This document describes inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and its applications. ICP-AES involves using inductively coupled plasma to excite sample atoms and ions, causing them to emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of the elements present. This allows simultaneous multi-element analysis. The document discusses various applications of ICP-AES in environmental analysis, petrochemical analysis, metallurgy, geology, food analysis and more. It also provides details on instrumentation parameters, detection limits, sample preparation and references.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
A short lecture about Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Atomic Emission with Coupled Plasma (FP, AA and ICP-AES). Presented at 28.03.2011, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by Vasiliy Rosen, M.Sc.
Atomic spectroscopy plays a major role as the basis of a wide range of analytical techniques that contribute data on elemental concentrations and isotope ratios .These analytical data provide the raw material on which progress in geochemistry depends.
The main advantages of AAS & AES are that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use, while still offering high throughput, quantitative analysis of the metal content of solids or liquids. This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Academic lecture to MSc students on trace elements in human health, their clinical importance and analytical measurement. Covering the techniques of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ICP-optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). MSC Health and Clinical Science
Atomic spectroscopy plays a major role as the basis of a wide range of analytical techniques that contribute data on elemental concentrations and isotope ratios .These analytical data provide the raw material on which progress in geochemistry depends.
The main advantages of AAS & AES are that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use, while still offering high throughput, quantitative analysis of the metal content of solids or liquids. This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Academic lecture to MSc students on trace elements in human health, their clinical importance and analytical measurement. Covering the techniques of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ICP-optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). MSC Health and Clinical Science
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY by Faizan AkramFaizan Akram
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy can be used to analyze the concentration of over 62 different metals in a solution.
It relate with the spectrophotometry. The components and the uses of each of them are detailed. The ultimate goal of using this spectrometry and the uses of them also explained well.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. Course code : PCH1421M
Course title : Analytical chemistry
lab cum theory
Date : 19.07.2017
By,
J.Pradeepa,
1st PG Chemistry,
Lady Doak College.
2. What is an ICP-
AES….?• It is type of Atomic emission spectroscopy.
• It will dissociate a sample into its constituent atoms and
ions and exciting them to a higher energy level.
• It causes them to emit light at a characteristic wavelength.
• It measures the intensity of the light emitted by atoms or
ions of the element at particular wave length.
• Determines approximately all of the elements .
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3. Principle behind ICP-AES..!!! - Photo electric
effect
• Light from the Plasma source
• Absorption of energy by the electrons which
present in the sample.
• Jumping of electrons to higher energy levels.
• Emission of characteristic photons of energy,
that is wavelength.
• By isolating these photon wavelengths, types
and concentrations of the element present can
be determined.
2
5. 1. Environmental analysis …
Water analysis including , natural, effluent, waste water,
and ocean.
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6. Water analysis requirements & outcome
the Liberty 200 Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
All standard solutions were prepared from
high purity ICP 10 000 ppm stock
standards
Standard 1 : Mn, Be, Cd, Pb, Zn.
Standard 2 : Cu, Fe, V, Co.
Standard 3 : Al, Cr, Ni.
Multi-element standards were prepared in
10% v/v HCl and contained 5 mg/L of each
element. The blank solution was 10% v/v
HCl solution.
Element Wavelength
(nm)
Detection
limit (ng/mL)
Al 167.081 1.5
Be 234.802 0.2
Cd 228.803 1.5
Co 238.893 5
Pb 220.353 14
5
7. Soil analysis , sediment analysis, contaminated land ,
landfill sites, sludge analysis- solid and digested wastes
6
9. Air – chimney exhaust filters, air filters of
contaminated sites, dusts
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10. 2. Petro chemical analysis…
Specifically oils & greases,
Petrochemicals applications at weak metal
analysis for industrial fleets, heavy industry by-
products.
Pains , additives, pigments, ink.
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16. It can detect most of the metals at a time.
Detection limits down to ppt for some elements.
Rapid simultaneous determination of selected
elements.(over 70 elements)
Suitable for routine analysis of multiple sample.
Capability to analyze a large amount of sample in a short
period of time. 15
17. Not effective for low levels of alkalies (less than 1ppm).
Suitable standards required on every run.
only elemental data is provided – no direct structural
information.
Doesn’t provide, in most cases, parts per billion or parts
per trillion data for all metals.
16
18. Acceptable sample forms…
Solutions, preferably aqueous based with
minimal volume.
Minimal solution volume is 3-4 ml.
Solids can usually be dissolved using various
techniques.
17
19. Suitable reagents…
For example, Concentrated nitric acid (for silver
containing metal/metal alloy)
Concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Aqua regia (for general metal/metal alloy)
Mix HNO3 and HCl in a ratio of 1:3.
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20. System operating parameter
Power 1.2 kW
Plasma gas flow 12.0 L/min
Auxiliary gas flow 0.75 L/min
Torch type Standard one piece quartz torch with 1.4 mm I.D. injector tube
Nebulizer type Glass concentric
Nebulizer pressure 160 kPa
Pump tube Grey-grey (inlet)
Blue-blue (outlet) Pump rate 15 rpm Sample uptake rate 1.4
mL/min Integration time 3 sec
Viewing height Optimised for SBR
Background correction Automatic
PMT voltage 650 V
Grating order Default
Filter position Default 19
21. Out come results :
for example calcium,
Figure : Scans of 1 ppm Al at 167.081 nm with the effect of 1000 ppm Ca.
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22. Detection limits for some of the metals
Element Wavelength ( nm ) Detection limit(ppb)
Cr 267.716 0.25
Cu 224.700 0.9
Fe 259.939 0.2
Mn 257.610 0.03
Ni 231.604 0.4
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23. References…
Boss, C.B. and freden, K.J. concepts, instrumentations and techniques
in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 1997.
Skoog, D. fundamentals of analytical chemistry, 2004.
Inductively coupled plasma in analytical atomic spectroscopy:
montaser,A.; goligthly D.W.,Eds.; VCH publishers: new york. 1988.
Fredeen, C.B. (n.d).
http://www.atoomspectrometrie.nl/Icpconceptsbook.pdf.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Method
for trace element analysis of water and wastes, Method 200.7 CLP-M,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 1985.
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