This document provides information about medical terminology related to the respiratory and digestive systems. It defines key terms for respiratory system parts like the nose, sinuses, and lungs. It also defines terms for digestive system parts like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The document outlines several respiratory and digestive disorders and diseases. It also lists medical specialties related to treating the respiratory and digestive systems.

1. Medical terminology
Session 8
Yosra razyani

2. Objectives:
• After this session you should be able to:
1. Name different part of respiratory system
2. Name medical terms related to digestive system
3. Define medical terms related to respiratory system disorder
4. Define medical terms related to respiratory specialties

3. Nose
RELATED COMBINING FORMS :
nas/0
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Exchanges air during inhaling and
exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and
filters inhaled air.

4. Sinuses
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
sinus/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Produce mucus for the nasal cavities,
make bones of the skull lighter, aid in
sound production

5. Pharynx
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
pharyng/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports air back and forth between
the nose and the trachea.

6. Larynx
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
laryng/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Makes speech possible

7. Epiglottis
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
epiglott/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Closes off the trachea during
swallowing.

8. Trachea
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
trache/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports air back and forth
between the pharynx and the
bronchi.

9. Bronchi
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
bronch/o, bronchi/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports air from the trachea into
the lungs.

10. Alveoli
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
alveol/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Air sacs that exchange gases with the
pulmonary capillary blood.

11. Lungs
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Bring oxygen into the body and
remove carbon dioxide and some
water waste from the body.

14. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•An otolaryngologist ,also known as an ENT, is a physician with specialized
training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears,
nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck
(ot/o means ear, laryng/o means larynx, and ‐ologist means specialist).
• A pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating
diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues
(pulmon means lung, and ‐ologist means specialist).

15. Lack of Oxygen
•Anoxia is the absence of oxygen from the body’s gases, blood, or tissues .
• Asphyxia is the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to
function. In this life‐threatening condition, oxygen levels in the blood drop quickly, carbon
dioxide levels rise, and unless the patient’s breathing is restored within a few minutes, death
or serious brain damage follows.
•Asphyxiation ,also known as suffocation, is any interruption of normal breathing resulting in
asphyxia. Asphyxiation can be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering,
choking, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide instead of air.
• Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen .
•Hypercapnia is the abnormal build up of carbon dioxide in the blood

16. Lack of Oxygen
•Hypoxemia is a condition of having below‐normal
oxygen level in the blood.
•Hypoxia is the condition of having below‐normal
oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells

17. Breathing Disorders

19. Mouth
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
or/o, stomat/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Begins preparation of food for
digestion.

20. Pharynx
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
pharyng/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports food from the mouth to
the esophagus.

21. Esophagus
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
esophag/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Transports food from the pharynx to
the stomach.

22. Stomach
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
gastr/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Breaks down food and mixes it with
digestive juices.

23. Small Intestine
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
enter/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Completes digestion and absorption
of most nutrients.

24. Large Intestine
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
col/o, colon/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Absorbs excess water and prepares
solid waste for elimination.

25. Rectum and Anus
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
an/o, proct/o, rect/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Control the excretion of solid waste.

26. Liver
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
hepat/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in
the digestion of fats.

27. Gallbladder
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
cholecyst/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Stores bile and releases it to the
small intestine as needed.

28. Pancreas
RELATED COMBINING FORMS:
pancreat/o
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS :
Secretes digestive juices and
enzymes into small intestine as
needed.

29. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• A dentist holds a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Medical Dentistry
(DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders
of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity.
• A gastroenterologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating
diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
• An internist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases
and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems.

30. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•An orthodontist is a dental specialist who prevents or corrects
malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures .
• A periodontist is a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of
the tissues surrounding the teeth.
•A proctologist is a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum,
and anus

31. PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•Cheilosis ,also known as cheilitis, is a disorder of the lips characterized by
crack‐like sores at the corners of the mouth
• Stomatomycosis is any disease of the mouth due to a fungus .

32. PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•Stomatorrhagia describes bleeding from
any part of the mouth
• trismus describes any restriction to the
opening of the mouth caused by trauma,
surgery, or radiation associated with the
treatment of oral cancer. This condition
causes difficulty in speaking and affects
the patient’s nutrition.

33. • Xerostomia ,also known as dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due
to diminished secretions by the salivary glands. This condition can be due
to medications or radiation of the salivary glands, and can cause
discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in the taste of food, and
dental decay.

34. Esophagus disorders
•Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing .
• Esophageal varices are enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of
the esophagus .Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures.

35. • A hiatal hernia is a condition in which a portion of the stomach
protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the
diaphragm .A hernia is the protrusion of a part or structure through
the tissues that normally contain it. This condition can cause
esophageal reflux and pyrosis .

36. Stomach disorders
• Gastritis is a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by
the bacterium Helicobacter pylori .
•Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach
and intestines .
• Gastrorrhea is the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach.
• Peptic Ulcers : are sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive
system .
•Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach.
•Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small
intestine.

37. Eating Disorders
•Anorexia is the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by
disease.
•Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a false
perception of body appearance. This leads to an intense fear of gaining
weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight. Voluntary
starvation and excessive exercising often cause the patient to become
emaciated. Emaciated means abnormally thin.
• Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by frequent
episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as
self‐induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other
medications. The term bulimia means continuous, excessive hunger.

38. • Cachexia is a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of
weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as
advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients are eating enough,
the wasting happens because their bodies are unable to absorb the
nutrients.
• Pica is an abnormal craving or appetite for non food substances, such
as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month.

39. Indigestion and Vomiting
•Aerophagia is the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking,
and is a common cause of gas in the stomach .
• Dyspepsia ,also known as indigestion, is pain or discomfort in digestion .
• Emesis ,also known as vomiting, is the reflex ejection of the stomach
contents through the mouth.
• Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood .
• Hyperemesis is extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause
dehydration.
• Nausea is the urge to vomit.
• Regurgitation is the return of swallowed food into the mouth.

40. Intestinal Disorders
•Colorectal carcinoma, also known as colon cancer, often first manifests
itself in polyps in the colon .
•Diverticulosis is the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon .
A diverticulum is a small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a
tubular organ such as the colon .

41. Intestinal Disorders
• Diverticulitis is the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon
.
• Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or
drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens

42. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
• Abdominal computed tomography
(CT) is a radiographic procedure that
produces a detailed cross‐section of
the tissue structure within the
abdomen, showing, for example, the
presence of a tumor or obstruction.
• An abdominal ultrasound is a non
invasive test used to visualize internal
organs by using very high frequency
sound waves.

43. •An esophagogastroduodenoscopy is an endoscopic procedure that
allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract which includes the
esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum .
•An anoscopy is the visual examination of the anal canal and lower
rectum . An anoscope, which is a short speculum, is used for this
procedure. A speculum is an instrument used to enlarge the opening of
any body cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior.

44. • A capsule endoscopy is a tiny video camera in a capsule that the
patient swallows. For approximately 8 hours as it passes through the
small intestine, this camera transmits images of the walls of the small
intestine. The images are detected by sensor devices attached to the
patient’s abdomen and transmitted to a data recorder worn on the
patient’s belt.