A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
HPLC is a High Performance liquid Chromatography.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.
High Priced Liquid Chromatography.
It is column chromatography.
It is Liquid Chromatography.
It is modified from of gas chromatography, it is applicable for both Volatile as well as Non volatile compound.
It can mainly divided by two types 1. Normal phase HPLC 2. Reversed Phase HPLC.
It is having a high resolution and separation capacity.
Principle
Interferences
Instrumentation and
Applications
The principle of flame photometer
is based on the measurement of the emitted light intensity when a metal is introduced into the flame.
The wavelength of the colour gives information about the element and
the colour of the flame gives information about the amount of the element present in the sample.
Flame photometry is one of the branches of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy.
Currently, it has become a necessary tool in the field of analytical chemistry. Used to
Determine the concentration of certain metal ions like
potassium,lithium, calcium, cesium etc. In flame photometer spectra the metal ions are used in the form of atoms.
(IUPAC) Committee on Spectroscopic Nomenclature has named this technique as flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Principle of Flame photometer
The compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Group II) dissociate into atoms when introduced into the flame.
Some of these atoms further get excited to even higher levels. But these atoms are not stable at higher levels.
Hence, these atoms emit radiations when returning back to the ground state.
These radiations generally lie in the visible region of the spectrum.
Each of the alkali and alkaline earth metals has a specific wavelength. Instrumentation-Source of flame, Nebuliser, Monochromator(Prism monochromator, Grating monochromators)DETECTOR (
The radiation emitted by the elements is mostly in the visible region and measured by photo detector. Hence conventional detectors like photo voltaic cell or photo tubes or photomultiplier tube is used), READ OUT DEVICE
[The signal from the detector is shown as a response in the digital read out device. The readings are displayed in an arbitrary scale (% Flame Intensity).], working of flame photometer, Advantages and disadvantage of flame photometer, Errors /interference in Flame Photometry-Flame Temperature, chemical interference, Radiation interference
Application of flame photometry
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
HPLC is a High Performance liquid Chromatography.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.
High Priced Liquid Chromatography.
It is column chromatography.
It is Liquid Chromatography.
It is modified from of gas chromatography, it is applicable for both Volatile as well as Non volatile compound.
It can mainly divided by two types 1. Normal phase HPLC 2. Reversed Phase HPLC.
It is having a high resolution and separation capacity.
Principle
Interferences
Instrumentation and
Applications
The principle of flame photometer
is based on the measurement of the emitted light intensity when a metal is introduced into the flame.
The wavelength of the colour gives information about the element and
the colour of the flame gives information about the amount of the element present in the sample.
Flame photometry is one of the branches of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy.
Currently, it has become a necessary tool in the field of analytical chemistry. Used to
Determine the concentration of certain metal ions like
potassium,lithium, calcium, cesium etc. In flame photometer spectra the metal ions are used in the form of atoms.
(IUPAC) Committee on Spectroscopic Nomenclature has named this technique as flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Principle of Flame photometer
The compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Group II) dissociate into atoms when introduced into the flame.
Some of these atoms further get excited to even higher levels. But these atoms are not stable at higher levels.
Hence, these atoms emit radiations when returning back to the ground state.
These radiations generally lie in the visible region of the spectrum.
Each of the alkali and alkaline earth metals has a specific wavelength. Instrumentation-Source of flame, Nebuliser, Monochromator(Prism monochromator, Grating monochromators)DETECTOR (
The radiation emitted by the elements is mostly in the visible region and measured by photo detector. Hence conventional detectors like photo voltaic cell or photo tubes or photomultiplier tube is used), READ OUT DEVICE
[The signal from the detector is shown as a response in the digital read out device. The readings are displayed in an arbitrary scale (% Flame Intensity).], working of flame photometer, Advantages and disadvantage of flame photometer, Errors /interference in Flame Photometry-Flame Temperature, chemical interference, Radiation interference
Application of flame photometry
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY. This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
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2. Definition
Flame photometry is also called as flame emission
spectroscopy. Since neutral atoms are involved in the
emission of radiation at specific wavelength when
introduced into the flame.
Principle
The principle of flame photometer is based on the
measurement of the emitted light intensity when a
metal is introduced into the flame.
3. Introduction
It is a qualitative and quantitative analytical technique.
Flame photometry has been proven standard method for the analysis of
sodium and potassium for the last 70 years.
Richardson, John Berry and Robert hood developed an instrument
and they named as Flame photometer.
This technique is introduced by bunsen and Kirchoff in 19th century.
They showed that the radiation emitted from the flame depends on the
characteristic element present in the flame.
The introduced elements get excited to even higher levels. But these
atoms are not stable at higher levels.
4. Hence these atoms emit radiation when returning back to the ground
state.
These radiations generally lie in the visible region of the spectrum.
Each of the earth metals has a specific wavelength.
Element Emitted wavelength Flame colour
Sodium 589 nm Yellow
Potassium 766 nm Violet
Barium 554 nm Lime Green
Calcium 622 nm Orange
Lithium 670 nm Red
5. Some basic steps
Liquid sample.(metallic salt solution )
Formation of droplets.
Fine residue.
Formation of neutral atoms.
Excitation of atoms by thermal energy.
Emission of radiation of specific wavelength.
Measurement of emitted radiation.
7. 1. Source of flame
A Burner in the flame photometer is the
source of flame. It can be maintained in at a
constant temperature.
Fuel-Oxidant mixture Temperature (°C)
Natural gas-Air 1700
Propane-Air 1800
Hydrogen-Air 2000
Hydrogen-Oxygen 2650
Acetylene-Air 2300
Acetylene-Oxyen 3200
Acetylene-Nitrous oxide 2700
Cyanogen-Oxygen 4800
8. 2. Atomizer and mixing
Atomizer is used to send homogeneous solution
into the flame at a balanced rate.
3. Optical system
The optical system consists of convex mirror and
convex lens. The convex mirror transmits the light
emitted from the atoms. Convex mirror also helps
to focus the emissions to the lens. The lens helps
to focus the light on a point or slit.
9. 4. Simple colour filters
The reflections from the mirror pass through the
slit and reach the filters. Filters will isolate the
wavelength to be measured from that of
irrelevant emissions.
5. Photo-detector
The intensity of radiation emitted by the flame is
measured by photo detector. Here the emitted
radiation is converted to an electrical signal with the
help of photo detector. These electrical signals are
directly proportional to the intensity of light.
10. 6. Amplifier and Display
Amplifier amplify the final result and show to the
display of the computer.
11. Various process involved in the flame
photometry.
1. Desolvation
2. Vaporization
3. Atomization
4. Excitation of elements
5. Emission
12. Applications
1.Qualitative analysis
Flame photometry is used to identify the elements present in
the sample.
1.Quantitative analysis
Concentration of the sample can be detect by this method.
Concentration of calcium in serum.
Concentration of sodium, calcium and potassium present in urine.
Assay of potassium chloride in syrup.
13. Advantages-
Simple process.
Inexpensive.
Earth elements can be determined.
Quick process.
Disadvantages-
The concentration of the metal ion in the solution cannot be measured
accurately.
It is difficult to obtain the accurate result of the compound ion with
higher concentration.
The elements such as carbon, hydrogen and halides cannot be
detected due to its non radiating nature.