Brain
•Alzheimer’s disease is a group of disorders involving the parts of the
brain that control thought, memory, and language.

25. •Dementia is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including
memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality
changes.
•Encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a
viral infection such as rabies.
•Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder
characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait.

26. Brain Injuries
•Amnesia is a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial
inability to recall past experiences. This condition can be caused by a
brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance.
•A cranial hematoma is a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of
the brain .
•A concussion is a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain .A
concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function.

27. Traumatic Brain Injury
• coup describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of
impact, such as hitting the windshield in a car accident. A contrecoup,
also described as a counter blow, is an injury that occurs beneath the
skull opposite to the area of impact.

28. Levels of Consciousness
•Being unconscious is a state of being unaware and unable to respond
to any stimuli including pain.
•Syncope, also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness
caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain.
•A coma is a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the
absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful
stimuli, and the lack of speech. The term comatose refers to a person
who is in a coma.
•Delirium is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered
thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations.

29. • Strokes :The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen,
caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain.
Sudden loss of speech, weakness, or paralysis of one side of the body
can be symptoms. ... Abbreviated as Cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
•Aphasia ,which is often caused by brain damage associated with a
stroke, is the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the
written or spoken word .

30. Sleep Disorders
•Insomnia is the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep. This
condition is usually a symptom of another problem such as depression,
pain, or excessive caffeine.

31. The Spinal Cord
•Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord
•A myelosis is a tumor of the spinal cord
•Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral disease

32. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Echoencephalography is the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a
shift in the midline structures of the brain
•Electroencephalography is the process of recording the electrical activity
of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp .This
electrical activity may also be displayed on a monitor as brain waves.

33. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
•Myelography is a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the
injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture.
The resulting record is a myelogram.
•Neuroplasty is the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves