Flame spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrometry are analytical techniques used to determine the presence of elements. Flame spectrophotometry uses the emission spectra of atoms in a flame, while atomic absorption spectrometry uses atomic absorption of light to analyze elements. Both techniques involve aspirating a sample solution into a flame to vaporize, dissociate, and excite the atoms. The emitted or absorbed light is then measured with a spectrometer to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze elemental composition. These techniques are used in applications such as water analysis, food testing, and clinical analysis.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, History, atomization techniques, and instrume...Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
History, principle, types, instrumentation, comparison with atomic emission spectroscopy, interference, advantages and disadvantages of different types of atomization techniques.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, History, atomization techniques, and instrume...Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
History, principle, types, instrumentation, comparison with atomic emission spectroscopy, interference, advantages and disadvantages of different types of atomization techniques.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
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This Edureka Big Data tutorial helps you to understand Big Data in detail. This tutorial will be discussing about evolution of Big Data, factors associated with Big Data, different opportunities in Big Data. Further it will discuss about problems associated with Big Data and how Hadoop emerged as a solution. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
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4) Problems in Encasing Big Data Opportunity
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6) Hadoop Ecosystem
7) Edureka Big Data & Hadoop Training
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Just when you think you have your Kafka and Hadoop clusters set up and humming and you’re well on your path to democratizing data, you realize that you now have a very different set of challenges to solve. You want to provide unfettered access to data to your data scientists, but at the same time, you need to preserve the privacy of your members, who have entrusted you with their data.
Shirshanka Das and Tushar Shanbhag outline the path LinkedIn has taken to protect member privacy in its scalable distributed data ecosystem built around Kafka and Hadoop.
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But technology is just part of the solution. Shirshanka and Tushar also share the culture and process change they’ve seen happen at the company and the lessons they’ve learned about sustainable process and governance.
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introduction
Interference is a phenomena
that leads to changes (either positive or negative) in intensity of the analyte signal in spectroscopy.
Interferences in atomic absorption spectroscopy fall into two basic categories, namely, non-spectral and spectral.
1. spectral 2. Non Spectral ( Matrix interference, chemical interference, ionization interference)
PRINCIPLE - atomic absorpion spectroscopy
Atoms of the analyte have a fixed number of electrons.
If the light of a specific wavelength is passed through a flame containing that atom, electrons present in different energy levels, known as orbitals, absorb a certain wavelength and excite to higher energy levels.
The extent of absorption ά the number of ground-state atoms in the flame.
Only for information- The ground state is more stable than the excited state. The electrons spontaneously return back to the ground state. It emits the same amount of radiant energy. This process is called fluorescence. Fluorescence is used in atomic emission spectroscopy.
Brief note on - Instrumentation
The basic components of atomic absorption are:
Light source
Chopper
Atomizer
Burners
flames
Monochromators
Detectors
Amplifier
Readout devices
WORKING PROCESS
Calibration
Quantitative analysis in AAS
Safety measures
Important questions and answer
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a method of elemental analysis. It is particularly useful for determining trace metals in liquids and is most independent of molecular form of the metal in sample.
Instrumental Method of AnalysisUnit 2 (3) Atomic absorption spectroscopy/AAS/
Atomic flame Photometry
(Part -1)
Introduction- Briefing
Atomic spectroscopy involved three major techniques- Atomic emission spectroscopy,
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Principle, Theory of atomic Absorption spectroscopy
Interferences
Instrumentation-
Type AAS
1. Single beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer
2. Double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer
the light source/radiation source- that emits the spectrum of the element of inetrest
the atomization system/ absorption cell- in which atoms the sample are produced (flame, graphites furnance etc
the monochromator- for light dispersion
the detection system- which measures the light intensity and amplified the signal
A read out device- that show the reading after it has been processed
Working AAS instrument (B. chopper, C. Flame atomizer - There is two types of burners in common used
1. Total consumption burner
2. Premixed burner
D. Fuel/ oxidant
E. Monochromator- Prism, gratting
F. Detectors-Photomultiplier tube
G. Recorder
Difference between Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Advantange and limitation
Applications
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. ATOMS
Atom : Smallest particle of an element.
Bohr’s shell model:
SODIUM atom
Electrons
n = 1 (K)
Lowest
energy level
n = 2 (L)
n = 3 (M)
Highest
energy level
Nucleus
Shells
•Nucleus- protons (+ve) and
neutrons (neutral).
•Electrons- (-ve) charged particle.
•Shells- consists of subshells.
3. Flame Spectrophotometry
Also known as Flame emission /Flame photometry
/Atomic emission spectroscopy.
Study of Radiant Energy
A flame by its heat can raise atoms from lower
energy to an excited state of higher energy.
Emission through Radiation.
Determination of radiant energy.
4. Cont….
Spectrometer lines constitutes the emission
spectrum of atom obtained.
Intensity of lines measured by photoelectric
cell is qualitative and quantitative analysis.
5. Principle Process
Solution containing a metallic salt is aspirated into a
flame
Evaporating solvent leaving the solid,
Dissociating solid by vaporization by gaseous
atoms,
Raising atoms of the metal to higher energy level
by heat of the flame,
Emitting energy in the form of radiation.
For e.g.:-
Orange color is imparted to the flame by calcium
compounds.
9. Nebulizers or atomizer :Samples before they
can get into the flame must be converted into a fine
spray i.e nebulized. The fine mist is then burnt in
either laminar flow burner or total consumption
burner.
The aerosol is desolvated ,vaporised and atomised in
the flame of the burner.
In this some of the atoms are raised to a higher
energy level. When these excited atoms fall to the
ground state radiation is emitted.
The emitted radiation passes through a
monochromator which selects a given emission line &
isolates this line from other lines.
The intensity of the line thus selected is determined
by a detecor photocell.
The output of the detector is amplified & read on a
meter.
10. Burner : There are 2 types of burner in use.
Laminar flow the fine mist or aerosol of sample
solution is produced in a vaporisation chamber.
The larger droplets of liquid formed fall out of the gas
stream & are allowed to flow out to a waste.
The fine aerosol is mixed with the fuel gas and oxidant
gas and sent to the burner head where it burns
producing a flame.
Total consumption burner is made of 3 concentric
tubes.
The central tube is a fine capillary tube . The sample
solution is carried up by this tube directly into flame.
The fuel gas and the oxidant gas are sent to the
burner head seperately and they mix only at the tip of
the burner .It is simple to manufacture allows a totally
representative sample to reach the flame and its free
from hazards of explosion.
12. Flame Photometers
Monochromators : In sophisticated instruments
prisms or sometimes diffraction gratings are
used.However for routine analysis of such
elements as calcium,sodium,potassium a
simple filter might suffice.
Photocells: These are the usual detectors in a
flame photometer. Unfortunately the flame
instability reduces their accuracy.Therfore a
multi channel polychromator is used in some
routine procedures to allow measurement of
up to six elements simultaneously.
13. Application
Flame photometry is useful for the
determination of alkali and alkaline earth
metals.
It is used in the study of electrolyte balance
in physiology and in clinical analysis.
Used in determination of lead in petrol.
Used in the study of equilibrium constants
involving in ion exchange resins.
Used in determination of calcium and
magnesium in cement.
14. Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry
AAS is a method of analysis based on absorption
of radiation by atoms.
When a solution of a metallic salt is aspirated into
a flame metal atoms in gaseous state are
obtained.
In flame only small fraction of atoms are
thermally excited.
When a beam of light is made to pass through
the flame the dispersed atoms in the ground state
absorb a part of the incident radiation much like
a solution absorbing radiation passing through it.
Each element absorbs radiation that are
characteristic to the element.
15. Thus if the sample solution contains sodium salt
then the source of light must be sodium metal.
The absorption of radiation by atoms also follows
Beer-Lamberts law i.e absorbance is directly
proportional to the concentration of atoms in the
flame and to the path length in the flame.
Each element absorbs radiation that is
characteristic of the element.
Therefore a separate lamp source is needed for
each element.
Most commonly used source of light is hollow
cathode lamp.
17. Hollow cathode lamp
It consists of a tungsten anode and a hollow
cylindrical cathode sealed in a glass tube containing
an inert gas such as argon or neon at a low pressure.
The cathode is made of the same metal as the one
under consideration.
When a high potential is applied across the electrode
the inert gas is ionised.
The ions collide with the cathode surface and
dislodge metal atoms from the surface.
Some of the metal atoms are in suffieciently excited
state to emit their characteristic radiation.
This appears as a glow inside the hollow cathode
space.
Such cathodes allows the analysis of more than one
element.
19. Electrothermal atomiser
Electrically heated graphite rods are sometimes used
instead of high temperature of flame to produce
atoms from the experimental sample.This is called
non flame technique.
Also called as graphite furnace.
The atomiser consists of a graphite tube about 50mm
in length and about 10mm in internal diameter.
The tube is surrounded by a metal jacket through
which water is circulated.
The tube is so arranged that the ray of light passes
along the axis of the tube which is seperated from the
metal jacket by a gas space.
Argon is generally circulated in the gas space.
20. The solution of the experimental sample is
introduced by means of a micro pipette through a
detachable window in the outer jacket and then
into the graphite tube.
The graphite tube is carefully heated electrically
to remove the solvent from the solution .
The current is then increased to first ash the
sample and then to vaporise it to form metal
atoms in the gaseous state.
These atomisers are quiet sensitive because the
whole of the sample is atomised and atoms
remain in the optical beam for about one second.
22. Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry
A hollow cathode lamp supplies the necessary
radiation.
A suitable line from the radiation is selected for the
analysis.
This line is usually the most intense line in the
emission spectrum and represents a transition from
an excited to the ground state.
It is also the correct frequency absorption by atoms in
the ground state in the flame. Such a line is called a
resonance line.
The flame is also emitting source and the photo tube
responds to radiation from the flame as well as from
the hollow Cathode lamp and will create an
interference in absorption measurements.
This problem is corrected by beam chopper . A
24. During the other half the beam is reflected and
not allowed to pass.
The result is that an intermittent pulsating beam is
obtained.
Such a beam produces an alternating current in
the photomultiplier tube.
The radiation from the flame is continous and will
produce a direct current in the photo tube.
This direct current is not amplified.
The amplifier is tuned to amplify only the
alternating current coming from the chopper.
25. A flame is produced by burning a fuel gas like acetylene or hydrogen in
the presence of an oxidant which is usually oxygen.
A pre-mix or laminar type burner is generally used.
The sample solution is aspirated inot the flame by means of the
nebuliser.
The beam passes through the flame and ground state metal atoms in
the flame absorb the radiation.
The transmitted radiation is sent to the grating monochromator which
allows only the resonance radiation to reach the photomultiplier tube .
The photo tube produces an electric current which amplified by the
tuned amplifier.
The magnitude of the current is proportional to the intensity of the light
incident on the phototube.
The current is read on a readout device which is usually caliberated to
read transmittance or absorbance or both.
As in spectrophotometry distilled deionised water or the experimental
blank is sprayed into flame and the transmittance ia adjsuted to 100% or
absorbance zero.
The absorbance of the sample solution is then found by spraying the
solution into the flame.
26. Applications of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Water analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Al, Ba
content)
Food analysis
Analysis of animal feedstuffs (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu,
Cr, Se,Zn)
Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and
greases (Ba,Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg)
Analysis of soils
Clinical analysis (blood samples: whole
blood, plasma,serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe)
27. Current
Research
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric
Determination of Trace Amounts of Silver after
Solid-Phase Extraction with 2Mercaptobenzothiazole Immobilized on
Microcrystalline Naphthalene
A simple and sensitive solid-phase extraction procedure
combined with flame atomic was designed for the
extraction and determination of trace amounts of silver
absorption spectrometry .
A column of immobilized 2-mercaptobenzothiazole on
microcrystalline naphthalene was used as the sorbent.
Silver was quantitatively retained on the column in the
pH range of 0.5–6.0.
After extraction, the solid mass consisting of silver
complex and naphthalene was dissolved out of the
column with 5.0 mL of dimethylformamide, and the
analyte was determined by flame atomic absorption
spectrometry.
28. Current Research
Under the optimum experimental conditions, the
adsorption capacity was found to be 1.18 mg of silver
per gram of the sorbent.
A sample volume of 800 ml resulted in a
preconcentration factor of 160.
The relative standard deviation obtained for ten
replicate determinations at a concentration of
0.8 µg L−1 was 1.4%, and the limit of detection was
0.02 µg L−1.
The method was successfully applied to the
determination of silver in radiology film, waste water,
and natural water samples.
The accuracy was examined by recovery
experiments, independent analysis by electrothermal
atomic absorption spectrometry, and analysis of two
certified reference materials.
29. References
Biophysical Chemistry
Principles & Techniques,
Himalaya Publishing House ,
Edition : 6th (2012),
By Avinash Upadhyay, Kakoli
Upadhyay, Nirmalendu Nath,
Chapter : 8th Spectrophotometry,
Pages : 242-247.
Practical Biochemistry
Principles & Techniques,
Cambridge low-price editions,
Edition:5th,
Edited By Keith Wilson & John
Walker,
Chapter: Spectroscopic
Techniques,
Pages : 486-490.
Principles of Instrumental
Analysis,
A Harcourt Publishers,
Edition : 5th,
By Skoog,Holler,Nieman,
Chapter : 9th : Atomic
Absorption,
Pages : 206-225.
30. References
College Analytical Chemistry,
Himalaya Publishing House,
Edition : 19th (2011), By
K.B.Baliga,S.A.Zaveri,Y.V.Ghalsasi,S.S.Mangaonkar,Deepak
Teckchandani,Padma Sathe,
Chapter : 4th : Optical Methods,
Pages : 135-148.
Current Research : Journal of Chemistry Volume 2013 (2013),
Article ID 465825, 6 pages, by Farid Shakerian, Ali Mohammad
Haji Shabani, Shayessteh Dadfarnia, and Mahdieh Shabani
,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University,
Yazd,Iran. Received 16 March 2013; Accepted 7 May 2013
Academic Editor: Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/chem/2013/465825/